scholarly journals Enron and the California Energy Crisis: The Role of Networks in Enabling Organizational Corruption

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-802
Author(s):  
Adam Nix ◽  
Stephanie Decker ◽  
Carola Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Energy Crisis ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Interorganizational Network ◽  
Organizational Corruption ◽  
History Of

We provide an analytically structured history of Enron's involvement in the California energy crisis, exploring its emergence as a corrupt organization and its use of an interorganizational network to manipulate California's energy supply markets. We use this history to introduce the concept of network-enabled corruption, showing how corruption, even if primarily enacted by a single dominant organization, is often highly dependent on the support of other organizations. Specifically, we show how Enron combined resources from partner firms with its own capabilities, manipulating the energy market and capitalizing on the crisis. From a methodological point of view, our study emphasizes the growing importance of digital sources for historical research, drawing particularly on telephone and email records from the period to develop a rich, fly-on-the-wall understanding of a phenomenon that is otherwise hard to observe.

scholarly journals LOOKS of PROFESSOR V.H.DEMCHENKO (1831-1914) IN RELATION TO SHOWS OF WITNESSES AS PROOF IN RULE-MAKING IN TIME OF KYIV RUS

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Research ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
General Rules ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Law ◽  
True Order ◽  
Russian Law ◽  
Rule Making ◽  
Judicial Role

Historyof Law Kyiv Rus, without regard to the more than 200-years-old period of her research, continues to remain in the field of attention of scientists, and, also, politicians. One of important questions of History of Law these period is a question about rule-making and role in him shows of witnesses. This problem was studied thoroughly enough as early as ХІХ of century and one of active acting persons of discussion round this theme there was a historian of law, native of Ukraine, professor of the Kyiv university Vasyl Hryhorovych Demchenko. In the master's degree dissertation "Historical research is about the shows of witnesses as proof in matters of judicial, accoding the Russian law before Peter the Great" (in 1859), V.H. Demchenko considered becoming of such important institute of judicial law as institute of certificate in detail. A scientist marks the value of judicial proofs in general genesis of law, he underlines that before an arbitrariness was the only means of guard of rights, but development of society resulted in a volume, that next to this means already the guard of rights for cramps began to be used. He considered that the judicial aspects related to the shows of witnesses are system enough set forth in Russian True. A researcher paid attention to that Russian True talks about witnesses in most cases in connection with those the offences that must be by them validified, in accordance with every case, where this proof is required. Therefore resolutions about them matter general not rules that spread to all possible cases of their use, but touch only private, that have force only for those cases for that they are straight set. General rules some resolutions that is unconnected with determinations about separate offences matter only. A scientist underlined that the judicial role of witnesses accoding Russian True did not have been limited to only the value of them, as judicial proof. On occasion they got the certain participating in realization of process. It touched those judicial events application of that got to parties without every participation of some government bodies ( for example,zvid). In the research of V.H. Demchenko analysed a question about the capacity of witnesses for a certificate, specified also on space of application of proofs with participation of witnesses after Russian True, order of finishing telling with participation of witnesses, force of shows of witnesses. Thus, V.H. Demchenko no doubt, was one of the most skilled specialists on history law that investigated time of Kyiv Rus.

scholarly journals Small Business And Entrepreneurship Financing System In Uzbekistan: Historical Analysis And Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 393-401
Author(s):  
Fayzulla Tolipov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
History Of

The article describes the specifics of the system of financing of small business and entrepreneurship in the recent history of Uzbekistan, the funds allocated for small business and entrepreneurship, the activities of commercial banks and the financial and banking system, some problems in the field. It also noted that since the early days of independence, a unique business environment has been created in the country to support the interests of entrepreneurs in the framework of development programs in this area, data on the role of financial mechanisms in the further development of small business and entrepreneurship in the country have been studied from a historical point of view. The article highlights the positive situation in the country's macro and microeconomic indicators, ie the active participation of banks in attracting local entrepreneurs and foreign investment, the existing problems in this area and the measures taken to address them. It analyzes the important factors and strategies of banks' participation in the development of business and entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals PERAN PERS PADA MASA ORDE BARU DI PONTIANAK TAHUN 1966-1974

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uti Mohammad Wildan ◽  
Sahid Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Central Position ◽  
New Order ◽  
History Of ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Government Propaganda ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Research Show

