The effects of protein and energy content of compound supplements offered at low levels to October-calving dairy cows given grass silage ad libitum

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. D. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractNinety-six October calving, multiparous Friesian dairy cows were given from week 2 of lactation perennial ryegrass silage ad libitum, supplemented with one of four compound foods, offered at a flat rate of 3 kg/day. The compound foods differed in crude protein (CP) concentration (210 (LP) and 350 (HP) g/kg dry matter (DM)), achieved by including fish meal at 50 and 250 kg/t respectively; and in metabolizable energy (ME) concentration (12·8 (LE) and 14·0 (HE) M/kg DM), achieved by adding protected fat (approx. 100 kg/t). There were no significant interactions between supplement type in terms of animal performance. Over an average feeding period of 152 days, milk yields were significantly increased by 0·49 kg/day per 100 g supplementary CP (P < 0·01) and 0·50 kg/day per MJ of supplementary ME (P < 0·05).Increasing the level of supplementary CP had no effect on milk composition but significantly increased yield of milk protein (67 g/day). An increase in supplementary ME significantly reduced protein concentration in the milk (1·1 gjkg) but had no effect on protein yield. Yield of milk fat was significantly increased (76 g/day). The additional energy also significantly improved cow fertility in terms of a reduced interval from calving to both first service and conception.

The effects of methionine supplementation upon milk composition and production of forage-fed dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pacheco-Rios ◽  
W. C. McNabb ◽  
J. P. Hill ◽  
T. N. Barry ◽  
D. D. S. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
And Control

Two experiments (mid- and late lactation) were conducted to test whether methionine (Met) limited milk production in Friesian cows fed sole diets of fresh perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture. In mid-lactation (exp. 1), 26 cows were assigned to one of three treatments: ruminally protected oral DL-Met (15 g d−1), continuous intrajugular infusion of L-Met (15 g d–1) and control. Twelve animals from exp. 1 were used during late lactation (exp. 2) and distributed in two experimental groups: ruminally protected oral DL-Met (15 g d−1) and control. Dry matter, metabolizable energy, crude protein and Met intakes, milk yield and composition and blood Met, cysteine and urea were measured. Oral and intravenous Met supplementation increased blood Met concentration by 50–90% compared with controls. Met supplementation did not alter the concentration of milk fat, protein or lactose in either experiment. Met supplementation had no significant effects on yields of fat, lactose, casein, whey proteins or non-protein nitrogen during mid-lactation. In late lactation, Met supplementation did not affect milk protein composition or yield of milk components, with exception of a decrease (P < 0.05) in the yield of β -casein. Intravenous Met supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the efficiency of conversion of pasture N to milk protein in mid-lactation. Key words: Dairy cows, methionine, ruminally protected methionine, milk protein, casein, fresh pasture diets

Systems of concentrate allocation for dairy cattle 1. A comparison of three patterns of allocation for autumn-calving cows and heifers offered grass silage ad libitum

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Taylor ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTHigh quality grass silage (10·5 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter (DM)) was offered ad libitum to three groups of autumn-calving dairy cattle, each group containing eight cows and eight heifers. In a 20-week period commencing at week 3 post partum each group received, on average, 1260 kg fresh weight of a concentrate containing 180 g crude protein per kg. Animals in treatment F each received a flat-rate of 9 kg concentrates per day throughout. In treatment D, a declining rate of 11, 10, 9, 8 and 7 kg/day was given in successive 4-week periods. Animals in treatment Y were each offered a fixed rate of concentrates (range 7 to 12 kg/day) based on their milk yield at 2 weeks post partum with a mean intake of 9 kg/day for the group. For treatments F, D and Y respectively, the mean daily milk yields were, 26·2, 26·7 and 26·9 kg for cows, and 19·5, 19·1 and 18·8 kg for heifers; mean live-weight gains were, 0·28, 0·30 and 0·22 kg/day for cows, and 0·41, 0·54 and 0·38 kg/day for heifers; and intakes of silage were, 10·1, 10·6 and 10·7 kg DM per day for cows, and 7·8, 7·7 and 7·3 kg DM per day for heifers. The differences between treatments were not significant but there were significant differences between cows and heifers. No significant differences were found between treatments in milk composition although heifers produced milk with significantly higher milk protein concentration (P < 0·05) and significantly greater milk lactose concentration (P < 0·01) than did cows. During the residual period (4 weeks indoors and 16 weeks grazing) all animals were treated as a single group and there were no significant differences in performance. The 305-day milk yields were not significantly different between treatments and averaged 6587 kg for cows, and 5124 kg for heifers.

