scholarly journals Selection for leukocyte counts in mice

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Chai
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Individual

By directional selection for total leukocyte counts from a hybrid mouse stock we have gradually established two lines of mice, LLC (Low Leukocyte Count) and HLC (High Leukocyte Count), which differ both in total and in differential leukocyte counts. A randombred line (RLC) is also being concurrently maintained. Other variations between these lines of mice are in body weight, in the frequencies of coat color genes, reproductive performance, and resistance to X-irradiation. The LLC line was comparatively low in the latter two physiological parameters, and high in variation of body weight.Responses to selection for high and low leukocyte counts were asymmetrical. In the first two generations, responses were irregular; thereafter they were large in the low line (LLC) for two or three generations and then became small in comparison with those of the high line (HLC). At eleven generations of selection, the mean leukocyte count of HLC is about three times that of LLC Responses of the different cell types were proportional to their individual percentages of the total counts. There were sexual differences in the counts of total and individual cell types. Selection for total leukocyte counts affected the proportions of the individual cell types. Heritability estimates based on selection differential and response and on sib relationships yielded values ranging from 0·15 to 0·39.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF ANCESTRAL X IRRADIATION FOLLOWED BY RANDOM MATING ON BODY WEIGHT OF RATS

Genetics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-860
Author(s):  
Daniel Gianola ◽  
A B Chapman ◽  
J J Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Response To Selection ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Selection Responses ◽  
Inbred Rats ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Variance Estimates

ABSTRACT Effects of nine generations of 450r per generation of ancestral spermatogonial X irradiation of inbred rats on body weight were examined. After six generations of random mating (avoiding inbreeding) following the termination of irradiation, descendants of irradiated males (R) were significantly lighter than their controls (C) at 3 and 6 weeks, but not at 10 weeks of age. However, differences in growth between R and C populations were small. Among-litter and within-litter variance estimates were generally larger in the R lines than in the C lines, suggesting that selection responses would be greater in R than in C lines. In conjunction with previous evidence—obtained during the irradiation phase of the experiment—this suggested that more rapid response to selection for 6-week body weight, in particular, might accrue in the R lines.

scholarly journals Prediction of leukocyte counts during paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia maintenance therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santeri Karppinen ◽  
Olli Lohi ◽  
Matti Vihola
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukaemia ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocyte ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Nonlinear State Space Models ◽  
Blood Leukocyte ◽  
The Individual

AbstractMaintenance chemotherapy with oral 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate remains a cornerstone of modern therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The dosage and intensity of therapy are based on surrogate markers such as peripheral blood leukocyte and neutrophil counts. Dosage based leukocyte count predictions could provide support for dosage decisions clinicians face trying to find and maintain an appropriate dosage for the individual patient. We present two Bayesian nonlinear state space models for predicting patient leukocyte counts during the maintenance therapy. The models simplify some aspects of previously proposed models but allow for some extra flexibility. Our second model is an extension which accounts for extra variation in the leukocyte count due to a treatment adversity, infections, using C-reactive protein as a surrogate. The predictive performances of our models are compared against a model from the literature using time series cross-validation with patient data. In our experiments, our simplified models appear more robust and deliver competitive results with the model from the literature.

Structure and function of the skin

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Dermoepidermal Junction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

The structure and function of the skin details the individual components of the epidermis, dermis, and their roles in normal skin health. The individual cell types in the epidermis, the different epidermal layers, and the roles of the keratinocyte are explained. The epidermis and dermis, and their important relation to each other through the dermoepidermal junction are described. The dermal adnexal structures of hair follicles (pilosebaceous units), sweat glands, and nerves are all considered. The functions of skin and barrier function are also listed. Rare but important causes of disordered sweating (hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis) are described. In addition, presentations of hyperhidrosis are discussed.

scholarly journals DSCAM promotes self-avoidance in the developing mouse retina by masking the functions of cadherin superfamily members

