The nutrition of artificially reared lambs 2. The effect of feed restriction at three stages of growth on growth and carcass composition

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Morgan ◽  
J. B. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Feeding

SUMMARYLambs weaned from the ewe at 2 days of age were fed ad libitum or restricted in each of three periods of growth to a slaughter weight of 35 kg according to a factorial design. Restriction in the milk-feeding period was achieved by reducing the milk allowance (6·4 kg v. 13·6 kg of milk replacer) and after weaning, by restricting the daily allowance of feed.Restriction of the milk allowance reduced early growth but the effect was partly offset by the higher concentrate consumption of restricted lambs. There was also a tendency for lambs restricted in the milk period to eat more and grow faster when subsequently fed ad libitum. Performance after 15 kg on a diet containing no protein of animal origin was poor and the level of restriction was severe. Overall growth and efficiency from 15 to 35 kg were considerably reduced by any degree of restriction. However, there was no evidence that restriction in the middle period of growth had any effect on the performance of lambs fed ad libitum in the final period. Although carcass weight was not affected by treatment at any stage, restriction in the milk-feeding period and feeding ad libitum from 15 to 25 kg resulted in a greater weight of head, liver, heart and lungs (weighed together). Chemical analysis of the whole minced carcass showed that restriction of milk intake had a significant effect in reducing the carcass dry-matter content. There was also a trend towards a higher energy and fat content of the dry matter. Restriction in the final period increased the protein content of the carcass.

The effect of plane of nutrition on the growth and development of the East African dwarf goat. Part II. Age changes in the carcass composition of female kids

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
East African ◽  
Stages Of Growth

1. The age changes in carcass composition of female kids killed at birth, 9, 16, 25 and 30 lb. are described.2. The organs and tissues of the kids were weighed both wet and oven-dried, allowing the dry-matter percentages at different stages of growth to be calculated. The total dry-matter percentage for day-old kids averaged 26·5%, rising to a maximum of 40·5% at the 25 lb. stage. The greatest increase in dry-matter percentage was between birth and the 9 lb. stage, which was reached at approximately 1 month. This increase in dry matter is chiefly due to a steady rise in the dry-matter content of the muscular and skeletal tissues; from 20·2 to 25·4%, and from 34·3 to 59·6%, respectively, between birth and maturity.3. The various joints of the kid were weighed and recorded separately, and the changes in the proportions of the joints illustrated centripetal growth. At birth, the joints were present in the following proportions: thorax 30%; legs 40%; head 20%; pelvis 10%. As the kid developed, there was a marked increase in the proportion of thorax and pelvis, accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the proportion of the head and foreleg.

EFFECT OF LEVEL OF ALFALFA PELLETS ON INTAKE OF EARLY AND LATE HARVESTED TIMOTHY SILAGES OF DIFFERENT DRY MATTER CONTENT BY DAIRY COWS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. BURGESS ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
E. A. GRANT
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Timothy Grass ◽  
Ad Libitum

Two experiments were carried out, using 36 lactating Holstein cows, to determine the effect of three levels (0, 4.5 and 9.0 kg/day) of alfalfa pellets (AP) on the ad libitum consumption of early and late harvested timothy grass silages of different dry matter (DM) content. Cows consumed significantly more wilted than nonwilted silage DM for both the early and late harvested grass, although milk yields were similar for both groups. For the early harvested, wilted and nonwilted silages, feeding AP did not significantly depress silage DM intake until a level of 9.0 kg/day was reached. Total ration DM intake increased significantly with each increment of AP. With the late harvested silages, AP at the 9.0 kg/day level reduced nonwilted silage DM intake while with the wilted silage each increase of AP significantly lowered silage DM intake. Both the 4.5 and 9.0 kg/day of AP increased total DM consumption with the nonwilted silage but 9.0 kg/day of AP was required to significantly increase total DM intake for cows fed the late harvested, wilted silage. Milk yield and milk composition were not changed by the level of AP supplementation or the type of silage fed.

scholarly journals The effect of different dietary potassium and chloride levels on performance and excreta dry matter in broiler chickens

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Koreleski ◽  
S. Świątkiewicz ◽  
A. Arczewska-Włosek
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
The Body ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Breast Meat

