THE RESPONSE OF COTTON TO SUBSURFACE DRIP AND FURROW IRRIGATION IN A VERTISOL

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. BHATTARAI ◽  
A. D. MCHUGH ◽  
G. LOTZ ◽  
D. J. MIDMORE
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Tail Water

The practice and management of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) on heavy clay soils is poorly understood. Over-irrigation can lead to excessive runoff and drainage, with associated negative environmental consequences. Experiments were conducted in 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in a Vertisol in Australia to evaluate the effect of SDI at various application rates on cotton yield and quality, and the results were compared with those for conventional furrow irrigation. Irrigating with SDI that supplied 50% or 75% of daily crop evapotranspiration (ETc) maintained a dry upper soil profile throughout the season. SDI at 50% ETc could potentially capture 250mm more rain during the season compared to SDI 90% ETc, and even more than furrow irrigation. However, supplying only 50% ETc with SDI hastened the maturity of the crop by on average 25 days compared with furrow irrigation and higher SDI rates, fewer bolls were set and yields were lower than in the other treatments. Nevertheless, a shorter season, if yield sacrifice is acceptable, favours logistics when integrating winter crops with summer cotton. It also reduces the number and cost of pesticide sprays and irrigation. Yield plateaued when 75% or more of daily ETc was supplied by SDI. The two drier treatments (SDI at 50% and 75% of ETc) had consistently higher water use efficiencies (WUE) for lint production compared with those of the two wetter SDI treatments (SDI at 90% and 105/120% ETc). All SDI treatments were also more efficient in the first year in the use of water for lint production than was furrow irrigation, but improved irrigation management in the form of faster irrigation and reduction of tail water in the second year obviated the advantage of SDI. Irrigation of cotton with SDI at 75% ETc offered significant benefits in terms of saved irrigation water over wetter SDI treatments, resulted in the highest average WUE for lint production over the two years, and reduced drainage and runoff compared with higher SDI rates and furrow irrigation.

scholarly journals Water-Yield Relationships in Deficit Irrigated Onion

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1310
Author(s):  
Serhat Ayas
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

This trial was realized in the greenhouses of Uludağ University Yenişehir Vocational School between 2009 and 2010 to investigate effects of water deficit on yield and quality parameters of onion during four crop growth stages. In this trial, fourteen irrigation treatments in four growth periods (establishment, vegetative, yield formation and ripening) of onion (Allium cepa L E.T Grano.502) were constituted and the yield and quality parameters found from these treatments were evaluated. The layout of the experiment was a completely randomized block design with three replications for each of the fourteen irrigation treatments tested. According to the content of the treatments, the irrigation amount water applied to the plants varied between 0 and 436 mm in the first year, and between 0 and 448 mm in the second year. Water consumption of onion in the first year ranged between 205 and 496 mm and in the second year ranged between 210 and 502 mm. Yield, bulb weight, diameter, height and dry matter ratio were determined statistically significant. In 2009 and 2010 years, the maximum yield were found as 52.2 t ha-1 and 52.4 t ha-1 in E100V100Y100R100 treatments, while the minimum yield were found as 0.8 t ha-1 and 0.5 t ha-1 in the E0V0Y0R0 treatments, respectively. Water- yield relationship factors (ky) in 2009 and 2010 years were found as 1.03 and 1.04, respectively. The maximum WUE and IWUE values were obtained from establishment and ripening periods. Establishment and ripening periods may be suggested as the maximum efficient irrigation periods for the onion applied with drip irrigation under unheated greenhouse conditions.