The influence of the fat concentration of the diet on the response by dairy cows to body condition at calving

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Garnsworthy ◽  
C. D. Huggett
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractTwenty-four Friesian dairy cows were divided into two groups of 12 between 12 and 18 weeks prior to calving and fed to achieve condition scores at calving of 3·2 (F) or 2·3 (T). For the first 11 weeks of lactation, six cows from each group (H) were given daily 9 kg of a high-fat compound (acid ether extract (AEE) 96 g/kg dry matter (DM)), 3 kg molassed sugar-beet pulp and hay ad libitum. The other six cows in each group (L) were given 10 kg of a low-fat compound (AEE 29 g/kg DM), 2 kg sugar-beet pulp and hay ad libitum. Allowances of compound and sugar-beet pulp were designed to provide equal amounts of energy, neutral-detergent fibre and protein. The fat source used in compound H was a calcium salt of palm acid oil (Megalac®).DM intake was not affected by treatment but fat intake was significantly higher on diet H (P < 0·001). Group TH had higher intakes of digestible energy (DE) than group FH (249 v. 229 MJ/day; P < 0·05), but condition at calving did not affect DE intake with diet L (FL = 230, TL = 233 MJ/day). Milk yield was not significantly affected by treatment, although cows in group TL tended to yield less milk than other groups (28·3, 27·3, 28·0 and 24·3 kg/day for FH, FL, TH and TL respectively). The concentration of milk fat was higher and of milk protein lower with diet H compared with diet L (milk fat 48·1, 42·2, 42·9 and 39·6; milk protein 28·0, 31·0, 28·4 and 30·5 g/kg for FH, FL, TH and TL respectively). Loss of condition score was greater for cows in group F (0·65 units) than for those in group T (0·04 units). Within group F, loss of condition tended to be greater with diet L.It is concluded that the increased intake of fat with diet H tended to decrease loss of condition in cows that were fat at calving but increase milk yield in cows that were thin at calving. It also tended to increase milk fat concentration but decreased milk protein concentration.

Prediction of the yields of milk constituents in dairy cows offered silage ad libitum and concentrates at a flat rate

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rook ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
J. France
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Lactose Concentration ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Highly Correlated

AbstractIndividually recorded milk yields, yields and concentrations of milk components, food intakes and live weights of multiparous dairy cows given silage ad libitum and concentrates at a flat rate in weeks 4 to 13 of lactation and data for silage and concentrate composition from experiments conducted at four sites, were used to obtain simple correlations and multiple linear regressions of yields and concentrations of milk constituents on other variables.Simple correlations between yields and concentrations and other variables were low. Yield terms were most highly correlated with intake terms. Milk fat concentration was most highly correlated with silage fibre concentration. Milk protein concentration was most highly correlated with digestible energy intake. The best multiple regression models including time effects accounted proportionately for 0·35 of the variation in fat yield, 0·51 in protein yield, 0·55 in lactose yield, 0·39 in total milk yield, 0·19 in fat concentration, 043 in protein concentration and 0·19 in lactose concentration. Most of these models included terms for silage intake and cow live weight which are not generally available on farms. More practical models including fewer independent variates were therefore produced. These models accounted proportionately for 0·33 of the variation in fat yield, 048 in protein yield, 0·50 in lactose yield, 0·32 in total milk yield, 0·19 in fat concentration, 0·40 in protein concentration and 0·17 in lactose concentration.

The relationship between milk composition and volatile fatty acids in the rumen in cattle

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 194-194
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
R. E. Agnew
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
The Relationship

It is well recognised that the fat and protein concentration in the milk of dairy cows is influenced by volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced in the rumen. There has however been little information available on models to predict milk composition from rumen VFAs in the literature. The objective of the present study was to develop empirical relationships to predict milk fat and protein concentration using rumen VFA data.

The effects of adding oil to liquid feed supplements on feed intakes and milk production of high yielding Holstein cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 193-193
Author(s):  
R.E. Lawson ◽  
R. Derrick ◽  
J.S. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Liquid Feed ◽  
Feed Supplements

The feed intake of high yielding, early lactation Holstein cows is often inadequate to meet the animal’s requirements for energy and a more concentrated energy source is essential. Oil has a high energy content, so feeds containing oil can help increase the overall concentration of energy in the diet. However, high oil inclusions can lower milk fat and protein level.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the addition of increasing levels of oil to a molasses blend (4 kg/cow/day) on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows.

