On the Reproduction of Organisms with overlapping Generations

1931 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Simple Fact ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The One ◽  
Successive Generations

In the great majority of organisms, the reproducing individual does not engender all of its progeny simultaneously. Between the beginning and the end of the reproductive period there is usually a certain interval of time, during which the production of offspring continues in a manner depending, on the one hand, upon the specific characteristics of the organism, and on the other, upon the conditions under which it lives. From this simple fact follow some interesting consequences.If the successive generations are separated by a long interval of time and conditions during this interval are of such a nature that the organism is inactive and in the condition of obligatory dormancy, known as diapause, then, in spite of the increase of the population, the generations will remain separate and distinct, and a comparison of the total populations in the successive reproductive periods will enable us to determine the rate of increase.On the other hand, if the interval between generations is short and favourable to activity and the organism does not pass through a period of obligatory dormancy at this time, then, as the species increases, the successive generations will come to overlap, and the amount of overlapping will increase progressively as time goes on.This is primarily due to the fact that when there is reproduction over a period of time-intervals, in a typical individual of the species, and conditions remain constant then the number of time-intervals during which births occur will increase from generation to generation.

Roma and Constantinopolis in Late-Antique Art From 312 to 365

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. C. Toynbee
Keyword(s):  
Religious Belief ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Public Monuments ◽  
The One ◽  
Independent Existence ◽  
Res Publica

Little more than a decade after Constantine's conversion to Christianity the ancient gods and goddesses of the Graeco-Roman pantheon ceased to appear upon the official coinage and public monuments of the Empire. The personifications—Victoria, Virtus, Pax, Libertas, Securitas, etc., and the ‘geographical’ figures of Res Publica, Roma, Tellus, cities, countries, and tribes—remained. Yet some of these had, up to that very time, received, like the Olympians, their shrines and altars and other honours associated with pagan cultus; and we ask ourselves how it was that a Christian State, while rejecting the one, could retain and ‘baptize’ the other. The answer to this question, which involves the whole complex problem of the nature of pagan religious belief under the later Empire, can only be tentatively suggested here. The pantheon had eventually to go because its denizens had possessed, for the great majority of pagans, a real, objective, and independent existence.

scholarly journals Social engineers and myth-busters: A comparative research on Lithuanian, Norwegian and Serbian language experts

2020 ◽  
pp. 292-344
Author(s):  
Vuk Vukotić
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Online News ◽  
The Other ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The One

This article compares the language ideologies of language experts (both academic and non-academic) in online news media in Lithuania, Norway and Serbia. The results will reveal that language is understood in diametrically opposed ways amongst Lithuanian and Serbian academic experts on the one, and Norwegian academic experts on the other hand. Lithuanian and Serbian academic experts are influenced by modernist ideas of language as a single, homogenous entity, whose borders ideally match the borders of an ethnic group. Norwegian academic experts function in the public sphere as those who try to deconstruct the modernist notion of language by employing an understanding of language as a cognitive tool that performs communicative and other functions. On the other hand, non-academic experts in all the three countries exhibit a striking similarity in their language ideologies, as the great majority expresses modernist ideals of language.

scholarly journals On Governance and the Demographic Transition

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 319-330
Author(s):  
Flaubert Mbiekop
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
Child Quality ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Weak Institutions ◽  
The One ◽  
Fertility Choices

It is now conventional wisdom that institutions shape household fertility choices, especially in developing countries. However, deeper insights into the mechanisms at play are still needed. This paper develops a game-theoretical framework with a simple overlapping-generations model to show how a typical household may come to prefer bearing and raising numerous children as a savings scheme for retirement and not rely on conventional outlets for saving when facing weak institutions. On the one hand weak institutions increase the risk that individuals may lose their savings if relying on conventional outlets. On the other hand, childbearing as an investment/savings scheme carries with it the risk that disguised or complete unemployment may prevent grown children from providing the expected old-age financial support. The typical household thus trades off between both types of risks, yet with more control in the latter case, as the likelihood of unemployment can be reduced by carefully selecting a child quality-quantity strategy. Mild conditions are sufficient to show that sound institutions induce less fertility and foster private saving and oldage consumption. A simple voting experiment unveils a tricky socio- economic dynamics whereby wealthier households may have stakes supporting weak institutions.

