The performance of ewes offered concentrates containing olive by-products in late pregnancy and lactation

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
M. A. García ◽  
E. Molina
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

AbstractEwes of the Segureña breed were allocated to groups and were group-fed different diets composed of concentrates and roughage (lucerne hay in experiment 1 and barley straw in experiment 2), in late pregnancy and lactation. The concentrates were formulated with sunflower cake and barley, either alone (control group) or partly replaced with olive cake (OLC) and olive molasses (OLM) in a 5:1 ratio. The OLC was either untreated or was treated with NaOH or ammonia. Concentrates were given to provide proportionately 0·4 and 0·7 of calculated metabolizable energy (ME) requirements in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. In experiment 2 a further group grazed pasture and was given barley at a reduced rate.In experiment 1, the mean ME intake during late pregnancy (5+1 weeks pre-lambing) for all treatment groups was about 796 kj/kg M0·75 per day and largely exceeded their average energy requirements, whereas it was close to requirements (601 kj/kg M0·75 per day) in experiment 2. During lactation, ME intake was adjusted to the theoretical needs for ewes suckling a single lamb (835 to 870 kj/kg M0·75 per day) and was slightly deficient (990 to 1020 kj/kg M0·75 per day) for ewes with twins, irrespective of both treatment (except the group at pasture) and experiment.Minor differences in animal performance, attributed to the type of concentrate offered, were found. In pregnancy, alkali treatment of OLC significantly improved live-weight gains (P < 0·01). Live-weight gains of ewes in experiment 2 were lower than those in experiment 1 in accordance with their lower ME intake, the lowest gains being found in the group at pasture (P < 0·05). Weight losses in lactating ewes in experiment 1 were 17 to 100 and 9 to 165 g per ewe per day for ewes suckling single and twin lambs respectively. In experiment 2 ewes with twins gained weight, while those with single lambs showed little weight change, although differences between experiments were too small to attain statistical significance. No differences in barley straw intake by pregnant ewes were found between treatment groups. However, the intake of barley straw by lactating ewes in the groups offered concentrates containing OLC and OLM was significantly higher than that by controls (P < 0·05).Birth weight of lambs tended to be higher in experiment 2 when ewes consumed less ME during pregnancy, although variations were not statistically significant. The most important cause of growth rate variation was the number of lambs born to a ewe (P < 0·001). The growth rate of lambs in the outdoor group was significantly lower than that of lambs in the indoor groups (P < 0·05).

scholarly journals Mammary Gland Structures Are Not Affected by an Increased Growth Rate of Yearling Ewes Post-Weaning but Are Associated with Growth Rates of Singletons

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Haslin ◽  
Rene A. Corner-Thomas ◽  
Paul R. Kenyon ◽  
Adrian J. Molenaar ◽  
Stephen T. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Heavy Group

The experiment aimed to examine the impacts of an increased growth rate of ewes between three and seven months of age on udder development using ultrasound and to establish whether ultrasonography could be used to identify ewe mammary structures that may be indirect indicators of singleton growth to weaning. Udder dimensions, depths of gland cistern (GC), parenchyma (PAR) and fat pad (FP) were measured in late pregnancy (P107), early lactation (L29), and at weaning (L100) in 59 single-bearing yearling ewes selected from two treatments. The ‘heavy’ group (n = 31) was preferentially fed prior to breeding achieving an average breeding live-weight of 47.9 ± 0.38 kg at seven months of age. The ‘control’ group (n = 28) had an average breeding live-weight of 44.9 ± 0.49 kg. Udder dimensions, GC, PAR and FP did not differ between treatments. Lamb growth to L100 was positively associated (p < 0.05) with PAR at P107 and GC at L29. There was no evidence of negative effects of the live-weight gain treatments on udder development of yearling ewes as measured by ultrasonography. The results suggest that this ultrasound method has the potential to identify pregnant yearling ewes which would wean heavier singletons.

British rapeseed meals in the diets of pregnant and lactating mature suffolk-mule ewes

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 69-69
Author(s):  
Isobel C. Vincent ◽  
R. Hill ◽  
H. LI. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Group A ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum

To investigate the suitability of using high levels of British (high glucosinolate) rapeseed meal (RSM), 80 adult Suffolk-Mule ewes of mean live-weight 64.8 kg (s.e. 0.5) were divided into four balanced groups. Three of the groups were allocated to a concentrate diet containing 20% RSM as the major protein supplement: extracted (B), expeller (C) and extruded (D). The control group (A) was given a diet containing 16.5% soyabean meal (SBM) as the only protein supplement. The remainder of these pelleted diets consisted of barley, molassine meal, oat husks, minerals and vitamins. All four diets contained similar levels of protein and energy.The ewes were fed 0.7 kg/day during maintenance, 1 kg/day durino mating and increasing amounts from late pregnancy up to a maximum of 2.5 kg/day during lactation. Barley straw was available ad libitum. The ewes were weighed twice monthly. Jugular blood samples were taken monthly for thyroxine (T4) and thiocyanate (-SCN) analyses of plasma, also every five days during mating and the first two months of pregnancy for profiles of progesterone in plasma. The ewes were exposed to raddled entire rams for six weeks during November and December.

