Chemical processing of wheat straw and cotton by-products for fattening cattle 3. Performance of animals receiving material in complete feeds

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
Y. Folman
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Treatment

ABSTRACTThe fibrous roughages, wheat straw (WS) and cotton stalks (CS), were left untreated or treated with 30 g sodium hydroxide per kg, and residual alkali was either neutralized with sulphuric acid or left unneutralized. All roughages were pelleted and used either in complete feeds or separately. The effects of these treatments on the nutritive value of the roughages were examined in digestibility trials in vitro and in vivo, and in a 7·month feeding trial of a factorial arrangement of 2 × 3 × 2, in which the roughages constituted 350 g/kg of the diets. Approximately 150 g/kg of the neutral-detergent fibre (cell wall) constituents of both roughages was solubilized by sodium hydroxide treatment, while the changes in acid-detergent fibre components (cellulose and lignin) were much smaller, although evident.In vitro-dry matter digestibility of wheat straw was 22 % higher than that of cotton stalks, and its increase due to NaOH treatment was 50% and 30% for wheat straw and cotton stalks, respectively. In vivo digestibility of organic matter of wheat straw was increased from 0·47 to 0·59, and that of cotton stalks from 032 to 037. The increase was evident in all components except protein, in which digestibility was reduced. The increase in the metabolizable energy values of wheat straw from 6·86 to 7·45MJ/kg dry matter and that of cotton stalks from 4·77 to 5·10MJ/kg dry matter following sodium hydroxide treatment was not reflected in daily live-weight or carcass-weight gain in the feeding trial. The animals offered NaOH-treated roughages had significantly more fat trim, and more fat in the large depots. Including roughages in complete feeds revealed no advantage in metabolizable energy conversion into live weight.

The performance of dairy cows offered ensiled whole-crop wheat, urea-treated whole-crop wheat or sodium hydroxide-treated wheat grain and wheat straw in a mixture with grass silage

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Leaver ◽  
J. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian

AbstractTwenty-four Holstein Friesian cows in experiment 1 and 40 cows in experiment 2 were used over 12 weeks in continuous designs, to evaluate winter wheat as a forage for dairy cows. In experiment 1, whole-crop wheat was ensiled at 350 g dry matter (DM) per kg (EW) or harvested later and stored at 550 g DM per kg following treatment with 40 g urea per kg DM (40W). In addition to these treatments in experiment 2, whole-crop wheat of 550 g DM per kg treated with 20 g urea per kg DM (20W), and combine harvested wheat grain plus wheat straw (40: 60 ratio) treated with sodium hydroxide (SG) were also included. These whole-crop wheat forages were incorporated into the diet at a level of 400 g/kg of the forage DM in experiment 1, and 330 g/kg in experiment 2, with the remainder of the forage being grass silage. A control treatment of grass silage (GS) offered as the sole forage was also included. The forages were mixed in a mixer wagon and offered ad libitum. A fixed level of 8 kg/day of concentrates was offered in experiment 1 and 7 kg/day in experiment 2. Total DM intake was significantly greater for EW and 40W than for GS in experiment 1, but not in experiment 2. Milk yield was not significantly affected by diets (mean 28·8 kg/day in experiment 1 and 29·6 kg/day in experiment 2). Milk fat, protein and lactose contents and yields were also not significantly affected by diets. The additional total metabolizable energy (ME) intake of the whole-crop diets compared with GS was partitioned to live weight. There was no evidence of ME intakes being substantially greater than ME requirements as found in previous studies. A 5 × 5 Latin square digestibility experiment was carried out with Holstein-Friesian heifers offered the individual forages used in experiment 2. Intake was significantly greater for the urea-treated whole-crop wheat forages than for grass silage and for sodium hydroxide-treated grain and straw. The digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) of grass silage was 692 g/kg and the whole-crop wheat diets ranged from 626 g/kg for ensiled whole-crop wheat to 682 g/kg for the sodium hydroxide-treated grain plus straw (40: 60 ratio), with the DOMD of urea-treated whole-crop being intermediate. The results indicated that whole-crop wheat had higher intake characteristics than grass silage in spite of its lower digestibility.