Use of water by six grass species. 1. Dry-matter yields and response to irrigation

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Garwood ◽  
K. C. Tyson ◽  
J. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Second Year

SUMMARYThe yield and quality of herbage produced by six grasses (perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, timothy, rough-stalked meadow grass, tall fescue and Italian ryegrass) were examined both without irrigation and under two irrigation regimes. Water was applied according to the potential soil water deficit (potential SWD): the soil was either partially returned to field capacity (FC) after each cut or fully returned to FC whenever the potential SWD reached 25 mm. The swards were cut either at 3 (C3) or 6 (C6) week intervals over a 2 year period.Partial irrigation increased yields by 12–14% in the first year and by 36–58% in the second. Full irrigation produced little more growth than partial irrigation in the first year (maximum SWD, 188 mm) but increased yield by 78–93% in the second, very dry, year (maximum SWD, 311 mm). Under treatment C3 response per unit of water applied was similar with both partial and full irrigation, but under C6 the response was greater with partial (2·86 kg D.M./m3) than with full irrigation (1·79 kg D.M./m3).There were marked differences between the species in their ability to grow under drought conditions in the second year of the experiment. Without irrigation, roughstalked meadow grass and Italian ryegrass did not survive the drought. The performance of tall fescue was markedly superior to both perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot in these conditions. Of the surviving grasses timothy made least growth.

Pre-cropping with canola decreased Pratylenchus thornei populations, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and yield of wheat

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Owen ◽  
T. G. Clewett ◽  
J. P. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pratylenchus Thornei ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Second Year

Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) significantly reduces wheat yields in the northern Australian grain region. Canola is thought to have a ‘biofumigation’ potential to control nematodes; therefore, a field experiment was designed to compare canola with other winter crops or clean-fallow for reducing P. thornei population densities and improving growth of P. thornei-intolerant wheat (cv. Batavia) in the following year. Immediately after harvest of the first-year crops, populations of P. thornei were lowest following various canola cultivars or clean-fallow (1957–5200 P. thornei/kg dry soil) and were highest following susceptible wheat cultivars (31 033–41 294/kg dry soil). Unexpectedly, at planting of the second-year wheat crop, nematode populations were at more uniform lower levels (<5000/kg dry soil), irrespective of the previous season’s treatment, and remained that way during the growing season, which was quite dry. Growth and grain yield of the second-year wheat crop were poorest on plots previously planted with canola or left fallow due to poor colonisation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, with the exception of canola cv. Karoo, which had high AM fungal colonisation and low wheat yields. There were significant regressions between growth and yield parameters of the second-year wheat and levels of AMF following the pre-crop treatments. Thus, canola appears to be a good crop for reducing P. thornei populations, but AM fungal-dependence of subsequent crops should be considered, particularly in the northern Australian grain region.

Time and level of pruning with cincturing or PCPA in relation to yield and quality of Zante currant

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 484 ◽  
Author(s):  
N El-Zeftawi ◽  
HL Weste
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Intermediate Results

Results of a two-year trial on forty-year-old Zante Currant vines (Vitus vinifera) showed that yields of dried fruit could be increased by about 20 per cent by pruning the usual number of spurs to six buds instead of the customary two, with four-bud spurs giving intermediate results. The yield increases were associated with an increased number of bunches per vine. For the two years of the trial there was no evidence of overcropping. In the same trial, pruning in mid-winter was compared with pruning in spring when t h ~ shoots were 5 cm long. In the first year the earlier pruning gave higher yields, but in the second year there was no difference. Cincturing and PCPA spray were also compared and tincturing was found to give higher yields of fresh and dried fruits.

Effects of ameliorating exposed subsoil prior to sowing on the water relations and productivity of pasture during an irrigation cycle

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Blaikie ◽  
KB Kelly ◽  
WK Mason
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
First Year ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Improved Performance