The aim of this 3 × 3 factorial experiment on broilers was to investigate the effect of different dietary levels of potassium and chloride on chicken performance, carcass composition and dry matter content in excreta. 360 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens were allocated to 9 groups, in 5 replications of 8 birds (4 ♂ and 4 ♀). Chickens from 1 to 42 days of age were kept in cages with wire floors to enable excreta collection, and were administered water and feed ad libitum. The basal starter (days 1–14) and grower (days 15–42) diet contained in 1 kg, as analysed, 2.11 g and 2.10 g chloride, 8.6 g and 7.8 g potassium and 2.04 g and 1.93 g sodium, respectively. Basal diets were supplemented with potassium and chloride containing, as analysed, 11.1 g or 10.6 g and 11.8 g or 11.9 g K and 2.95 g or 2.58 g and 3.16 g or 2.70 g/kg Cl, for the starter or grower periods of feeding, respectively. The sum of cations (K + Na) in diets used in the experiment ranged from 309 mEq to 390 mEq in the starter diet and from 283 mEq to 388 mEq/kg in the grower diet; the dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) values varied from 219 mEq to 331 mEq and from 207 mEq to 329 mEq/kg, respectively. During the starter feeding period the body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion (FCR) were positively affected by increasing the chloride supplement and decrease of DEB values from 298 to 274 mEq/kg (P ≤ 0.001). In the grower period and throughout the feeding period, the positive effect of chloride supplementation on BWG and FCR was not confirmed but a negative effect of potassium was found out. The interaction between dietary levels of chloride and potassium found for BWG and FCR suggests a reciprocal relationship for both electrolytes. Dry matter in excreta was decreased when the K level in the diet was increased to 11.9 g/kg and DEB value to 319 mEq/kg (P ≤ 0.001) but breast meat yield (P ≤ 0.01) and relative mass of heart in carcass (P ≤ 0.05) were increased. Dietary chloride content elevated from 2.2 to 2.58 g/kg reduced pH in breast meat after 24 h (P ≤ 0.001), whereas elevated potassium content (7.8 vs. 10.6 g/kg) reduced drip loss in 24 (P ≤ 0.01) and 48 h stored meat (P ≤ 0.05).

Dietary effects on beef composition: III. Weight, composition and potassium–40 content of fat-free muscles

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Judge ◽  
N. L. Firth ◽  
H. R. Johnson ◽  
W. V. Kessler ◽  
R. B. Harrington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Early Feeding ◽  
Weight Data ◽  
Potassium 40

SUMMARYThe effects of several dietary regimens on the fat-free mass and the dry-matter, ash and potassium-40 content of selected bovine muscles were estimated. Muscle data from 104 half-sib Angus steers were secured at several stages of growth and after several feeding regimens. The results indicated that a hay diet, by comparison to a higher energy silage diet in the early feeding period (216–340 kg live weight), suppressed the fat-free weight, reduced the dry-matter content and increased the ash content of several muscles. These effects of early diet were reversed, however, when the animals were subsequently fed higher-energy rations and slaughtered at heavier weights (409 and 454 kg live weight). Data on potassium-40 gamma emissions by composite muscle samples confirmed the existence of age- or weight-associated decreases and suggested possible dietary influences on potassium levels in bovine muscles. The trends in these data indicated that low dietary energy (hay feeding) in the early feeding period delayed the decline in muscle potassium that normally accompanies maturation.

Growth analysis of the domestic fowl II. Effect of plane of nutrition on carcass composition

1954 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Dissection Technique

1. Two sample cockerels from each plane of nutrition treatment were killed and dissected at 0, 4, 10, 15 and 24 weeks of age. Details of the dissection technique are given.2. All organs and tissues were weighed both wet and oven-dried. The total dry-matter content of the birds increased from 21% at hatching to 32% at 24 weeks.3. The chief age changes in the proportions of the major joints of the bird consist of a marked increase in relative mass of wing, and a lesser increase in the leg joints. The early maturing head and neck joints decrease in relative mass by approximately onehalf. There are no treatment differences in the gross proportions of the birds calculated on the basis of weights of the major joints.4. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of presenting quantitative growth analysis data are discussed. Reasons are given for employing several different methods in this work.5. The amount of fat in the carcasses analysed varies considerably between individual birds. There are no consistent age or treatment effects on the fat contents of the cockerels. The interpretation of McMeekan's dissection analysis data is discussed, and reasons are advanced for conducting future experiments of similar nature on the basis of a fatfree carcass. It is argued that adipose deposits should not be considered in the same category as body organs and tissues.

Effect of Silage dry Matter Content and Protein Supplementation on the Performance of In-Lamb Ewes

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 147-147
Author(s):  
Diana L Done
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Additional Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum

On the basis of experimental results, Forbes, Rees and Boas (1967) recommended that silage for pregnant ewes should have a DM content of at least 200 g/kg. Higher silage intakes and improved animal performance may be achieved by feeding silage of DM content in excess of this level.Increases in lamb birth weight have been achieved with additional protein supplementation to ewes on hay based rations in late pregnancy (Clark and Speedy, 1981). The response to protein supplementation on silage based diets is less well documented.In a 3 x 2 factorial experiment, 23A Border Leicester x Welsh Mountain in-lamb ewes, penned in groups of 18 or 21,were offered either an unwilted silage 199 g DM/kg) made with a formalin/formic acid additive (UA); a wilted, silage (287 g DM/kg) made with additive (WA) or a wilted silage (272 g DM/kg) made without additive (WO). The silages were offered ad-libitum from housing in January until lambing in mid-March.