Chemical processing of wheat straw and cotton by-products for fattening cattle 2. Performance of animals receiving material after drying and pelleting

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Levy ◽  
Y. Folman
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Naoh Treatment

ABSTRACTTwo fibrous roughages, wheat straw (WS) and cotton hulls (CH), were either untreated or treated with 30 g/kg or 60 g/kg of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the residual NaOH was either unneutralized or neutralized with sulphuric acid, and the materials were then pelleted. The effects of these treatments on the nutritive value of the two roughages were examined in an arrangement that differed from the factorial 2 × 3 × 2 = 12 in that only one control group was included for each roughage. Digestibility trials,in vitroandin vivo, and a 7-month feeding trial were carried out. Concentrates were limited in the feeding trial to 6 kg/head per day, and roughages were offeredad libitum.Dry matter digestibilityin vitrowas significantly higher on CH than on WS and was significantly increased by NaOH treatment. Level of NaOH and neutralization of residual alkali had no significant effect. Intake of WS was increased by treatment with 30 g NaOH/kg in the digestibility and feeding trials. Increasing the level of NaOH to 60 g/kg reduced intake of both roughages. Digestibility of organic matter of WS was increased by NaOH treatment at both levels, by 25 to 30%, while that of CH was improved significantly only by the higher level. Neutralization had no effect. The actual intake of roughages was 30 to 35% of the entire ration. The rate of gain of animals offered roughages treated with 30 g NaOH/kg was non-significantly increased, and that of animals offered roughages treated with 60 g NaOH/kg was reduced significantly in comparison with the control. Animals offered NaOH-treated roughages had a significantly higher dressing percentage, and those offered treated WS had a greater fat trim than the control animals. Efficiency of conversion of metabolizable energy into live or carcass weight for both roughages was improved only with the neutralized 30 g NaOH/kg treatment. Comparing the performance in this study with that of a former study of similar design in which the same roughages were offered wet, revealed no marked advantage from pelleting.

Sodium hydroxide treatment of barley straw; effect of volume and concentration of solution on digestibility and intake by sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. N. Jayasuriya ◽  
Emyr Owen
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Subsequent Neutralization ◽  
Male Sheep ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Treatment

SUMMARY1. Four experiments have been carried out to determine the effect of treatment of spring-sown barley straw (var. Deba Abed) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and subsequent neutralization with hydrochloric acid (HCl) on its digestibility and intake by sheep.2. In Experiment 1, chopped straw was mixed with 4·5 or 9·0 g NaOH in 200 or 800 ml water/100 g, straw, and after 24 hr neutralized with HCl and left for a further 24 hr before being offered to castrated male sheep (wethers) in a maintenance diet containing 35% concentrates. Organic-matter digestibility of straw significantly increased, by 8 and 11 percentage units respectively, after treatment with 200 ml solution containing 4·5 and 9·0 g NaOH. Volume of solution did not affect digestibility.3. In Experiment 2, straw treated as in Experiment 1 was given ad libitum. The highest intake was for straw treated with 200 ml solution containing 4·5 g NaOH/100 g straw, treatment with 9·0 g NaOH giving a significantly lower intake but higher than that of untreated straw.4. In Experiment 3, the in vitro digestibility of milled straw, treated as in Experiments 1 and 4, increased with increasing volumes of solution up to 120 ml/100 g straw, but the response to successive increments of NaOH declined progressively.5. In Experiment 4 chopped straw was mixed with 4·5, 6·75 or 9·0 g NaOH in 30, 60 or 120 ml water/100 g straw and offered as in Experiment 1. Treatments significantly increased straw digestibility, by 8 to 16 percentage units. Increasing the volume of water from 30 to 60 ml significantly improved digestibility, by 5 percentage units at the two lower levels of NaOH. The response to an increase in the level of NaOH was less, and inconsistent. In vitro and in vivo digestibilities were significantly correlated, but it is concluded that the in vitro technique used overestimates the digestibility of treated straw.

Palatability,in situandin vitronutritive value of dried sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia)

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KHALILVANDI-BEHROOZYAR ◽  
M. DEHGHAN-BANADAKY ◽  
K. REZAYAZDI
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

