Urea as a protein source for ewes with twin lambs in late pregnancy and early lactation

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Parkins ◽  
J. Fraser ◽  
N. S. Ritchie ◽  
R. G. Hemingway
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Lamb Growth

SUMMARYIn three experiments housed Greyface (Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface) ewes of mean live weight 68 kg received 0·91 kg hay plus 0·91 kg molassed sugar beet pulp daily during the second half of pregnancy and in the first 3 weeks of lactation. Comparisons were made with additions of crude protein given as urea or groundnut cake either during the whole period or only during early lactation. In one experiment, increasing the daily intake of digestible crude protein from 88 to about 140 g had no effect on the weight of the lamb at birth or at 3 weeks. In the other two experiments, in which the increases were from 58·70 g to 131·161 g or from 80 to about 125 g digestible crude protein per day there were highly significant increases in the weight of the lamb at birth (+0·43 and +0·31 kg) and 3 weeks (+1·44 and +1·46 kg). Introduction of either urea or groundnut cake to the diet on the day after lambing significantly increased the the 3-week weights of the lambs by amounts which were comparable to those found when urea had also been given during pregnancy. Supplementation with either urea or groundnut cake did not significantly increase ewe live weight.Concentrations of urea in the blood of the ewes were highly significantly increased by either urea or groundnut supplementation. There were indications that a concentration below 10 mg/100 ml in the blood of the ewes in late pregnancy or early lactation was associated with a reduction in lamb growth rates.

The effect of pattern of protein intake and level of energy intake on the performance and nitrogen utilization of the ewe

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse ◽  
J. C. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out in which each of thirty-six ewes was offered one of six dietary treatments from the 30th to the 140th day of gestation. The treatments supplied two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake (128 and 116 kcal/kg W0.75/day) each at three patterns of protein intake, namely equal increments at 22 day intervals, equal decrements at the same intervals and a constant daily intake throughout. The protein intake patterns supplied a mean daily intake of digestible crude protein of 3·74 g/kg W0.75/day. Nitrogen balances were carried out on four ewes from each dietary treatment during the last 10 days of each 22 day period.Thirteen ewes randomly distributed on all dietary treatments were barren. Mean rate of live-weight gain in the pregnant ewes was 123 g/day compared with 66 g/day in the non-pregnant ewes and was not significantly affected by treatments. Lamb birth weights adjusted to the basis of twins were 3·83, 4·02 and 3·56 kg for the increasing, constant and decreasing patterns of protein intake respectively.Within patterns of protein intake there were no significant differences in nitrogen retention between pregnant and non-pregnant ewes until after 90 days of gestation. Thereafter retention increased in the pregnant ewes offered the constant and increasing patterns of crude protein and remained constant in the non-pregnant ewes. During the same period the retention of both pregnant and non-pregnant ewes on the decreasing pattern decreased.The effects of both energy and protein intake on nitrogen retention in early and late pregnancy were assessed by multiple regression analysis. The results are discussed in relation to other recent findings.

scholarly journals Mammary Gland Structures Are Not Affected by an Increased Growth Rate of Yearling Ewes Post-Weaning but Are Associated with Growth Rates of Singletons

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Haslin ◽  
Rene A. Corner-Thomas ◽  
Paul R. Kenyon ◽  
Adrian J. Molenaar ◽  
Stephen T. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Heavy Group

The experiment aimed to examine the impacts of an increased growth rate of ewes between three and seven months of age on udder development using ultrasound and to establish whether ultrasonography could be used to identify ewe mammary structures that may be indirect indicators of singleton growth to weaning. Udder dimensions, depths of gland cistern (GC), parenchyma (PAR) and fat pad (FP) were measured in late pregnancy (P107), early lactation (L29), and at weaning (L100) in 59 single-bearing yearling ewes selected from two treatments. The ‘heavy’ group (n = 31) was preferentially fed prior to breeding achieving an average breeding live-weight of 47.9 ± 0.38 kg at seven months of age. The ‘control’ group (n = 28) had an average breeding live-weight of 44.9 ± 0.49 kg. Udder dimensions, GC, PAR and FP did not differ between treatments. Lamb growth to L100 was positively associated (p < 0.05) with PAR at P107 and GC at L29. There was no evidence of negative effects of the live-weight gain treatments on udder development of yearling ewes as measured by ultrasonography. The results suggest that this ultrasound method has the potential to identify pregnant yearling ewes which would wean heavier singletons.