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat peran pers pada masa Orde Baru di Pontianak tahun 1966-1974. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metod penelitian sejarah dengan langkah-langkah heuristik (Pengumpulan sumber), verifikasi (Kritik sumber), interpretasi dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pers sebagai bagian dari sistem komunikasi, menempati posisi strategis dalam masyarakat Pontianak. Pers berperan sebagai jembatan komunikasi timbal balik antara pemerintah dan masyarakat, serta masyarakat dengan masyarakat sendiri. Sejarah pertumbuhan pers di Pontianak telah menempatkan kekhususan posisi dan ciri-ciri khas yang melekat pada pers sebagai lembaga kemasyarakatan. Pers mempunyai peranan dalam pengawasan pembangunan nasional sebagai realisasi dari tanggung jawab sosial sebagai alat kontrol sosial. Pemerintahan Orde membutuhkan kestabilan umum dalam menjalankan roda kepemerintahan dan menjaga wibawa negara.Pada awal masa orde baru pers di Pontianak memiliki peranan membantu pemerintah dalam menertipkan gejolak serta peristiwa yang terjadi di Pontianak. Pers terlihat sebagai satu tindakan nyata dalam propaganda pemerintah. Propaganda-propaganda pembangunan- pembangunan yang dilakukan pemerintah mewarnai tajuk berita yang dimuat.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> pers, Orde Baru, Pontianak</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>The aim of this research is to look the role of pers in the new order in Pontianak, from 1966-1974. The methods of this research is a historical research includes four stages; heuristic, verification, interpretation, and historioghraphy. The results of this research show if the pers is an essential part of the communication, have a strategic position in Pontianak society. The pers is a connected from government and society. The history of pers in Pontianak was putted in central position with a special characteristic as an institution of society. The pers have a role as social control. The new order needs the stability of nation to maintain the continuity of governement. Pers is one tools of government propaganda. The propagandas of development we can see in the news printed.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> press, Orde Baru, Pontianak</em>

Geometric approach to the revitalization process of medieval Serbian monasteries

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Slavko Dragović ◽  
Aleksandar Čučaković ◽  
Milesa Srećković
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Approach ◽  
Geometric Design ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Architecture ◽  
Cultural Heritage Preservation

Among the standard approaches concerning cultural heritage preservation, the architectural point of view deserves particular attention. The special place in medieval Serbian history of architecture belongs to the world famous monastery complexes Studenica, Dečani and Gračanica. Beside them numerous significant monuments (churches and monasteries) exist as witnesses of the national testimony, currently in the state of ruins, archaeological sites, or damaged ones. A lot of them have adequate needs for revitalisation, where the start point is engineering documentation. The focus of the research is on the role of specific geometric and engineering graphics tasks when these areas are concerning. Monastery church devoted to Introduction of Holy Theotokos in village Slavkovica (near town Ljig), with three old sarcophaguses, dated back to 15th century, is presented and analysed from several aspects:measuring, architectural style characteristics - geometric design, 3D modelling (classical-CAD and terrestrial photogrammetric) with visualization and presentation.The attention was paid on preservation of authentic architectural style and medieval building techniques, which allow imperfections in realization.The opinion of experienced scientists and specialists involved in all the phases of monument's revitalisation has been followed as a guideline to the final result – a proposed geometric design of the revitalised church in Slavkovica.

Karl Haushofer as a “Pioneer” of National Socialist Cultural Diplomacy in Fascist Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 424-449
Author(s):  
Nicola Bassoni
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Global Dimension ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Model

AbstractThe relevant historiography has largely overlooked the role of Karl Haushofer as a cultural-political actor in National Socialist-Fascist relations. From 1924 to 1944, the German geopolitician dealt extensively with Italy, with an eye to both its geopolitical role in Europe and to the political system of Benito Mussolini's regime. On behalf of Rudolf Hess, he began visiting Italy during the 1930s, aiming to overcome ideological and political misunderstandings between Rome and Berlin. He established a network of contacts with Italian scholars and politicians, passed information back to the so-called deputy Führer, and attempted to influence official German policy toward Italy. He eventually promoted the development of an Italian geopolitics, and, in so doing, achieved one of the most significant cultural-political transfers from National Socialist Germany to fascist Italy. This article analyzes the contacts between Haushofer and Italy, both his political activities and his geopolitical theories. It is a case study of a history of contradictions: a man committed to Pan-Germanist culture and to the defense of German minorities abroad, Haushofer also attempted to improve relations between Berlin and Rome. Moreover, he considered the Axis from a geopolitical point of view—as a realization of the European imperial idea—and from a trilateral perspective, i.e., he viewed Japan not only as an ally, but also as a cultural and political model. The reconstruction of Haushofer's relations with Italy is, therefore, an opportunity to rethink the antinomies, as well as the global dimension, of the National Socialist-Fascist alliance.