SUMMARYThe current study was conducted to determine chemical composition, nutrient content and availability, metabolizable energy (ME) content and nutritive value of sainfoin hay for ruminants. Three ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used forin situandin vivoexperiments, to determine rumen degradability and digestibility of sainfoin hay. Apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients was determined with feeding of sainfoin hay as the sole diet to achieve 10% more than maintenance energy requirements. Six Zandi ewes were used in the palatability experiment. Means for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and condensed tannins (CTs) of sainfoin hay were: 940·4 g/kg and 93·43, 12·13, 47·87, 43·33 and 2·13 g/kg DM, respectively.In situeffective degradability of CP and DM were 0·38 and 0·54 g/g with a ruminal outflow rate of 0·05/h, respectively. OM apparent digestibility was in the range of 0·592–0·689, respectively, for Tilley & Terry and total faecal collection assays. ME content of sainfoin hay, according to different methods (gas production,in vitroandin vivodetermined digestible organic matter in dry matter (DOMD)) was in the range 6·87–10·11 MJ/kg DM. Metabolizable protein (MP) content was 483·4 g/kg CP. Sainfoin was more palatable than alfalfa for sheep. It was concluded that sainfoin has a potential use in ruminant rations, especially if environmental conditions are not suitable for alfalfa production.

Chemical processing of wheat straw and cotton by-products for fattening cattle. 1. Performance of animals receiving the wet material shortly after treatment

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
H. Neumark ◽  
Y. Folman
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Naoh Treatment

SUMMARYTwo fibrous roughages, wheat straw and cotton hulls, were treated with 0, 40 and 80 g sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/kg roughage, applied in amounts of water calculated to bring the roughages to moisture contents of 30 and 60%. The effects of these factors on the nutritive values of the two roughages were examined using a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design.Digestibility trials,in vitroandin vivo, and a 9-mo feeding trial were carried out with the roughages soon after treatment. Concentrates were limited to 6 kg/head per day throughout the animal experiments and roughages were offeredad libitum.Neutral detergent fibre decreased by 7·8 and 13·5% with the 40 and 80 g application rates of NaOH respectively.The treatment of both roughages with NaOH increased considerably theirin vitrodry matter digestibility and total solubles after enzyme treatment, the increases being related to the rate of application of NaOH. Digestibilityin vivowas improved only by the 40 g NaOH treatment.Treatment with NaOH reduced the voluntary intake of both roughages. Only the 80 g/kg treatment had a positive effect on rate of live- and carcass-weight gain. On the other hand, NaOH improved very significantly the efficiency of conversion of metabolizable energy into live and carcass weight and increased significantly the degree of fatness of the animals. These results indicate a marked improvement in the nutritional value of both roughages due to NaOH treatment. The reason for the small response in rate of gain may be explained by a shortage of protein owing to a possible reduction in its digestibility. Cotton hulls excelled wheat straw in almost every respect. Animals on NaOH-treated cotton hulls bloated chronically unless some long straw was given. Moisture level had practically no effect on performance.The effects of the treatments on rumen or blood constituents were small.

A note on the digestibility by sheep of hulls from the field bean (vicia faba l)

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Edwards ◽  
I. F. Duthie ◽  
Barbara M. Rogers ◽  
Emyr Owen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
A Value ◽  
Pelleted Feed ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

SUMMARYThe digestibility of a feed containing hull material prepared mechanically from Throws MS field bean (Viciafaba L) was determined in a 12-day balance trial with sheep. The pelleted feed contained 62 % hulls and 38 % of a concentrate mixture, and was given at a maintenance level. The mean digestibility coefficients of the feed were for dry matter, 66·3; organic matter, 68·2; nitrogen, 65·7; crude fibre, 59·4; and energy, 65·5%.The coefficients for the bean hulls themselves, estimated by assuming coefficients for the concentrates, were dry matter, 59·6; organic matter, 61·0; nitrogen, 58·2; crude fibre, 60·3; and energy, 59·9%. By assuming a value of 2·515 Mcal/kg for the metabolizable energy of the concentrates, the metabolizable energy of the bean hulls was calculated to be between 2·00 and 2·10 Mcal/kg.Digestibility coefficients for the bean hulls determined in vitro were found to agree with those determined in vivo.

Effect of calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide and alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatments on the nutrient digestion of wheat straw (norman) by sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 118-118
Author(s):  
A. S. Chaudhry ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Nutrient Digestion

Previous studies (Chaudhry and Miller,1990) have shown the effectiveness of CaO, NaOH and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) in improving the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of wheat straw (WS). Based on those results, therefore, an experiment was planned to test the effectiveness of some of the selected treatments in improving ruminal and total tract digestibilities by sheep of WS (Norman), treated on a large scale. Rumen conditions were also characterised to see if there was any relationship between digestion and the rumen conditions.

scholarly journals  Nutritive value of red clover and lucerne forages for ruminants estimated by in vitro and in vivo digestibility methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 454-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Homolka ◽  
V. Koukolová ◽  
M. Podsedníček ◽  
A. Hlaváčková
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Model Expression