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (43) ◽  
pp. E10216-E10224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Garrett ◽  
Andre Khalil ◽  
David O. Walton ◽  
Robert W. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cadherin Superfamily

During neural development, self-avoidance ensures that a neuron’s processes arborize to evenly fill a particular spatial domain. At the individual cell level, self-avoidance is promoted by genes encoding cell-surface molecules capable of generating thousands of diverse isoforms, such as Dscam1 (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule 1) in Drosophila. Isoform choice differs between neighboring cells, allowing neurons to distinguish “self” from “nonself”. In the mouse retina, Dscam promotes self-avoidance at the level of cell types, but without extreme isoform diversity. Therefore, we hypothesize that DSCAM is a general self-avoidance cue that “masks” other cell type-specific adhesion systems to prevent overly exuberant adhesion. Here, we provide in vivo and in vitro evidence that DSCAM masks the functions of members of the cadherin superfamily, supporting this hypothesis. Thus, unlike the isoform-rich molecules tasked with self-avoidance at the individual cell level, here the diversity resides on the adhesive side, positioning DSCAM as a generalized modulator of cell adhesion during neural development.

scholarly journals Effects of metabolic acidosis on intracellular pH responses in multiple cell types

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (12) ◽  
pp. R1413-R1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahlam Ibrahim Salameh ◽  
Vernon A. Ruffin ◽  
Walter F. Boron
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Intracellular Ph ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Ratiometric Fluorescence ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Metabolic acidosis (MAc), a decrease in extracellular pH (pHo) caused by a decrease in [HCO3−]o at a fixed [CO2]o, is a common clinical condition and causes intracellular pH (pHi) to fall. Although previous work has suggested that MAc-induced decreases in pHi (ΔpHi) differ among cell types, what is not clear is the extent to which these differences are the result of the wide variety of methodologies employed by various investigators. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of two sequential MAc challenges (MAc1 and MAc2) on pHi in 10 cell types/lines: primary-cultured hippocampal (HCN) neurons and astrocytes (HCA), primary-cultured medullary raphé (MRN) neurons, and astrocytes (MRA), CT26 colon cancer, the C2C12 skeletal muscles, primary-cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and dendritic cells (BMDC), Ink4a/ARF-null melanocytes, and XB-2 keratinocytes. We monitor pHi using ratiometric fluorescence imaging of 2′,7′-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein while imposing MAc: lowering (pHo) from 7.4 to 7.2 by decreasing [HCO3−]o from 22 to 14 mM at 5% CO2 for 7 min. After MAc1, we return cells to the control solution for 10 min and impose MAc2. Using our definition of MAc resistance [(ΔpHi/ΔpHo) ≤ 40%], during MAc1, ∼70% of CT26 and ∼50% of C2C12 are MAc-resistant, whereas the other cell types are predominantly MAc-sensitive. During MAc2, some cells adapt [(ΔpHi/ΔpHo)2 < (ΔpHi/ΔpHo)1], particularly HCA, C2C12, and BMDC. Most maintain consistent responses [(ΔpHi/ΔpHo)2 ≅ (ΔpHi/ΔpHo)1], and a few decompensate [(ΔpHi/ΔpHo)2>(ΔpHi/ΔpHo)1], particularly HCN, C2C12, and XB-2. Thus, responses to twin MAc challenges depend both on the individual cell and cell type.

