Surplus: Two Hundred Years of Actuarial Advance

1962 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 19-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Cox ◽  
R. H. Storr-Best
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Social Scene ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
The Times ◽  
Historical Developments

SynopsisThe paper is in the nature of a summary of the authors' book “Surplus in British Life Assurance—Actuarial Control over its Emergence and Distribution during 200 Years”. Copies may be purchased direct from the Institute of Actuaries (price 17s. 6d.). Members and Students of the Faculty may obtain a copy for personal use at the reduced price of 11s. post free. It begins with a survey of the principal factors that have influenced the development of theory and practice in regard to surplus throughout the years. It describes the manner in which surplus first arose in scientific life assurance, and traces how this and other historical developments have had an important effect both in the early days and later as a valid standard of equity was gradually evolved. At the same time the influence of long-dated contracts and of the expectations of the public has been a stabilising factor in spite of rapid changes in the economic and social scene.The characteristics of the nineteenth-century image of equity are described, and the history of the twentieth century in regard to surplus is seen as one of attempts to preserve that image through sharp and contrasting vicissitudes. This idea is explored in some detail for both ordinary and industrial life business.The problems of the present day are reviewed one by one and the paper touches on such matters as economic inflation, the public demand for pension schemes, the introduction of computers and data-processing devices and the prospect of Britain joining the Common Market. Against this background, various modern concepts of equity are contrasted and brief reference is made to matching, immunisation and gearing. Equity in with-profit pension schemes and systems of variable policies are also considered.This general survey leads the authors in the end to ask some critical questions about the performance of the profession throughout its history. These questions relate to the success or otherwise of actuaries in foreseeing the future, in attaining equity and in progressing with the times. The authors attempt to answer them and are able to end on a cheerful note as regards past achievements and to express great hopes for the future, which may well bring a new era for the profession.

Die Brücke [The Bridge]

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Grimm
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Technical Institute ◽  
New Era ◽  
Dimensional Effect ◽  
The Future ◽  
Leave Of Absence ◽  
German Art ◽  
The Times

Convinced that art should be an expression of life representing the vitality of the times, four architecture students in Dresden joined together to found Die Brücke [The Bridge] in 1905. The name, suggested by one of their founding members, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, reflected their intention to provide a bridge between the art of previous generations and that of the new era of the twentieth century. As the initiator of Die Brücke and its chief spokesman, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner had the audacious idea of renewing German art. He was joined by Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, fellow students studying at Dresden’s Technische Hochschule [Dresden Technical Institute]. In preceding years, both Kirchner, who had taken leave of absence to study art, and Bleyl had been working on woodcuts influenced heavily by the earlier Jugendstil. While Bleyl remained interested in the illusion of space, Kirchner had begun to simplify his style to include greater planarity, with jagged lines providing delineation and contour, creating a two-dimensional effect that was already indicative of his signature stylistic innovations of the future.

Crime News on TV

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Lipschultz
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
Entertainment Media ◽  
Cultural Understanding ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
Crime News ◽  
Historical Developments

The discussion of crime news on television must begin with a basic cultural understanding that journalism is facing a time of dramatic change. Mitchell Stephens argued in his 2014 book Beyond News: The Future of Journalism that the news process remains challenging to define: “Journalism is the activity of collecting, presenting, interpreting, or commenting upon the news for some portion of the public” (p. xiii). In the case of crime news, a variety of historical developments changed the nature of newsgathering and presentation. Sociological and cultural theories help us understand the process, the content, and the effects. An examination of the various approaches to the study of crime news will extend cultural understanding to entertainment media and long-term societal implications of new technologies, such as social media.

