The Inclusion in Life Contracts of Sickness and Accident Benefits

1928 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
L. M. Butt
Keyword(s):  
Disability Insurance ◽  
Disability Benefits ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Recent Growth ◽  
The Future ◽  
Sickness Benefits ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

The subject of Disability and Sickness benefits in conjunction with Life Assurance is of recent growth. The only occasions when the Members of the Institute have had the matter before them appears to have been in 1911 when a paper was read by W. C. Fielder before this Society, and in 1924 when a discussion took place at one of the General Meetings of the Institute.The immense strides that have been made in America in the last five years, and the latent interest aroused in this country, as reflected by the amount which has been written in Insurance publications will, I hope, justify a discussion of the subject once more.It will not be out of place to quote the following from a recent number of The Review:“The attitude of British Actuaries on this question (Sickness and Disability benefits) is perhaps best described as one of neutrality. Were circumstances to force them to a decision for, or against, it would seem probable that many would be antagonistic. In the meantime, so long as they are not forced into open hostility they are prepared to ignore the business as much as possible. This is, of course, no more than an impression gathered from conversations here and there, and odds and ends of information that have come to hand from time to time. We imagine, however, that it comes fairly near to being an accurate statement of the case. If that be so then we can but regret it. The value of Disability Insurance to the public is so great, the amount of suffering it could eliminate so large that were Actuaries busily engaged in searching for the means of making it universally available the middle classes might look to the future with greater confidence.”

Errors in Age

1913 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 263-354
Author(s):  
John A. Rankin
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In ◽  
Do So

The subject is one which may seem of somewhat minor importance, but, on investigation, it will be found that, even under present-day conditions, it requires careful attention by life assurance offices and by all societies and funds which have liabilities depending upon the duration of human life. As an illustration of its importance it may be mentioned that it is well known that statements of ages made in the past by the public for the purposes of census and death returns contain a considerable number of errors, both intentional and unintentional: and it can readily be understood that life assurance offices would certainly involve themselves in serious loss if they dispensed with satisfactory proof of age. Were they to do so the resulting errors in age would be relatively far in excess of the corresponding errors contained in census returns, owing to the monetary advantages which could be gained by understating the age at the date of effecting a policy of assurance, and to these advantages acting as an incentive to fraud. Accordingly, it is recognised by all life assurance offices—though not always by their assured—that proof of age is a requirement which must be complied with before payment of a claim.

Disability benefits in conjunction with life assurance policies

1949 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 121-146
Author(s):  
H. F. Purchase
Keyword(s):  
Disability Insurance ◽  
Disability Benefits ◽  
Mild Form ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
The Subject

Disability Insurance is a subject which has at various times found a place in the proceedings of the Faculty and Institute of Actuaries, but only on rare occasions at our own proceedings. The present paper does not present anything new on the subject but has been written with the object of providing an opportunity of considering and discussing a form of insurance which, in some form or other, is transacted by most Life Offices in this country. Most Life Offices will only issue a somewhat mild form of the insurance, that is, the Waiver of Premium benefit, but even if we are not usually concerned with more than this form of the insurance, it is felt that a discussion of the principles involved would be of value.Considering the number of eminent actuaries who have, at various times, stated that they would like to see an extension of the writing of Disability Insurance, it is somewhat surprising that more of the business has not been written in this country. The reasons for the neglect are not far to seek. First, there are very real administrative difficulties involved including the difficulty of obtaining suitable statistics on the subject. A large part of the present paper is taken up with a discussion of these difficulties. Secondly, there is the unfortunate experience of our American colleagues who have in the past lost considerable sums of money in their Disability Accounts. This experience has led a large number of American Offices to cease to transact the more liberal forms of benefit.

scholarly journals Titles to Life Assurance Policies

1905 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 343-386
Author(s):  
Alfred Ernest Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Question ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Made In

The chief object for which insurance offices exist is to pay claims; but before any claim can be paid, the question arises—who is the proper person to receive the payment ? If any mistake be made in this, the office may find itself involved in troublesome and expensive legal proceedings, and be compelled to pay the claim twice over. This consideration shows the necessity of insurance officials having some knowledge of law, as it is almost impracticable for them to refer every legal question to their solicitors; and my present object is to draw attention to some of the elementary points which arise in the ordinary course of our business. On the shelves of the library there are to be found papers by Mr. Barrand, Mr. Warren Crosbie, and Mr. Hayter, which should be studied carefully (in addition to the text books) by every one desirous of qualifying himself for a position of responsibility in the claims or law department of his office; but these papers do not exhaust the subject, and I do not propose to allude to the points discussed therein, except in the cases where some further explanation seems desirable or where there has been an alteration in the law or in the practice of the offices.