A study of protein requirements of housed Scottish Blackface ewes during late pregnancy

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYIn-lamb ewes were given 38, 58 and 82 g of digestible crude protein daily at a constant energy intake of 1600 kcal ME per head daily during the last 6 weeks of gestation. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain of the ewes, lamb birth weight or ewe net body-weight change (the difference between live-weight gain over the experimental period and live-weight loss at lambing).Digestibility coefficients for the diet components and nitrogen balances were determined on three ewes per treatment during weeks 15-16 and 19·20 of gestation. No differences in the apparent digestibility of the diet components were observed between the two periods. The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased significantly (P > 0·001) with increase in crude protein intake. A significant linear relationship (P<0·01) was found between digestible crude protein intake and nitrogen retention; daily N retention increased by 0·19 g per kg W0·73 for every 1 g per kg W0·73 of apparent digested nitrogen intake per day.

Effects of cereal and protein supplements to swedes (Brassica napus) on intake and performance of pregnant and lactating ewes kept indoors

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Vipond ◽  
E. A. Hunter ◽  
Margaret E. King
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIndividually penned Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn and Suffolk × Scottish Halfbred ewes were used to study the effects of supplementing diets based on ad libitum swedes. Supplementing a pregnancy diet of ad libitum swedes plus 225 g of hay with 454 g of a barley/soya bean meal supplement per day had no effect on swede intake or ewe performance in terms of the birth weight and survival of lambs born. Level of swede intake during late pregnancy was constant.In early lactation, ewes offered ad libitum swedes plus 225 g hay per day were supplemented with 454 g of either barley or soya bean meal daily. Soya bean meal supplementation resulted in a 014 increase in swede intake to give a daily intake of 113g dry matter per kgM 0·7·5 and a total live-weight gain of 218kg in early lactation compared with a loss of 2·53 kg by barley-supplemented ewes. Lamb daily gain increased by 54g per day. The results are discussed in relation to trends towards the housing of ewes and current feeding practices for lactating ewes.

The effect of protein intake during gestation on ewe and lamb performance

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Change ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Standard Protein

Two experiments were carried out in which a total of sixty-four Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface ewes were each individually fed on one of eight experimental diets from six weeks after service to parturition. The eight diets supplied four intakes of crude protein (156, 119, 90 and 65 g/68-kg ewe per day) and two intakes of energy (2923 and 2468 kcal ME/68-kg ewe per day). After parturition the ewes received one of two lactation treatments supplying a standard protein intake of approximately 260 g/68-kg ewe per day at ME intakes of 4700 and 4186 kcal/68-kg ewe per day.The relationship between net body weight change (Y, kg) and ME (X1) and DCP (X2) intakes (per 68-kg ewe) was described by the equation Y = The DCP intake corresponding to maximum efficiency of energy utilization was 98 g/68-kg ewe per day. The relationship between lamb birth weight (Y, kg) and ME and DCP intake was described by the equation Y = 0·0003X1 + 0·0080 X2 + 2·8501.Ewe live-weight loss during early lactation, lamb growth rates from birth to three weeks and ewe milk yield at three weeks tended to decrease with decreasing protein intake during pregnancy.

Studies in grazing management IV. A comparison of close-folding and rotational grazing dairy cows on intensively fertilized pasture

1952 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Holmes ◽  
R. Waite ◽  
D. L. Fergusson ◽  
D. S. MacLusky
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Regular Production ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

