scholarly journals Genetic variation in diuretic responses: further and correlated responses to selection

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Stewart ◽  
S. G. Spickett
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Renal Medulla ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Correlated Responses ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Diuretic Response ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Heterogeneous Base

Three parameters of diuretic response to water-load (diuretic lag, maximum rate of diuresis and ratio of total output to input volume) have each responded to selection from a genetically heterogeneous base stock with significant realized heritabilities. Selection has been continued for ten generations and has produced mice more extreme than any of the founder strains. In the selection lines for ratio of output to input, correlated responses in salt excretion during the course of the diuresis, relative adrenal weight, the relative size of the renal medulla, and the quantity of renal collecting ducts, have been observed. These correlated responses are accounted for in terms of renal and adrenal physiology. The elucidation of the individual genetic determinants of the responses is discussed.

GENETIC VARIATION IN DIURETIC RESPONSES TO WATER LOADS: DEFINITION OF SOME PARAMETERS OF DIURETIC RESPONSE AND INITIAL RESULTS OF SELECTION FOR THESE PARAMETERS

1965 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. STEWART ◽  
S. G. SPICKETT
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Disruptive Selection ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Diuretic Response ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Initial Results

SUMMARY Three parameters of the diuretic response to a water load are defined these are: diuretic lag, rate of diuresis and total output/input. A heterogeneous stock of mice was set up using the strains A/Cam, CBA/FaCam, SF/Cam and Peru. Directional selection was made from this stock for rate of diuresis, and total output/input. The initial generations of selection showed positive and significant parent-offspring regressions and hence demonstrated genetic variation in these parameters. Two positive disruptive selection experiments were set up to explore the relationship between diuretic lag at 4 and 8 weeks of age. These experiments show also that there is genetic variation in diuretic lag and that gene manifestation at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks is different. The genetic variation affecting diuretic response to water load is discussed with respect to concepts of 'normal' physiology.

scholarly journals Differences in acid phosphomonoesterase activity in forest soils of the Smrk Massive in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. (Czech Republic)

Beskydy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-152
Author(s):  
A. Bajer ◽  
P. Samec ◽  
M. Žárník
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Site

The purpose of this paper is to determine the individual relations between APEA and specific soils and environmental factors. To disclose these relations, analysis of component vectors and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed. Vectors of soil characteristics with participation of APEA (aAKFE) and vectors of pedochemical variables (aCHEM) were also calculated. Their ratio (ia) indicated the relative size of the APEA impact on the relations between pedochemical characteristics. Based on the statistical analyses, different role of APEA in Norway spruce and in European beech stands was detected. While APEA in spruce stands did not show significant correlations with the other examined soil chemical properties, soils under beech stands displayed strong correlations with some of the pedochemical variables. The idea of this research is to find out whether APEA could be used as an indicator of forest vegetation status and of the anthropogenic load on a site.

In Search of the “Society Genes”: What Could Be a Link Between Individual Genetics and Social Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Denis S. Andreyuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Genetically Determined

Genome editing technologies make it important to look for genetic determinants that can influence the structure of society and basic social relations. This paper proposes to look for such determinants in the evolutionarily ancient mechanisms of group interaction, namely in the genes that determine the balance of cooperation and competition. The opposition of these two forces is thought to be the basis of the evolutionary development of intelligence in higher primates and humans. The article provides examples showing that individual characteristics such as extraversion/introversion as measured by the "Big Five" methodology, aggressiveness, which strongly associates with the risk taking, and the level of intelligence, all of these traits a) greatly influence the organization of social processes and b) are largely genetically determined. As a development of this approach of searching for socially significant genetic determinants, it is proposed to model genetic changes in sociality, aggressiveness and intelligence at the individual level, followed by an analysis of the resulting social changes.

scholarly journals The Effect of Municipality Size and Local Office on the Electoral Success of Belgian/Flemish Election Candidates: A Multilevel Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert-Jan Put ◽  
Bart Maddens
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Election Result ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Positive Effect

This article examines the effect that municipality size and local office have on election candidates’ results. We argue that candidates from the larger municipalities have comparatively larger relevant networks, both in terms of constituents and party grassroots volunteers. In addition, these candidates appeal to a relatively larger share of voters within the constituency. We expect that the relative size of the candidates’ municipality will have a positive effect on the relative number of preferential votes they receive in the constituency and will interact with the effect that holding local office has on the individual election result. While the empirical analysis does not show support for the idea that municipality size will have a significant effect, the expected interaction between local office and municipality size is confirmed. The electoral advantage of being mayor, alderman or local councillor seems to increase with the relative size of the municipality in the district.

scholarly journals A urine-concentrating defect in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 null mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (4) ◽  
pp. F494-F502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise C. Evans ◽  
Dawn E. Livingstone ◽  
Christopher J. Kenyon ◽  
Maurits A. Jansen ◽  
James W. Dear ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Renal Medulla ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Renal Structure ◽  
Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess ◽  
Natriuretic Effect ◽  
V2 Receptor ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Concentrating Defect