Surplus: Two Hundred Years of Actuarial Advance

1962 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 19-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Cox ◽  
R. H. Storr-Best
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Social Scene ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
The Times ◽  
Historical Developments

SynopsisThe paper is in the nature of a summary of the authors' book “Surplus in British Life Assurance—Actuarial Control over its Emergence and Distribution during 200 Years”. Copies may be purchased direct from the Institute of Actuaries (price 17s. 6d.). Members and Students of the Faculty may obtain a copy for personal use at the reduced price of 11s. post free. It begins with a survey of the principal factors that have influenced the development of theory and practice in regard to surplus throughout the years. It describes the manner in which surplus first arose in scientific life assurance, and traces how this and other historical developments have had an important effect both in the early days and later as a valid standard of equity was gradually evolved. At the same time the influence of long-dated contracts and of the expectations of the public has been a stabilising factor in spite of rapid changes in the economic and social scene.The characteristics of the nineteenth-century image of equity are described, and the history of the twentieth century in regard to surplus is seen as one of attempts to preserve that image through sharp and contrasting vicissitudes. This idea is explored in some detail for both ordinary and industrial life business.The problems of the present day are reviewed one by one and the paper touches on such matters as economic inflation, the public demand for pension schemes, the introduction of computers and data-processing devices and the prospect of Britain joining the Common Market. Against this background, various modern concepts of equity are contrasted and brief reference is made to matching, immunisation and gearing. Equity in with-profit pension schemes and systems of variable policies are also considered.This general survey leads the authors in the end to ask some critical questions about the performance of the profession throughout its history. These questions relate to the success or otherwise of actuaries in foreseeing the future, in attaining equity and in progressing with the times. The authors attempt to answer them and are able to end on a cheerful note as regards past achievements and to express great hopes for the future, which may well bring a new era for the profession.

Making the future by using the future: A study on influencing privacy protection rules through anticipatory storylines

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 984-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Minkkinen
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Public Consultation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Market Liberalisation ◽  
Discourse Coalitions ◽  
Made In

This article investigates how futures of privacy protection are made in Europe. The public consultation phase of the European Union’s data protection reform is analysed as a case of making the future by using the future, that is, influencing institutional change through anticipatory storylines. A qualitative analysis of consultation responses is conducted, and two discourse coalitions are identified. The industry coalition promotes market liberalisation to allow the digital future to emerge. The civil society coalition, in turn, argues for rescuing privacy with strict rules. The article suggests that plausibility in relation to the discursive and extra-discursive environment is crucial for the success of storylines. The second storyline was relatively successful because it was more plausible in light of the trend of legalism and the predominant future-oriented narrative of privacy in danger. The ‘anticipatory institutionalism’ approach opens novel perspectives concerning actors’ future-oriented projects in relation to historical processes.

scholarly journals The Future of the Middle Classes as in the «Logic» of the Historical Process in the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Alexandr I. Subetto
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
System A ◽  
The Future ◽  
Production Relations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Predictive Research ◽  
Theoretical Reflection ◽  
Study Development

The Object of the Study. Middle classes in the logic of the historical process in the 20th century. The Subject of the Study. Production relations that determine the fate of the middle classes in capitalist and noosphere - socialist societies. The Purpose of the Study. Development of methodological grounds for predictive research on the problem of the historical fate of the middle classes. The Main Provisions of the Study. The author reveals a theoretical system-a concept that determines the future of the middle classes in Russia and in the world, taking into account the era of the Great Evolutionary Change. The scientific and philosophical essay is a kind of theoretical reflection on the problems and assessments that are set and disclosed in the monograph "Middle Classes in Capitalist Russia".