The effects of protein and energy content of compound feeds offered at low levels to October calving dairy cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 124-124
Author(s):  
O D Davies ◽  
V J Theobald
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
High Forage

Interest in milk production from home grown forage has increased in recent years, resulting in a reduction in the amount of compound feed offered. With autumn calving cows there has been a limited amount of work investigating high forage, low compound feeding throughout the winter period. Encouraging results from Trawsgoed over the past 5 years have shown the potential for high forage diets, however reductions in compound feed has consistently resulted in poorer milk quality, particularly milk protein. Experiments conducted by ICI and research workers at Hillsborough, N Ireland have shown favourable responses in milk protein from increasing the compound's protein content. In addition milk butterfat was improved at Hillsborough when the energy content of the compound was increased from 10.8 to 12.9 MJ ME/kg. Unfortunately these trials involved only short feeding periods and were unable to determine long term effects or effects at varying stages of lactation. This experiment examined the effects of both protein and energy concentrations of dairy compound feeds on silage intake and cow performance, when compounds were fed at a flat rate of 3 kg per day to October calving dairy cows throughout a 197 day winter feeding period.

The Effect of Concentrate Type and Supplementary Lactic Acid or Soya-Oil on Milk Production in Dairy Cows Offered Restricted or Extensively Fermented Grass Silages

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
J G Doherty ◽  
C S Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids

Several studies have shown increased silage dry-matter intake (SDMI) and improved milk fat concentrations in dairy cows offered restricted fermented grass silages compared to more extensively fermented silages. A recent study suggested that differences in silage intakeper serather than an alteration in rumen fermentation may be responsible for the changes in milk composition observed in the previous studies (Doherty and Mayne, 1993). The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of changes in concentrate composition on milk production parameters in dairy cows offered grass silages of contrasting fermentation type.Two direct cut grass silages were prepared using either an inoculant, containing a single strain ofLactobacillus plantarum, (Ecosyl, 3 1/t fresh weight, Zeneca Products Ltd) or a mixture of aliphatic carboxylic acids (Maxgrass, 6 1/t fresh weight, BP Chemicals Ltd). Two concentrates (high starch or high fibre) were formulated containing either: barley, 300; wheat, 355; and soyabean-meal, 270 g/kg (high starch) or unmolassed sugar-beet pulp, 555; citrus pulp, 100; and soyabean-meal, 270 g/kg (high fibre).

The effects on milk yield and composition of incorporating lactose into the diet of dairy cows given protected fat

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Group A

AbstractTwenty-eight Holstein/Friesian dairy cows were divided into four groups of seven. From weeks 4 to 15 of lactation they were given a basal diet consisting of 8 kg hay, 2 kg sugar-beet feed and 2 kg grass nuts, together with a concentrate allowance of 8 kg/day. Concentrates for group A were based on cereals and soya (control). Concentrate B contained 60 g protected fat supplement per kg; concentrate C contained 100 g lactose per kg; concentrate D contained 60 g fat supplement and 100 g lactose per kg. Milk yields were 24·6, 27·7, 25·6 and 26·5 kg/day and milk protein concentrations were 32·3, 30·7, 32·7 and 31·9 g/kg for groups A, B, C and D respectively. The effect of fat supplementation on milk yield and protein concentration was significant (P < 0·05) but the effect of lactose was not significant. Milk fat concentration was not significantly affected by treatment. It is concluded that lactose can partially alleviate the depression in milk protein concentration often observed when cows are given protected fat.

scholarly journals Determination of organic components of milk as method for evaluating energy status of dairy cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Djordje Savic ◽  
D. Matarugic ◽  
N. Delic ◽  
D. Kasagic ◽  
M. Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Organic Components ◽  
Physiological Values ◽  
The Individual

The objective of the investigations described in this work was to determine the energy status and to make recommendations for correcting the cow diet at a farm of high-yield dairy cows, on the grounds of values for the concentration of organic components of milk and their ratios in individual milk samples. A total of 147 cows were examined, including 97 in the first and 50 in the second lactation. Average concentrations of milk fat and urea were within the physiological values. Namely, the milk fat concentration in cows in the first lactation was 38.88?5.07 g/l, and it was 36.47?4.82 g/l in cows in the second lactation, while the urea concentration in cows in the first lactation 3.16?0.58 mmol/l and it was 3.72?0.64 mmol/l in cows in the second lactation. The protein concentration in both groups of cows was below the physiological values, being 30.33?2.35 g/l in cows in the first lactation and 30.17?2.27 g/l in cows in the second lactation. Based on the ratio of urea and protein concentrations, as well as of fat and proteins in the individual milk samples, it was concluded that in most examined cows, both in those in the first and those in the second lactation, there is a deficit of energy, along with a deficit or relative surplus of proteins. On the grounds of the obtained results, recommendations were given for correcting the feed rations in the coming period. .

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