In aldosterone target tissues, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) is coexpressed with mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and protects the receptor from activation by glucocorticoids. Null mutations in the encoding gene, HSD11B2, cause apparent mineralocorticoid excess, in which hypertension is thought to reflect volume expansion secondary to sodium retention. Hsd11b2−/− mice are indeed hypertensive, but impaired natriuretic capacity is associated with significant volume contraction, suggestive of a urine concentrating defect. Water turnover and the urine concentrating response to a 24-h water deprivation challenge were therefore assessed in Hsd11b2 −/− mice and controls. Hsd11b2 −/− mice have a severe and progressive polyuric/polydipsic phenotype. In younger mice (∼2 mo of age), polyuria was associated with decreased abundance of aqp2 and aqp3 mRNA. The expression of other genes involved in water transport ( aqp4, slc14a2, and slc12a2) was not changed. The kidney was structurally normal, and the concentrating response to water deprivation was intact. In older Hsd11b2 −/− mice (>6 mo), polyuria was associated with a severe atrophy of the renal medulla and downregulation of aqp2, aqp3, aqp4, slc14a2, and slc12a2. The concentrating response to water deprivation was impaired, and the natriuretic effect of the loop diuretic bumetanide was lost. In older Hsd11b2 −/− mice, the V2 receptor agonist desmopressin did not restore full urine concentrating capacity. We find that Hsd11b2 −/− mice develop nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Gross changes to renal structure are observed, but these were probably secondary to sustained polyuria, rather than of developmental origin.

scholarly journals Innovation and social learning: individual variation and brain evolution

2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Reader
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Correlates ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Innovation Rate ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Abstract This paper reviews behavioural, neurological and cognitive correlates of innovation at the individual, population and species level, focusing on birds and primates. Innovation, new or modified learned behaviour not previously found in the population, is the first stage in many instances of cultural transmission and may play an important role in the lives of animals with generalist or opportunistic lifestyles. Within-species, innovation is associated with low neophobia, high neophilia, and with high social learning propensities. Indices of innovatory propensities can be calculated for taxonomic groups by counting the frequency of reports of innovation in published literature. These innovation rate data provide a useful comparative measure for studies of behavioural flexibility and cognition. Innovation rate is positively correlated with the relative size of association areas in the brain, namely the hyperstriatum ventrale and neostriatum in birds, and the neocortex and striatum in primates. Innovation rate is also positively correlated with the reported variety of tool use, as well as interspecific differences in learning. Current evidence thus suggests similar patterns of cognitive evolution in primates and birds.

Suppressive action of prolactin on renal response to volume expansion

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Lucci ◽  
HH Bengele ◽  
S Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Water Load ◽  
Renal Response ◽  
Water Handling ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Diuretic Response ◽  
Ovine Prolactin

The effects of prolactin on rat renal sodium and water handling during volume expansion were studied using clearance techniques. Both control and experimental adult male Wistar rats were prehydrated with an oral water load of volume equal to 2.5% body weight (BW). At least 3 h later, a continuous intravenous infusion of ovine prolactin (NIH-P-S8), 7.1 mug/h per 100 g, was started in the experimental group. After a 1-h steady-state period, the rats were given an intravenous expansion infusion of either hypotonic saline (2.5% BW), isotonic saline (2.5% and 7.5% BW), or blood (2.5% BW). In all control hypotonic and isotonic saline-expanded animals, within 1 h the rats excreted a volume of urine equal to over 50% of the volume of saline infused. The diuretic and natriuretic responses to saline expansion of prolactin-treated rats were significantly smaller than controls. In contrast to the effects of prolactin on the renal response to saline infusions, it did not alter the natriuretic or diuretic response to blood infusion. Prolactin may be counteracting the effects of physical factors on the regulation of sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule.

scholarly journals Cooperative role of ETA and ETB receptors in mediating the diuretic response to intramedullary hyperosmotic NaCl infusion

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (6) ◽  
pp. F1424-F1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika I. Boesen ◽  
David M. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Renal Medulla ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Receptor Blockade ◽  
Endothelin Receptor ◽  
High Salt Diet ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Diuretic Response

Acute intramedullary infusion of hyperosmotic NaCl, used to simulate a high-salt diet-induced increase of medullary osmolality, increases urine production and endothelin release from the kidney. To determine whether endothelin mediates this diuretic and natriuretic response, urine flow and Na+ excretion rate were measured during acute intramedullary infusion of hyperosmotic NaCl in anesthetized rats, with or without endothelin receptor antagonism. Isosmotic NaCl was infused into the left renal medulla during an equilibration period and 30-min baseline period, followed by hyperosmotic NaCl for two additional 30-min periods. Hyperosmotic NaCl infusion significantly increased urine flow of vehicle-treated rats (from 5.9 ± 0.9 to 11.1 ± 1.8 μl/min). Systemic ETB receptor blockade enhanced this effect (A-192621; from 7.7 ± 1.1 to 18.7 ± 2.9 μl/min; P < 0.05), ETA receptor blockade (ABT-627) had no significant effect alone, but the diuresis was markedly attenuated by combined ABT-627 and A-192621 administration (from 4.4 ± 0.7 to 5.4 ± 0.9 μl/min). Mean arterial pressures overall were not significantly different between groups. Surprisingly, the natriuretic response to hyperosmotic NaCl infusion was not significantly altered by systemic endothelin receptor blockade, and furthermore, intramedullary ETB receptor blockade enhanced the diuretic and natriuretic response to hyperosmotic NaCl infusion. ETA receptor blockade significantly attenuated both the diuretic and natriuretic responses to hyperosmotic NaCl infusion in ETB receptor-deficient sl/sl rats. These results demonstrate an important role of endothelin in mediating diuretic responses to intramedullary infusion of hyperosmotic NaCl. Moreover, these data suggest ETA and ETB receptors are both required for the full diuretic and natriuretic actions of endothelin.

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