Adding organic matter or replacing topsoil have been shown to improve the growth of pasture on areas where subsoil is exposed during landforming. Intensive experiments were carried out in each of the 1985-86 and 1986-87 irrigation seasons to examine the basis of improvements in the productivity of pastures after such amelioration. Measurements were collected during the period between two irrigations which were separated by approximately 70 mm of cumulative Class A pan evaporation. Treatments included (i) high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus (NP); (ii) NP + organic matter (OM); (iii) NP + topsoil (TS); and (iv) NP +Well watered (WW).Compared to NP, pasture production in OM and TS treatments was improved in the first year, but in the second year only the TS treatment gave significant improvement. These increases in dry matter yields were reflected in rates of leaf elongation, canopy conductance, evapotranspiration and photosynthesis that were up to 50% greater than those in WW during the first half of an irrigation cycle, but there were no differences in leaf water potential. There was a strong relationship between canopy conductance and photosynthesis, and it appears that the plants in the TS and OM treatments were responding to an improved root perception of soil water availability. It is hypothesised that this allowed them to maintain canopy conductance and therefore photosynthesis at higher levels than in NP and WW. The improved performance of the TS and OM treatments represents an increase in the productive potential of exposed subsoil areas that cannot be achieved by improving fertilizer and irrigation management alone.

scholarly journals Yield of sugarcane submitted to nitrogen fertilization and water depths by subsurface drip irrigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 841-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando N. Cunha ◽  
Nelmício F. da Silva ◽  
Antonio E. C. Sousa ◽  
Marconi B. Teixeira ◽  
Frederico A. L. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
First Year ◽  
N Application ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Water Depths

ABSTRACT Water is limiting for growth and essential for photosynthesis. Crop yield depends on the available amount of this resource and on the efficiency of its use by the plant. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative growth and the gross yield of sugar and ethanol from sugarcane along cane-plant and ratoon cane cultivation, under different irrigation depths for water replenishment, with and without nitrogen (N) application by subsurface drip irrigation. The experimental design was randomized blocks, analyzed in a split-plot scheme, with four replicates, in which the plots were represented by the interaction: irrigation depths (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% water replenishment of the field capacity), with and without N fertigation, and subplots were represented by 9 evaluation periods (90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 and 330 days after planting/days after the first cutting for ratoon cane). The gross yields of sugar and alcohol for water replenishments below 93 and 97%, respectively, are higher in sugarcane of first year than in sugarcane of second year. Fertigation provided greater vegetative growth of ratoon cane.

scholarly journals Variability of major traits of marigold seed in respect of genotype and climatic conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Radosav Jevdjovic ◽  
Radojka Maletic
Keyword(s):  
Great Influence ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Germination Energy ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Absolute Mass ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Standard Cultivar

The results of the two-year comparative research of qualitative and quantitative traits of marigold seed of different genotypes in regard to the standard cultivar were analyzed. The highest yield of seed in both study years was registered in genotype "King orange", and the lowest in genotype "R". Concerning the quality of seed, that is, germination energy and total germination, the best results were established for genotype "King orange" and the poorest for genotype "R" in both study years. The highest absolute mass was registered in domestic cultivar "Domestic orange". Climatic conditions had great influence on yield and quality of marigold seed. In the first study year, with 2.5 times higher water sediment during the vegetation period, seed yield in all genotypes was higher compared to the second study year. Also, absolute mass of seed of all genotypes was higher in the first study year. However, germination energy and total germination for all genotypes was better in the second year, when the sum of temperatures during the vegetation period was 37580C compared to the first year when the sum of temperatures recorded was 35230C.

ATTEMPTS TO INCREASE THE PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF INFECTION OF GRASSHOPPERS WITH THE ENTOMOPATHOGEN NOSEMA LOCUSTAE CANNING (MICROSPORIDA: NOSEMATIDAE) BY REPEATED FIELD APPLICATION

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (S171) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan L. Johnson ◽  
Michael G. Dolinski
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Field Application ◽  
First Year ◽  
Intensive Monitoring ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
Nosema Locustae ◽  
Second Year