On a Method of Calculating the Present Values of Prospective Pensions Based on Salary, and the Expected Amounts of the Future Pension Payments

1913 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
James John M'Lauchlan
Keyword(s):  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mortality Table ◽  
Pension Payments ◽  
Made In

The method of calculating the values of prospective pensions which I am about to describe differs in some respects from those given in the standard papers on the subject, and will be found, I think, to possess advantages of its own. I shall deal with its application to the case of pensions based on salaries, when the amount of the pension is a uniform percentage of salary for each year of service taken account of.I have followed Mr. Manly in the use of the following symbols (see his paper of 1901—J.I.A. xxxvi, 209), namely, lx to denote the number living and remaining on the active list at age x as given in the Service Table, and Dx and Nx to correspond; rx to denote the number retiring from failure of health between ages x and x + 1, sx to denote the salary receivable between ages x and x + 1, and Dsx to denote Dx X sx. When however lx, Dx, Nx, or Dsx have a circumflex accent, these symbols have the ordinary meanings, and the functions are based respectively on the Pensioners Mortality Table. I have found it necessary to employ also a certain number of new symbols which are described in the Key to the Special Notation (see pp. 31, 32). I have also followed Mr. Manly in the assumptions made in the paper mentioned above, that the retirements or superannuations applicable to any year of age take place at the end of the year, and that the pension commences at the same time and is payable yearly thereafter.

Methodology for the design of a standard research protocol for measuring terminology usage

Terminology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Quirion
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Research Protocol ◽  
Statistical Sampling ◽  
Measurement Protocol ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

Many states have undertaken language and terminology planning programmes and have reached the point where they must evaluate the progress realized up to the present time. In the case of terminology planning programmes, such an evaluation requires a method to measure the degree to which the terminology has been implanted. In this paper, a research protocol for measuring terminology implantation is presented; this protocol is based on institutional communications. First, a critical examination of prior research on the subject is made in order to identify the desired characteristics of a precise, scientific measurement protocol. It is an accepted postulate that the constitution of a representative corpus forms the basis of a solution. Statistical sampling methods have been adapted in order to design a measurement protocol that respects the above conditions. The paper concludes with an overview of the results of a terminology implantation survey carried out using the research protocol presented; the survey concerns transportation terminology. This overview is followed by a brief discussion of the future possibilities offered by the scientific measurement of terminology implantation.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF AN EDUCATIONAL VIDEO FOR THE PROMOTION OF EYE HEALTH IN SCHOOL CHILDREN

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jânio Cavalcanti Rodrigues Junior ◽  
Cristiana Brasil de Almeida Rebouças ◽  
Régia Christina Moura Barbosa Castro ◽  
Paula Marciana Pinheiro de Oliveira ◽  
Paulo César de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Educational Video ◽  
The Public ◽  
Eye Health ◽  
Eye Problems ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Post Production ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT Objetive: to build an educational video for early detection of trouble seeing in schoolers. Method: technology development study in three stages: pre-production, production and post-production in the period from March to December 2014. The recordings were made in a public school in Fortaleza (Brazil) and Health Communication Laboratory in the Universidade Federal do Ceará in the Department of Nursing. Results: about the evaluation of content, the script was considered valid by all experts. Four (44.4%) approved the script of the video and five (55.5%) approved with modifications. For technical experts, three (60%) considered it approved with modifications, while two (40%) judged it as approved (IVC≥0,8). In post-production, it was suggested changes in length, audio and esthetics. The video ended with 16 minutes and 14 seconds. CONCLUSION: it is believed that the educational video together to health professionals interventions contribute to the public understanding of the subject, resulting in early diagnosis of trouble seeing and resolving eye problems.

scholarly journals Disease conditions and subclinical infections of the platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus )

1998 ◽  
Vol 353 (1372) ◽  
pp. 1093-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Munday ◽  
R. J. Whittington ◽  
N. J. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Ornithorhynchus Anatinus ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intensive Investigation ◽  
Large Predators ◽  
Made In

Before the arrival of European settlers in Australia, the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus , probably suffered from little disease. Among other things, European settlement has involved substantial environmental perturbation, introduction of large predators, introduction of motor vehicles and translocation of potential pathogens. As a result, platypuses are now killed by motor vehicles, dogs, foxes and discarded plastic litter. Information programmes targeting appropriate segments of the public would help reduce these unnecessary deaths. The enigmatic disease, ulcerative mycosis, caused by Mucor amphibiorum , has been the subject of scientific investigation in Tasmania for the past 15 years. The apparent recent acceleration in its spread has sounded a warning and more intensive investigation is warranted. The possibility that this pathogen has been translocated from subtropical to temperate Tasmania, Australia, with green tree frogs in banana shipments further emphasizes the role of humans in threatening the welfare of the platypus. Recommendations are made in relation to appropriate measures that could be taken to ameliorate disease and trauma in this species.

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