Whole wheat grain feeding of Merino ewes. 3. Influence of level of wheat and vitamin A on wool growth in pregnancy and lactation

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (78) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
WR McManus ◽  
JA Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Wool Yield ◽  
The Relationship

In experiment 1, ewes were fed three levels of wheat in pens, with or without vitamin A, from joining to weaning. The wheat levels ranged from 3.4 to 4.6 kg head-1 week-1. Control groups were run on native pasture. In experiment 2 three levels of wheat, which ranged from 3.9 to 7.1 kg head-1 week-1. were fed to ewes from joining to weaning. At each wheat level two groups were fed wheat in pens (wheat/ pen); another group was fed wheat in small paddocks (wheat/paddock). One of the wheat/pen groups received vitamin A. A control group was run at pasture. Vitamin A had no effect on wool traits except on wool yield in experiment 2. Clean wool weight and staple length increased linearly with increasing wheat intakes in both experiments. The relationship between fibre diameter and wheat level was linear in experiment 1 and curvilinear in experiment 2. In experiment 2 there were differences between wheat/pen and wheat/paddock groups in all the wool traits measured. In experiment 1, wool growth rate was reduced by 40 per cent in the wheat groups and by 44 per cent in the pasture groups during late pregnancy and lactation. In experiment 2, compared with early pregnancy, wool growth rate was reduced by 11 per cent and 31 per cent in the wheat groups during late pregnancy and lactation respectively.

Effects of different patterns of allocation of a restricted quantity of food upon the growth and development of cockerels

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Osbourn ◽  
P. N. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Growth Regime ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Mild Restriction

1. The live-weight gains and food consumption of groups of chickens subjected to two different patterns, (A) and (B), of allocation of a restricted quantity of food, were compared with the live-weight gains and food consumption of a control group (C), fed ad lib. throughout the experiment.2. Group B (compensatory growth regime), showed a greater relative growth rate after re-alimentation than group A (mild restriction followed by ad lib. feeding). The growth rate of group B was shown to be significantly greater than that of the control group at equivalent live weights. In addition, it was shown that the increased growth rate, induced by periods of restriction of similar severity and duration, was very similar for birds within the ranges of 200–300 g. live weight and 750–1100 g. live weight.3. The differences, due to treatment, in the growth rate after re-alimentation were in part caused by a concurrent increase in appetite. The severity and duration of the undernutrition immediately prior to re-alimentation would appear to affect appetite during re-alimentation more than the total restriction imposed. Measured in terms of food consumed, the restriction imposed upon groups A and B was the same, but in terms of live weight gain group B was very slightly more retarded than group A.

The effect of ammonia treatment on the intake of straw and hay when offered with rations of concentrates to ewes in late pregnancy

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher ◽  
V. C. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Forage Intake

ABSTRACTFinnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes were offered 300, 600 or 900 g fresh weight per day of concentrates and forage ad libitum from day 105 of pregnancy until lambing. Spring barley straw (S) or hay (H) was offered either untreated (U) or following treatment with anhydrous ammonia in an oven (T). Organic matter digestibilities (in vitro) were 0·42, 0·58, 0·42 and 0·60 and nitrogen contents were 7·2, 18·6, 12·0 and 25·0 g/kg dry matter for US, TS, UH and TH respectively. Forage intake did not differ between ewes carrying two or more foetuses but the small number of ewes carrying one foetus ate more straw (6·8 v. 4·5 g organic matter (OM) per kg live weight) than ewes carrying two or more foetuses. Ammonia treatment increased intake; the increase was larger on straw (4·6 v. 100 g OM per kg live weight) than on hay (9·0 v. 10·7 g OM per kg live weight). Replacement rates of forage by concentrates were -0·21, +0·06, -0·48 and +0·08 kg forage per kg concentrates for treatments US, TS, UH and TH respectively; only the value for treatment UH differed significantly from zero. On most treatments forage intake decreased as pregnancy progressed and the declines were greater when treated forages were offered. Concentrate level had a large effect on most aspects of ewe performance. Ewes offered treated forage gained slightly more weight in pregnancy (138 v. 104 g/day), had a slightly smaller decrease in body condition score (-0·54 v. -0·68) between day 105 and lambing but did not have greater lamb birth weights than ewes on untreated forage.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