1. In continuation of experiments made in 1949 (Holmes et al. 1950) an experiment was carried out from 7 May until 23 September 1950, to compare close-folding and rotational grazing of cows on pastures which were liberally treated with nitrogenous fertilizer. With close-folding the cows were moved daily to an area of fresh pasture calculated to supply the day's feed requirements; the rate of stocking for the day ranged from thirty to sixty-five cows per acre. With rotational grazing the cows were stocked on pasture at the rate of seven to eight cows per acre and moved from one pasture to the other at intervals of 3–4 days. Two uniform groups of six Ayrshire cows were used in a double reversal layout with four periods each of 5 weeks. The same pastures as in 1949—a permanent pasture and a cocksfoot ley—suitably divided by electric fences were used. No supplementary feeding was given.2. The average yield per acre from close-folding was 241 cow-days, 732 gal. of milk and 320 lb. live-weight gain—equivalent to 632 lb. digestible crude protein and 4316 lb. starch equivalent. Rotational grazing on similar adjoining paddocks gave 181 cow-days, 557 gal. of milk and 285 lb. liveweight gain per acre, equivalent to 486 lb. digestible crude protein and 3371 lb. starch equivalent.3. The average daily milk yield per cow was 29·5 lb. for one group and 30·2 lb. for the other. For close-folding it was 29·6 lb. and for rotational grazing it was 30·1 lb., none of the differences being significant. Nor were any differences in the average live weight of the groups or in their live-weight gains significant.4. The increased production per acre from closefolding compared with rotational grazing—amounting to 20–40%—could be related to the increased efficiency with which the available pasture was consumed.5. Close-folding had no harmful effect on the pastures. Although the season was exceptionally wet, poaching occurred only in the gates and alleyways. 6. The frequent applications of nitrogenous fertilizer throughout the season maintained regular production of good herbage. In June and July, however, despite the fertilizer applied, the crudeprotein content dropped on some paddocks to 13% of the dry matter, a figure barely sufficient to maintain high milk yields.7. Comparison of the production per acre in 1950 with that in 1949 where close-folding was used, showed an increase of 34% in starch equivalent utilized on the permanent pasture. For each extra cwt. ‘Nitro-Chalk’ applied in 1950 over that in 1949, 190 lb. starch equivalent were produced. On the cocksfoot the response to additional nitrogen was reduced because of potash deficiency induced by cropping for grass-drying in 1948.8. The factors affecting the increased production from close-folding and the fertilizer requirements of pasture are discussed.

scholarly journals Studies on Comparative Utilization of Urea and Groundnut Cake Rations by Young Growing West African Dwarf Goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
A. O. Akinsoyinu ◽  
A. U. Mba ◽  
F. O. Olubajo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
West African ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cassava Flour ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
West African Dwarf Goats ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Dwarf Goats

TWELVE West African Dwarf castrated goats, 6-8 months old, ranging in live-weight from 7 to 15 kg, were maintained on cassava flour-based rations with two sources of nitrogen from urea and roundnut cake. Each nitrogen source was fed to the goats at three levels of crude protein viz., 10, 17 and 24 These rations constituted the concentrate fraction as supplements to Cynodon nlemfensis. Six of the goats were slaughtered at the end of about three months on the dietary treatments, and the other six animals three months later; the overall experiment lasted for six months. It was found that the dressing-out percentage (51.2) on the groundnut cake - based supplement was not significantly higher than that of animals on the urea ration (50.0). 'The two sources of nitrogen had no effect on the major cuts, such as the thigh, loin, shoulders and also the protein contents of the organs and muscles.

scholarly journals Studies on Comparative Utilization of Urea and Groundnut Cake Rations by West African Dwarf Goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-216
Author(s):  
A. U. Mba ◽  
A. O. Akinsoyinu ◽  
F. O. Olubajo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
West African ◽  
N Balance ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
Cynodon Nlemfuensis

Twelve West African dwarf castrated goats, 6-8 months old and 7 to 15 kg liveweight, were used. Two sources of N, urea and groundnut cake, were used at three levels of crude protein (N x 6.25), viz., 10, 17 and 24%, in cassava flour-based rations. These rations were then used as supplements to dry, poor quality Cynodon nlemfuensis forage. Six animals, two on each level of protein were maintained on the urea-based rations in 3x3 Latin Square Design while the other six animals were similarly maintained on the groundnut cake-based rations. Each experiment consisted of three trials and each trial lasted three weeks. During these periods, liveweight changes, daily intake of the forage and of the concentrates were recorded. N-balance studies were also carried out at the end of the series of these experiments. The results indicated that the urea-fed goats tended to grow faster than those goats fed on the groundnut cake-based rations with the overall mean live weight gains of 35.7 and 31.4 g per day respectively although the differences were not significant (P>0.05) respectively. The former required daily 0.17g DCP per Wkg0.734 for maintenance; similarly the latter required 0.26g DCP per Wkg0.734 per g live weight gain and 1.43 g DCP per Wkg0.734 for maintenance. The N-balance studies also showed better utilization of the N content of urea than that of the groundnut cake, with the overall mean N-balance values of 6.15 and 5.54 g/day.