The role of stylistics in Japan: A pedagogical perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Teranishi ◽  
Aiko Saito ◽  
Kiyo Sakamoto ◽  
Masako Nasu
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
English Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Efl Students

This article surveys the history of English studies and education in Japan, paying special attention to the role of literary texts and stylistics. Firstly, the role of literature and stylistics in Japan is discussed from a pedagogical point of view, including both English as a foreign language and Japanese as a native language. Secondly, the way in which stylistics has contributed to literary criticism in the country is examined, with reference to the history of literary stylistics since 1980. Finally, this article considers further applications of stylistics to language study in Japan, offering two examples: analysis of thought presentation in Yukio Mishima’s Megami (2006[1955]), and the teaching of an English poem and a Japanese haiku to Japanese EFL students. The overall aim of this article is to demonstrate that literature as language teaching material and stylistics as a critical and teaching method are significant not only in understanding English, but also in appreciating our own native language if it is not English.

Morphological Change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carola Trips
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General View ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Morphological Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
Types Of Change

Morphological change refers to change(s) in the structure of words. Since morphology is interrelated with phonology, syntax, and semantics, changes affecting the structure and properties of words should be seen as changes at the respective interfaces of grammar. On a more abstract level, this point relates to linguistic theory. Looking at the history of morphological theory, mainly from a generative perspective, it becomes evident that despite a number of papers that have contributed to a better understanding of the role of morphology in grammar, both from a synchronic and diachronic point of view, it is still seen as a “Cinderella subject” today. So there is still a need for further research in this area. Generally, the field of diachronic morphology has been dealing with the identification of the main types of change, their mechanisms as well as the causes of morphological change, the latter of which are traditionally categorized as internal and external change. Some authors take a more general view and state the locus of change can be seen in the transmission of grammar from one generation to the next (abductive change). Concerning the main types of change, we can say that many of them occur at the interfaces with morphology: changes on the phonology–morphology interface like i-mutation, changes on the syntax–morphology interface like the rise of inflectional morphology, and changes on the semantics–morphology like the rise of derivational suffixes. Examples from the history of English (which in this article are sometimes complemented with examples from German and the Romance languages) illustrate that sometimes changes indeed cross component boundaries, at least once (the history of the linking-s in German has even become a prosodic phenomenon). Apart from these interface phenomena, it is common lore to assume morphology-internal changes, analogy being the most prominent example. A phenomenon regularly discussed in the context of morphological change is grammaticalization. Some authors have posed the question of whether such special types of change really exist or whether they are, after all, general processes of change that should be modeled in a general theory of linguistic change. Apart from this pressing question, further aspects that need to be addressed in the future are the modularity of grammar and the place of morphology.

The Discovery of X-Rays: a Probable Case of Second Order Observation

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Marco Aurélio Clemente Gonçalves ◽  
Mariele Regina Pinheiro Gonçalves ◽  
Pablo Eduardo Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Historical Reconstruction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Probable Case ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