Evaluation of swede varieties with high, medium and low dry matter content in finishing systems for crossbred lambs from hill ewes

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 59-59
Author(s):  
J.E. Vipond ◽  
M.E. King ◽  
G.Z. Wetherill
Keyword(s):  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Specific Interest ◽  
Scottish Crop Research Institute ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Crop Research

The first objective of this trial was to evaluate swedes of different dry matter content developed by the Scottish Crop Research Institute in particular to determine whether dry matter content and related hardness were appropriate for the grazing situation. The second objective was to study the performance of Highland Mule wether lambs (Bluefaced Leicester x Blackface) (BFLX) compared to Suffolk x Blackface (SX) and Cheviot (C) wether lambs. The Highland Mule wether lamb is a by-product in the production of Highland Mule ewe lambs for breeding and the specific interest was in whether there was any deleterious effect on finishing performance associated with the Bluefaced Leicester sire.Representative lambs of the genotypes involved were purchased in September and run on grass and stubbles until the start of the swede feeding period (2 November) with the aim of maintaining liveweight. Liveweight was 33, 33 and 36 kg for BFLX, S and C respectively on 2 November. Adjacent plots of the swede varieties Dryden (D), Melfort (M) and Doon Major (DO) were grown in one field (two replicates) and 33 lambs of each genotype grouped and allocated to each variety.

The effect of silage dry matter content and protein supplementation on the intake and performance of housed store lambs

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 12-12
Author(s):  
C R Stone ◽  
M Appleton
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
List Type ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Performance

Silage based diets fed to store lambs have often produced unsatisfactory growth rates. The factors affecting silage dry matter intake and the utilisation of silage by store lambs are not clearly understood.In each of two years 1981/2 and 1982/3 spring born store lambs (initial liveweight 31 kg) were housed from October until January. Three types of silage were fed ad-libitum:-1. Unwilted + additive (UN + A).2. Wilted + additive (W + A).3. Wilted without additive (W).Two groups of 23 lambs were fed on each type of silage; one group without supplementation (Nil) and the other at 60 g white fishmeal per lamb per day (WFM).

scholarly journals Food and snow intake, body mass and rumen function in reindeer fed lichen and subsequently starved for 4 days

Rangifer ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.H. Aagnes ◽  
S.D. Mathiesen
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Ad Libitum

Food and snow intake, body mass, rumen fluid volume, rumen fluid turnover time and ruminal dry matter content were examined in four female rumen fistulated reindeer which were first fed lichen ad libitum in 14 days and then starved for 4 days in March. When the animals were eating lichen median daily dry matter food intake was 15.7 g/kg (range 12.2-19.9 g/kg), while median daily snow intake only amounted to 0.6 g/kg (range 0-3.3 g/kg). The median body mass decreased from 67.5 kg (range 62.5-69.5 kg) to 63.5 kg (range 60.5-68.5 kg) during this period, and dropped further to 62.5 kg (range 57.5-66.0 kg) after four days of starvation. Rumen fluid volume and fluid turnover time were fairly constant in individual animals, but varied between animals fed lichen ad libitum. Neither of these parameters changed significantly (P>0.05), but ruminal dry matter decreased, while snow intake rose conspicuously in reponse to starvation. Thus, aside from the latter, which mitigate the reduction of total rumen volume, we have failed to expose any special adaptions aimed at the maintenance of ruminal integrity in starving reindeer.

Optimum harvest date of maize for biogas and silage purposes

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
G. Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Vegetative Organs

The dry matter and moisture contents of the aboveground vegetative organs and kernels of four maize hybrids were studied in Martonvásár at five harvest dates, with four replications per hybrid. The dry matter yield per hectare of the kernels and other plant organs were investigated in order to obtain data on the optimum date of harvest for the purposes of biogas and silage production.It was found that the dry mass of the aboveground vegetative organs, both individually and in total, did not increase after silking. During the last third of the ripening period, however, a significant reduction in the dry matter content was sometimes observed as a function of the length of the vegetation period. The data suggest that, with the exception of extreme weather conditions or an extremely long vegetation period, the maximum dry matter yield could be expected to range from 22–42%, depending on the vegetation period of the variety. The harvest date should be chosen to give a kernel moisture content of above 35% for biogas production and below 35% for silage production. In this phenophase most varieties mature when the stalks are still green, so it is unlikely that transport costs can be reduced by waiting for the vegetative mass to dry.

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