The aim of this study was to determine the nutrient and energy levels of red clover and lucerne forage. Investigation of forage at different maturity stages of three growths was carried out by chemical analysis, in vitro and in vivo digestibility methods.&nbsp; Generally, maturation caused a significant increase in fibre fractions. With the increasing maturity of forage samples the in vivo, in vitro, and calculated in vivo (in vivo<sub>calcul</sub>) digestibilities of organic matter (OM) linearly decreased. The in vitro and in vivo<sub>calcul</sub> digestibilities of OM averaged 0.754 and 0.708 for red clover and 0.717 and 0.667 for lucerne, respectively. The in vivo OM digestibility averaged 0.710 for red clover and 0.666 for lucerne. Gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEL), and net energy for growth (NEG) averaged 18.12, 12.41, 9.60, 5.67, 5.50 and 18.09, 11.56, 9.01, 5.26, 4.99 MJ/kg of dry matter for red clover and lucerne, respectively. The effect of a vegetative stage on energy values of both forages was diverged for various growth times. When data were pooled across the estimated season, seven cutting-specific equations for descriptions of GE, DE, ME, NEL, NEG, in vitro, and in vivo OM digestibilities were obtained for red clover and lucerne, separately. The red clover model expression gave similar prediction equations for lucerne. It was possible to predict cutting-specific equations with coefficients of determination R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.719 for red clover and R<sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.400 for lucerne of the variation in GE, DE, ME, NEL, and NEG. The in vitro and in vivo OM digestibility equations were predicted with R<sup>2 </sup>being 0.840 (in vitro) and 0.707 (in vivo) for red clover, and 0.979 (in vitro) and 0.937 (in vivo) for lucerne. The parameters of these specific equations were statistically preferable than the general model expression which included both forages together. &nbsp;

scholarly journals The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Menke ◽  
L. Raab ◽  
A. Salewski ◽  
H. Steingass ◽  
D. Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Crude Fibre Content

SUMMARYA rapid method for measuring gas production during incubation of feedingstuffs with rumen liquor in vitro is described. Gas production in 24 h from 200 mg feed dry matter was well correlated with digestibility of organic matter, determined in vivo with sheep. Multiple regression analysis, when it included data from proximate analysis, resulted in an equation (R = 0·98) for prediction of metabolizable energy content, based on 30 experiments with rations varying in protein and crude fibre content, and 59 other experiments with concentrates. Energy content was in the range of 7·7–13·2 MJ ME/kg D.M. (± S.D. = 11·17 ± 1·08). The residual standard deviation of the equation was 0·25 MJ. Gas production was measured in calibrated syringes. The only chemical determinations needed are dry matter, protein and fat. Differences in activity between batches of rumen liquor are corrected by reference to gas production with standard feedingstuffs (hay meal and maize starch).

The apparent digestibility of Atriplex barclayana and its effect on nitrogen balance in sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Benjamin ◽  
E. Oren ◽  
E. Katz ◽  
K. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
The Mean

AbstractAn in vivo digestibility trial was conducted by feeding sheep the leaves, fruits and twigs of Atriplex barclayana in a proportion roughly equivalent to that eaten by sheep grazing freely in Atriplex plantations. Four treatments were imposed on each of four sheep in a 4 × 4 Latin-square experimental design: Atriplex offered alone or with 100, 200 or 300 g/day tapioca meal.The mean apparent digestibility of the Atriplex dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) consumed were 0·59 and 0·56, respectively. Addition of tapioca to the Atriplex in the diet did not improve these digestibility coefficients. The low OM content of 760 g/kg together with its digestibility of 0·56 resulted in the Atriplex having a low metabolizable energy concentration of 6·28 MJ per kg DM. The in vitro apparent DM digestibility of Atriplex was approximately 0·09 higher than the in vivo apparent digestibility.The mean nitrogen concentration of the Atriplex DM was 16·6 g/kg, and its apparent digestibility 0·73, which was not improved by the addition of tapioca to the diet. Nitrogen retention of the sheep eating only Atriplex was proportionately 0·17 of the nitrogen intake. The addition of 300 g tapioca improved nitrogen retention to 0·27 but was not significantly different from the other treatments.Water intake and urine excreted were as high as 14 and 12 I/day respectively, for an Atriplex DM intake of about 1300 g/day. During the experiment the sheep only maintained live weight, despite daily intakes of up to 1200 g Atriplex DM and up to 300 g tapioca.

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