Choice feeding as a method of determining lamb nutrient requirements and growth potential

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 72-72
Author(s):  
M. Cropper ◽  
M. Lloyd ◽  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
C.E. Hinks
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Choice Feeding

The experiment described here was designed to test the proposition that lambs, given access to two feeds, as a choice, one abundant in crude protein (CP), the other deficient, can both select a diet which supports their potential growth rate and which avoids excesses of protein intake.Twenty four Suffolk x Greyface wether and females, at a mean liveweight of 20.2 kg (s.e. 0.6) were individually housed and their feed intake and liveweight recorded weekly.The four pelleted feeds used were highly digestible and had estimated energy yields of 10.5 MJ ME/kg freshweight. The basal feed (A) was made from equal parts barley and sugar beet pulp plus a vitamin/mineral mix. It contained 91 g CP/kg FW. Feed D was made by substituting fishmeal for the barley in feed A such that it contained 383g CP/kg. Feed B contained one third D and two thirds A and contained 182g CP/kg. Féed C contained two thirds D and one third A, giving a CP content of 266g CP/kg. Thus each of the four feeds A, B, C and D could be described in terms of either the proportion of feed A or the crude protein which it contained.Four lambs were offered feed A alone, and four lambs received feed B only. Twelve of the lambs were given ad 1ibitum access to both the basal feed A and one of the three other feeds B, C and D, for ten weeks. Four lambs were offered a choice between feed B and feed D for four weeks.

Comparison of the productivity of Texel and Rouge de l’Ouest ewes and their crosses

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. R. Dawson ◽  
A. F. Carson ◽  
L. O. W. McClinton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Average Figure

AbstractAn experiment was undertaken to compare the productivity of crossbred ewes, produced by crossing Texel sires with Rouge de l’Ouest (Rouge) dams and Rouge sires with Texel dams, relative to purebred Texel and Rouge ewes. The purebred and crossbred ewes were crossed with Rouge and Texel sires. The proportion of productive ewes was similar in the purebred and crossbred ewes with an average figure of 0·92. Irrespective of crossing sire, Rouge ewes produced 0·48 more lambs per ewe lambed than Texel ewes (P < 0·001). The two crossbred ewe types (Texel ✕ Rouge and Rouge ✕ Texel) each produced similar numbers of lambs (on average 1·92 lambs per ewe lambed). Individual heterosis values for ewe fertility and prolificacy were small and not significant (–1·67 for the proportion of productive ewes and –3·14 for the number of lambs born per ewe lambed). Maternal heterosis values were also not significant but were of larger magnitude (6·26 for ewe fertility and 3·12 for prolificacy). Lamb mortality (number of lambs born dead per ewe lambed) at birth was similar for purebred Rouge (0·44) and Texel (0·30) ewes and was significantly reduced by crossbred matings and mating the crossbred ewes (individual heterosis –30·68, P < 0·10; maternal heterosis –80·23, P < 0·001). Individual and maternal heterosis values for lamb growth rate from birth to six weeks were 8 (P < 0·05) and 4 (P > 0·05) respectively. Lamb growth rate from birth to weaning was significantly lower in lambs from Texel ewes compared with those from the other genotypes (P < 0·05). Individual and maternal heterosis values for live-weight gain from birth to weaning were 5 (P < 0·10) and 5 (P < 0·01). The results of the current study demonstrate the superior performance of purebred Rouge ewes compared with purebred Texel ewes in terms of prolificacy and lamb growth rate from birth to weaning. However, both breeds had high lamb mortality at birth. Crossbreeding led to the production of hybrid ewes which had relatively high prolificacy with low levels of dystocia and lamb mortality.

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