Hormonal Correlates of Follicular Development in the Human Ovary

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth P McNatty
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Human Ovary ◽  
The Individual

This review summarizes recent studies pertaining to follicular development in the human ovary. Some of these studies were concerned with characterizing the steroidogenic capacity of the individual cell types of the follicle in relation to whether the follicle was healthy or atretic. Other studies covered in this review concern the oocyte and its hormonal environment both in vivo and in vitro, the effects of steroids and gonadotrophins on the steroidogenic potentials of follicle cells and also some endocrine and non-endocrine responses of thecal and granulosa cells after being separated and then recombined in vitro. The data are integrated in relation to the development of a follicle during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

Role of Transcriptional Read-Through in PRE Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Acta Naturae ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Elizar’ev ◽  
D. V. Lomaev ◽  
D. A. Chetverina ◽  
P. G. Georgiev ◽  
M. M. Erokhin
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transcription Terminator ◽  
Response Elements ◽  
Polycomb Response Elements ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Main Factor

Maintenance of the individual patterns of gene expression in different cell types is required for the differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Expression of many genes is controlled by Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins that act through association with chromatin. PcG/TrxG are assembled on the DNA sequences termed PREs (Polycomb Response Elements), the activity of which can be modulated and switched from repression to activation. In this study, we analyzed the influence of transcriptional read-through on PRE activity switch mediated by the yeast activator GAL4. We show that a transcription terminator inserted between the promoter and PRE doesnt prevent switching of PRE activity from repression to activation. We demonstrate that, independently of PRE orientation, high levels of transcription fail to dislodge PcG/TrxG proteins from PRE in the absence of a terminator. Thus, transcription is not the main factor required for PRE activity switch.

ESTIMASI NILAI HERITABILITAS BOBOT IKAN MAS VARIETAS PUNTEN DALAM PROGRAM SELEKSI INDIVIDU

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Estu Nugroho ◽  
Budi Setyono ◽  
Mochammad Su’eb ◽  
Tri Heru Prihadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Base Population ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Weight Trait ◽  
Population Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Weight Trait ◽  
Selection Of

Program pemuliaan ikan mas varietas Punten dilakukan dengan seleksi individu terhadap karakter bobot ikan. Pembentukan populasi dasar untuk kegiatan seleksi dilakukan dengan memijahkan secara massal induk ikan mas yang terdiri atas 20 induk betina dan 21 induk jantan yang dikoleksi dari daerah Punten, Kepanjen (delapan betina dan enam jantan), Kediri (tujuh betina dan 12 jantan), Sragen (27 betina dan 10 jantan), dan Blitar (15 betina dan 11 jantan). Larva umur 10 hari dipelihara selama empat bulan. Selanjutnya dilakukan penjarangan sebesar 50% dan benih dipelihara selama 14 bulan untuk dilakukan seleksi dengan panduan hasil sampling 250 ekor individu setiap populasi. Seleksi terhadap calon induk dilakukan saat umur 18 bulan pada populasi jantan dan betina secara terpisah dengan memilih berdasarkan 10% bobot ikan yang terbaik. Calon induk yang terseleksi kemudian dipelihara hingga matang gonad, kemudian dipilih sebanyak 150 pasang dan dipijahkan secara massal. Didapatkan respons positif dari hasil seleksi berdasarkan bobot ikan, yaitu 49,89 g atau 3,66% (populasi ikan jantan) dan 168,47 g atau 11,43% (populasi ikan betina). Nilai heritabilitas untuk bobot ikan adalah 0,238 (jantan) dan 0,505 (betina).Punten carp breeding programs were carried out by individual selection for body weight trait. The base population for selection activities were conducted by mass breeding of parent consisted of 20 female and 21 male collected from area Punten, eight female and six male (Kepanjen), seven female and 12 male (Kediri), 27 female and 10 male (Sragen), 15 female and 11 male (Blitar). Larvae 10 days old reared for four moths. Then after spacing out 50% of total harvest, the offspring reared for 14 months for selection activity based on the sampling of 250 individual each population. Selection of broodstock candidates performed since 18 months age on male and female populations separately by selecting based on 10% of fish with best body weight. Candidates selected broodstocks were then maintained until mature. In oder to produce the next generation 150 pairs were sets and held for mass spawning. The results revealed that selection response were positive, 49.89 g (3.66%) for male and 168.47 (11.43%) for female. Heritability for body weight is 0.238 (male) and 0.505 (female).

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