Una aproximación empírica a la ­clasificación y traducción de las figuras retóricas en la publicidad

Babel ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Calzada Perez
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
New Rhetoric ◽  
Rhetorical Figures ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The One

Since ancient times the suasive value of rhetorical figures has been vastly studied. In fact, Aristotle himself argued that the aim of rhetoric was not just to persuade but to find the best methods of persuasion (Aristotle, Retorica, ed. 1990). These methods have been frequently used in advertising, where they are employed to capture the consumer’s attention and, consequently, to sell the advertised product. However (despite the frequent appearance of rhetorical figures in advertising), there is a scarcity of studies on the role of these persuasive mechanisms in the translation of publicity. Bearing upon the “new rhetoric”, the present paper has a twofold purpose. On the one hand, it aims to import a clear taxonomy of rhetorical figures from advertising into translation studies and subsequently to illustrate the transfer of these figures. On the other hand, it analyses the behaviour of rhetorical figures in the translation process by means of an empirical investigation whose goal it is to further categorise them in a systematic and rational way. Drawing upon the seminal work of McQuarrie and his collaborators, the paper performs a quantitative analysis of a corpus of 120 matching pairs consisting of English advertisements and their existing Spanish counterparts. Results evidence that a great majority of rhetorical figures are “translated”, thus confirming the globalising tendencies of advertising.

The Economics of Health and Migration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osea Giuntella ◽  
Timothy J. Halliday
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Economics Of Health ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The One ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Migration And Health ◽  
Better Than

Migration and health are intimately connected. It is known that migrants tend to be healthier than non-migrants. However, the mechanisms for this association are elusive. On the one hand, the costs of migration are lower for healthier people, thereby making it easier for the healthy to migrate. Empirical evidence from a variety of contexts shows that the pre-migration health of migrants is better than it is for non-migrants, indicating that there is positive health-based selection in migration. On the other hand, locations can be viewed as a bundle of traits including but not limited to environmental conditions, healthcare quality, and violence. Each of these can impact health. Evidence shows that moving from locations with high mortality to low mortality can reduce mortality risks. Consistent with this, migration can increase mortality risk if it leads to greater exposure to risk factors for disease. The health benefits enjoyed by migrants can also be found in their children. However, these advantages erode with successive generations.

scholarly journals Carré sémiotique et interprétation des récits mythiques. — Semiotic square and the interpretation of myths

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-416
Author(s):  
Richard Pottier
Keyword(s):  
Deep Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Simple Fact ◽  
Linguistic Communication ◽  
Logical Square ◽  
The Status ◽  
Logical Nature ◽  
Linguistic Activity ◽  
The One

Semiotic square and the interpretation of myths. Greimas’ semiotic square is built upon the hypothesis that the concept of elementary structure of signification is operational only if subjected to a logical interpretation and formulation. However, Greimas’ commentaries on that model are questionable. On the one hand, he asserts that logical nature of the connection between any two terms, s1 and s2, is undetermined; on the other hand, he provides the relations s1 – non s1, s2 – non s2, s1 – non s2 and s2 – non s1 with a logical status. Now, since these two statements are inconsistent, a choice must be made: either these four relations have a logical significance, and then the semiotic square is a logical square, so that s1 – s2 has to be interpreted as an incompatibility relation; or s1 – s2 has no logical meaning, and then not only the status of the other relations given in the model is not logical either, but also the simple fact of applying negation to the terms s1 and s2 is meaningless. That dilemma follows from an argument, that Greimas has laid down as a principle, under which linguistic communication depends on the existence of a deep level (or immanent level) of the significance, that is supposed to precede its manifestation in speech. If, conversely, we assume that significance is produced at discursive level, and that consequently the patterning of linguistic codes relies on what could be called a semantic sedimentation process, which comes out from linguistic activity, there is no more dilemma. Such a thesis, which implies that the elementary structure of signification must be seen as the schematization by the describer of speakers’ mental activity, leads to a point of view inversion. Nevertheless, the two conditions which, according to Greimas, are required for catching the meaning are still relevant, except that, contrary to Greimas’ opinion, they now apply at the speech level: two discursive units can be opposed if they simultaneously include a common feature which join them, and a distinguishing feature which disjoin them. In order to illustrate that point, an analysis of two short amerindian myths, which Lévi-Strauss has already investigated, will be undertaken, and finally specific problems related to the interpretation of that kind of narratives will be outlined.

scholarly journals A study of the efficacy of various home filtration substrates in the removal of microcystin-LR from drinking water

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek B. Pawlowicz ◽  
James E. Evans ◽  
David R. Johnson ◽  
Robert G. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Universal Filter ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Pass Through