Effects of nutrition in late pregnancy on subsequent milk production in Ewes

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARY1. Scottish Half-bred ewes carrying twin foetuses were fed individually to make live-weight gains in the last six weeks of pregnancy of (1) 20%, (2) 10% and (3) 0% of their live weight in week 14 of pregnancy. In lactation the ewes were fed ad libitum. The lambs were removed 12 to 16 hr after parturition and the ewes were machine-milked twice daily for the first six weeks of lactation.2. Total birth weights per ewe of twin lambs from the treatments were (1) 10·10 kg, (2) 9·44 kg and (3) 8·18 kg and differed significantly.3. The level and pattern of voluntary intake in lactation did not differ significantly between the treatments. Total dry-matter intakes in the six weeks of lactation were (1) 121·9 kg (2) 105·9 kg and (3) 109·5 kg.4. The pregnancy treatments affected the level of milk production and the shape of lactation curves. The total yields in the first six weeks of lactation were (1) 58·8 kg, (2) 43·5 kg and (3) 26·9 kg. Higher contents of fat and protein and the lower content of lactose in the milk from treatment-3 ewes on days 1 and 3 of lactation indicated a slower onset of lactation in these ewes. Between days 7 and 35 of lactation the contents of fat and SNF were lowest on treatment 3 but the differences were not significant.5. The live-weight changes in lactation, which were in inverse order to the gains in late pregnancy, were (1) 3·4 kg, (2) 5·5 kg and (3) 9·5 kg.

Supplementary feeding of dairy cows on continuously stocked pasture

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Jennings ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Stocking Rates

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted with milking cows on continuously stocked perennial ryegrass pastures. In each a control group, T0, received 1 kg/day of a concentrate supplement and treatment groups T1 and T2 received 4 kg (Expt 1) or 5 kg/day (Expt 2) of a low quality T1 or a high quality T2 concentrate. In Expt 1 treatments were applied continuously for 14 weeks to a total of 30 cows. In Expt 2 a Latin square design for 9 weeks was conducted with 18 cows. The stocking rate of the pasture declined from 9·6 to 5·1 cows per ha (mean 6·7 cows/ha) from May to August (Expt 1) and was maintained at 3 cows/ha in August-October (Expt 2).Supplements increased total intakes by 0·92 and 0·77 kg organic matter (OM)/kg OM supplied in the concentrates respectively for Expts 1 and 2. Milk yields increased by 0·6 and 0·5 kg/kg concentrate supplied and supplemented cows showed small increases in live weight. Differences in lactation milk yield just approached significance. Grazing times were only slightly reduced by supplements and bite sizes were lower than normal. There was no important difference in animal performance between the two concentrates. The total output from the pasture was 19·6t milk and 115 GJ of utilized metabolizable energy per hectare.Reasons for the high supplementary effect of the concentrates and its implications for stocking rates are discussed.

GROWTH AND MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF BROILERS WHEN USING THE FEED ADDITIVE “FARMATAN” (BUTITAN)

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
E.A. PROSEKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Digestive Organs

The authors studied the growth characteristics (morphophysiological indicators) of broilers’ digestive organs when using Pharmatan in the diet at doses of 0.025; 0.05 and 0.075%. For the study, three medium-weight broiler chickens were selected – on a daily basis for the first three days, then on a weekly basis. The mass of the stomach, individual intestines, the mass of internal organs, and the coefficient of growth rate were determined according to Brody. To study the relative growth rate, the simple allometry formula y = axb was used. It has been established that the most intensive growth of the digestive organs is observed in the first week of broiler life and consists in the stimulated growth of the intestine, especially the cecum. Later on, the growth of the digestive organs in birds of the control group increases and becomes equal to or higher than in broilers of the experimental group. In general, for 42 days of the experiment, the growth rate of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract is practically the same in the birds of the experimental and control groups. The parameters of the regression equations indicate significant differences in the growth of individual organs of the digestive tube during the individual development of broilers. In the experimental groups of broilers, almost all intestinal organs grow quite intensively (b = 1.325–1.783) during the first week of raising, with relatively low values of determination coefficients (cecum – R2 = 0.355; jejunum – R2 = 0.745). High morphological values of 7-day-old birds treated with Pharmatan form the basis for growing broilers with a higher live weight.

scholarly journals Effect of age upon utilisation of iron in chickens

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 407-410
Author(s):  
E. Fajmonová ◽  
J. Zelenka ◽  
K. Holendová
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Iron Retention ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Meat Type

The effect of age upon iron retention in cockerels of laying and meat type hybrids was examined within 46 subsequent balance periods. Chickens were fed ad libitum a diet with the content of 312 mg Fe per 1 kg. The dependence of Fe utilisation upon age from Day 3 to Day 100 was expressed by the second degree parabolas with minimum values in the tenth week of age. The dependence of Fe content in weight gains on age was highly significant (P &lt; 0.01). The course of this dependence was expressed by parabolas with minimum values on Day 38 and Day 28 in slow and fast growing chickens, resp. The growth rate of total amount of Fe in the body was by 6&nbsp;per cent lower (P &lt; 0.01) than that of live weight of chickens. &nbsp; &nbsp;

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