AbstractInitial promising results with the microsporidium Nosema locustae Canning as a means of controlling grasshoppers have been followed by some cases of limited field performance. However, at sublethal doses this entomopathogen can reduce grasshopper feeding, reproduction and development, suggesting that the damage caused to range, forages and crops might be reduced if the prevalence of infection in the field could be increased over previously achieved levels. In a field experiment, we treated plots totalling 780 ha with bran bait containing N. locustae at either 2.5 or 5.0 × 109 spores per ha in each of two consecutive years, and grasshopper populations and the prevalence and degree of infection were monitored every two weeks during the summers, for three years. Little or no background infection occurred in the untreated plots. Infections of grasshoppers with N. locustae in the treated plots during the first year of application, typically increased from less than 5% by the 4th week to 10–15% by the 8th week after application. The higher application rates resulted in only slightly higher percentages infected. Most of the infections were classified by microscopic examination as trace to moderate, although heavy infections were observed in the second year. Up to 35% of some Melanoplus species collected from the treated plots were found to contain N. locustae spores, but intensive monitoring indicated population reductions that were inconsistent among sites and generally less than 50%. Other species, notably Aeropedellus clavatus, Ageneotettix deorum, Bruneria brunnea and Camnula pellucida, failed to acquire significant infection by N. locustae. The presence of these apparently less susceptible species did not account for the poor overall performance of the treatments. Two annual applications of N. locustae did not greatly increase the rate or severity of infections in grasshopper populations, although at one of the three sites, trace infections were found in the treated plots six years later.Although Nosema may eventually have value as a component of an integrated grasshopper pest management system, the low virulence cannot be readily overcome by repeated applications.

Attenuation of microorganisms in the soil during drip irrigation with waste stabilization pond effluent

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Campos ◽  
G. Oron ◽  
M. Salgot ◽  
L. Gillerman ◽  
G. Casais
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
The City

Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) are one of the most appropriate wastewater treatment methods to reduce nematode and faecal coliforms. However, there is still a risk of contamination of crops and soil irrigated with this kind of effluent. The purpose of this work was to examine the fate of microorganisms (faecal coliforms, F+, and somatic coliphages and helminth eggs), from WSP effluent used for irrigation of a vineyard orchard, under onsurface (ODI) and subsurface drip (SDI) systems. The field is located near the City of Arad (Israel). The soil and water samples were taken during the irrigation periods of two consecutive years (1997 and1998). During the first year the vineyard was irrigated with a low quality effluent from WSP (sedimentation and maturation ponds only) and during the second year a high quality effluent (sedimentation, anaerobic, and a series of aerobic ponds and a final reservoir) was used. The results showed a substantial elimination of microorganisms in the soil, decreasing negative impacts, and minimising environmental and health risks.

scholarly journals Buğdayın Farklı Gelişme Dönemlerinde Yapraktan “Biyolojik Gübre” Uygulamalarının Verim ve Bazı Verim Öğeleri Üzerine Etkisi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2635-2642
Author(s):  
Hayati Aslan ◽  
Hatun Barut ◽  
Sait Aykanat ◽  
Enis G Hekimoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Pumilus ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
First Year ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sowing Period

This study was conducted to determine the effects of “biofertilizers” (N 8%, P2O5 1%, 9% K2O, 3% Iron, 0.06% Zinc, Bacillus subtilis (GBO3), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ve Bacillus pumilus) eaf applications on yield and quality parameters of bread wheat at different developmental stages. The experiment carried out for this purpose was conducted in the wheat sowing seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at Doğankent location of the Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute. In this research, “biofertilizers” leaf applications were applied to the wheat in different stages of development. For this purpose, 4 themes were worked out as; control, tillering, tillering + stem elengation and stem elengation. Biofertilizers doses of 100 gr/da in the first year and 0.75 gr/da in the second year were investigated. As a basic fertilizer for all experiment subjects; 15 kg DAP per decar were given during sowing period and 29 kg Urea during the tillering period, as a result of the research carried out; using biofertilizers in wheat farming, both in tillering and stem elengation periods, increased the yield 12.67% more efficiency in the first year and 13.16% more in the second year than the control subject. There were no statistically significant effects on quality parameters of wheat by using “biofertilizers” in foliar applications.

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