This study was conducted to determine whether common water filtration and purification systems bought by consumers and used in the home would remove cyanotoxins from water. Commonly used universal filter housings and filter sizes were utilized to identify filter media that may be effective in the removal of microcystin-LR in deionized water. Results suggest that the efficacy of home filtration devices in removing microcystin-LR varies considerably with the type of device being used. Carbon filters successfully removed microcystin-LR allowing only 0.05–0.3% of the toxin load to pass through the filter. On the other hand, pleated paper and string wound filters allowed >90% of microcystin-LR present in the sample to pass through the filters. Theoretically, the use of carbon home filtration devices tested in this study may provide protection against human exposure to cyanotoxin in addition to protection provided by water treatment methodologies utilized in water treatment facilities. Further studies need to be done to assess the efficacy of home filtration devices for various cyanotoxins and for other filtering conditions such as increased toxin load, the presence of other contaminants in drinking water, and the repetitive use of the same filter over longer time intervals.

Discovery, autopsy and progress: Diocletian’s jigsaw puzzles

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intellectual Traditions ◽  
The World ◽  
Jigsaw Puzzles ◽  
The One ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
The Impact

It is commonplace that historical enquiry evolves as successive generations ask different questions, in a complex interplay between, on the one hand, the intellectual traditions in which individual historians have grown up, the different traditions that they discover, and the world as a whole in which they move; on the other hand, an ever greater body of knowledge and a wider range of historical tools. This chapter explores, by way of the particular example of the edicts of the Emperor Diocletian on maximum prices and on the coinage, the story of the discovery and study of their texts. It examines the impact on historical enquiry both of chance discoveries and of deliberate autopsy.

Juvenile Delinquency

2014 ◽  
pp. 137-162
Author(s):  
Paul Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Society ◽  
Juvenile Delinquent ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Responsible Adult ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter explores British delinquency films. The phrase ‘juvenile delinquent’ has been used to describe criminal children since the mid-nineteenth century. Although an endlessly prescient and emotive area, the subject of the juvenile delinquent represents both continuity and change for British society and cinema — on the one hand offering an ever present folk devil and barometer for social mores and, on the other, lending a constantly evolving image that forever allies itself to other problems. It also offers special insight into how successive generations view themselves and their successors. The first manifestation of the juvenile delinquent in British films could be thought to be characters such as Pinkie Brown in Brighton Rock (2010) or Ted Peters in Dancing with Crime (1947). However, it would not be until the 1950s and 1960s that the British juvenile delinquent made a full appearance on film and then it would always be under the watchful eyes of a responsible adult. The chapter then considers Lewis Gilbert's Cosh Boy (1953) and Basil Dearden's Violent Playground (1958), as well as the films Scum (1979), Made in Britain (1982), and Scrubbers (1983).

On certain unrestricted, linear, unit step, continuous time random walks

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 374-380
Author(s):  
A. E. Gibson ◽  
B. W. Conolly
Keyword(s):  
Random Walk ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Queueing Theory ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Queueing Process ◽  
Unit Step ◽  
Continuous Time Random Walks ◽  
The One

A basic process of simple queueing theory is S(t), an integer valued stochastic process which represents the “number of clients present, including the one in service” at epoch t. The queueing context physically limits S(t) to non-negative values, but if this impenetrable barrier is removed thereby permitting S(t) to assume negative values as well, we have a “randomized random walk” in which S(t) represents the position at time t of a mythical particle which moves on the x-axis according to the rules of the walk. The nomenclature “randomized random walk” is due to Feller (1966a). S(t) changes by unit positive or negative amounts, and our basic assumption is that the time intervals τ/σ separating successive positive/negative steps are i.i.d. with continuous d.f.'s. A(t)/B(t) (A(0)/B(0) = 0) possessing p.d.f.'s. a(t)/b(t): τ and σ are further assumed to be statistically independent. When A(t) = 1 – e–λt and B(t) = 1 – e–μt , we have a generalization of the M/M/1 queueing process which we shall denote by M/M. The walk generated by A(t) = 1 – e–λt and B(t) arbitrary may similarly be denoted by M/G. For G/M we clearly mean A(t) arbitrary and B(t) = 1 – e–μt . M/M has received extensive treatment elsewhere (cf. Feller (1966a), (1966b); Takács (1967); Gibson (1968); Conolly (1971)), and will not be considered here. Our interest centers on certain aspects of M/G and G/M, but since each is the dual of the other (loosely, G/M is M/G “upside down”) it is sufficient to restrict attention to one of them, as convenient; pointing out, where necessary, the interpretation in terms of the other.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document