The discovery of x-rays, one of the most beautiful experiments ever carried out, generates numerous controversies and these, in turn, can trigger a series of counterproductive information regarding not only the History of Science but also the teaching  activity. The aim of this article is to resolve these controversies concerning what ocurred and highlight the important role of the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, highlighting not only his genius but, especially in this case in particular, his condition of second-order observer. It is not uncommon to find information in various media refering to this discovery under the claim that it was the result of a fortuitous event, and this denotes a profound lack of knowledge about the facts or a disrespect for the renowned discoverer. Such allegations about the event depreciate the extraordinary discovery that impacts humanity, from the deed  to the present. Thus, through a brief historical reconstruction, it was tried to present here what had happened judiciously. With this respect, the brilliant scientist is given the status of a second-rate observer, from the philosophical point of view. This condition resonates with the diachronic aspect of the History of Science, according to the perspective presented here, and it is also supported by the time taken by the discoverer from the beginning of his research until the end of it. Keywords: X-Ray. Second-Order Observer. History of Science. ResumoO descobrimento dos raios-x, um dos mais belos experimentos já realizados, gera inúmeras controvérsias e essas, por sua vez, podem desencadear uma série de informações contraproducentes no tangente não só a História da Ciência como também à atividade de ensino. O presente artigo tem como objetivo dirimir tais polêmicas com respeito ao ocorrido e destacar o importante papel do físico alemão Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, destacando não só sua genialidade, mas sobretudo, neste caso em particular, a sua condição de observador de segunda ordem. Não é raro encontrar em diversos meios de comunicação informações com respeito a referida descoberta sob a alegação de que a mesma fora fruto de um caso fortuito e isso denota profundo desconhecimento sobre os fatos, ou então, desrespeito com o renomado descobridor. Tais alegações sobre o sucedido depreciam a descoberta extraordinária que impacta a humanidade, desde o feito até a atualidade. Assim, através de breve reconstrução histórica, buscou-se aqui apresentar o ocorrido criteriosamente. Com este respeito passa-se a atribuir ao brilhante cientista a condição de observador de segunda ordem, do ponto de vista filosófico. Tal condição encontra ressonância no aspecto diacrônico da História da Ciência, segundo a perspectiva aqui apresentada e está amparada, também, pelo tempo empreendido pelo descobridor desde o início de sua pesquisa até a finalização da mesma. Palavras-chave: Raios-x. Observador de Segunda Ordem. História da Ciência.

scholarly journals Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote and John Barth’s The Sot-Weed Factor: A Deconstructive Reading

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
Javier Martín-Párraga
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Don Quixote ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Point ◽  
John Barth ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
History Of

Abstract Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote is one of the earliest and most influential novels in the history of Western literature. John Barth’s The Sot-Weed Factor, published almost three centuries later, can be considered as one of the most seminal postmodern novels ever written in the English language. The goal of this paper is to examine Cervantes’s influence on John Barth in particular and in American postmodernism from a more general point of view. For the Spanish genius’ footsteps on American postmodernism, a deconstructive reading will be employed. Consequently, concepts such as deconstruction of binary opposites, the role of the subaltern or how the distinction between history and story are paramount to both Cervantes and Barth will be used.

scholarly journals Translating “natural selection” in Japanese: from “shizen tōta” to “shizen sentaku”, and back?

Bionomina ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taizo KIJIMA ◽  
Thierry HOQUET
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Restriction Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Japanese Translation ◽  
Over Time

This paper focuses on terminological issues related to the translation of Darwin’s concept of “natural selection” in Japanese. We analyze the historical fate of the different phrases used as translations, from the first attempts in the late 1870s until recent times. Our first finding is that the first part of the Japanese translations never changed during the period considered: “natural” was constantly rendered by “shizen”. By contrast, the Japanese terms for “selection” have dramatically changed over time. We identify some major breaks in the history of Japanese translations for “natural selection”. From the end of the 1870s to the early 1880s, several translations were suggested in books and periodicals: “shizen kanbatsu”, “shizen tōta”, “tensen”. Katō Hiroyuki adopted “shizen tōta” in 1882 and he undeniably played an important role in spreading this phrase as the standard translation for “natural selection”. The most common Japanese translation of the Origin during the first half of the 20th century (by Oka Asajirō in 1905) also used “shizen tōta”. Adramatic shift occurred after WWII, from “tōta” to “sentaku”. While a linear interpretation could suggest a move from a “bad” translation to a better one, a closer analysis leads to more challenging insights. Especially we stress the role of the kanji restriction policy, which specified which kanji should be taught in schools and thus should be used in textbooks: “tōta” was not included in the list, which may have led to the good fortune of “sentaku” in the 1950–1960s. We think the hypothesis of the influence of Chinese translations is not a plausible one. As to conceptual differences between “shizen tōta” and “sentaku”, they remain unconvincing as both terms could be interpreted as a positive or negative process: there is no clear reason to prefer one term over the other from the strict point of view of their meanings or etymology. Then, turning to the way terms are used, we compare translations of natural selection with translations of artificial or sexual selection. First we turn to the field of thremmatology (breeders): there, “tōta” (sometimes spelled in hiragana instead of kanji) often bore the meaning of culling; since 1917, breeders often used “sentaku” as a translation for “selection”. However, quite surprisingly, breeders used two different terms for selection as a practice (“senbatsu”), and “selection” as in “natural selection” (“shizen sentaku”). Finally, we compare possible translations for “sexual selection” and “matechoice”: here again, there are some good reasons to favour “tōta” over “sentaku” to avoid lexical confusion.

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