The Future of ‘Digital Research'

2022 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Costantino Cipolla
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Sociological Knowledge ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
New Era ◽  
Digital Society ◽  
The Future ◽  
Digital Methods ◽  
The Times ◽  
Theory Research ◽  
Field Of Inquiry

Sociology is a discipline inevitably based on interpretative categories of social reality derived from a specific historical phase. In a period that is increasingly defined as a new era or digital society, can sociological knowledge not be upset by this overload of changes of every kind and nature? And can these changes not involve all identity components of sociology, namely theory, research, and the usability of its knowledge? Given this, it seems rather evident that this volume is the sign of the times and testify the variety and flexibility of digital methods. The author limits to dealing schematically with two methodological components that are constitutive of the digital revolution: the shift from the traditional and glorious ethnography to the new and emerging netnography, especially as regards the qualitative side, and, on the more properly quantitative side, the overwhelming and boundless spread of big data. A brief and selective description of these “transitions” will be complemented by a thoughtful evaluation of their potential for the future in the peculiar field of inquiry.

scholarly journals ‘PUBLIC SPEAKING’ SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI KOMUNIKASI EFEKTIF (KEGIATAN PKM di SMA KRISTOFORUS 2, JAKARTA BARAT)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasmery Rosentauly Maissalinya Girsang
Keyword(s):  
Public Speaking ◽  
Effective Communication ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Era ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Speaking Skills

<p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><em>Everyone is able to speak, but only some who are able to gather words into beautiful language and can attract the public to hear it. So, simply speaking public speaking means the ability to speak by "playing" language in front of the public. Public speaking or public speaking is not something that is rare in today's advanced era. All individuals are required to be skilled in speaking in public to convey their goals. In the study of communication, the expertise of public speaking is part of effective communication that is conveying messages to the audience in a way that is appropriate and attracts attention. At present, public speaking is one of the absolute abilities needed in the global era. It is triggered by the demands of the times and the existing technology that forces individuals to compete to improve their quality. The importance of public speaking ability is inseparable from the definition of public speaking itself. In the 'Empowerment for the Community' (PKM) activities involving writers, public speaking training took place at SMA Kristoforus 2 West Jakarta. The reason for targeting students in these schools is none other than to equip students with knowledge related to public speaking skills. The majority of class XI students are not yet fully 'confident' when presenting themselves to the public. Therefore with the method of cermah and practice (practice), students are challenged to be brave in the future and present their opinions.</em></p><strong><em>Keywords: Effective communication, Public Speaking, Students  </em></strong>

scholarly journals IMAGE-CREATING POTENTIAL OF DISCIPLINES OF SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN CYCLE

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Ольга Митцева
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
It Professionals ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Image ◽  
Teaching Principles ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Professional Image ◽  
Potential Content

Characteristic of image-creating potential of disciplines of the social and humanitarian cycle of higher technical education for the following resources: information-content, communicative-interactive, organizational-functional and cultural-image is made on the basis of the concept of “potential” and “image-creating potential”. Possibilities of the discipline of the social and humanitarian cycle for the formation of the professional image of the future IT specialists are: the focus of the content of discipline on the values of professional activity; diversity of choice of the practice of image-forming activity; multilevel image interaction and communication between subjects; means of methodological support for teaching the discipline are also disclosed in the article.Analysis of curriculum and programs for the future IT professionals' training have identified significant characteristics of potential content of disciplines of the social and humanitarian cycle of IT professionals' training for the image competence formation: enrichment of the range of image knowledge; possibility of image-forming activities; activation of productive ways of image-creative interaction.It is established that social and humanitarian disciplines allow forming a person capable of discovering and realizing one's own potential in society. These disciplines require the following teaching principles: general science, fundamentalism, systematic unity of historical and logical, national and universal, social and personal, theory and practice of teaching and education.For the realization of the image-creating potential of disciplines of the social and humanitarian cycle, a set of classes and tasks for the formation of an IT specialist's professional image were developed. These include discussion questions, discussion of popular public opinion on the internal and external image, the generalization of image management methods, identification of features of the public figures kinetic image, exercises for formation an attractive image of a professional subject, reflective exercises, role situations, designing your own image. These exercises become the basis for the creation of such an IT specialist's image, which will assist the prototype subject in achieving success, socially significant goals, creating a positive image.

On the Valuation of Government Securities

1855 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-315
Author(s):  
Edwin James Farren
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Importance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Finance Minister ◽  
The Times ◽  
General Community

Among the indirect advantages to be derived by the public from the establishment of Life Assurance Companies, may be fairly cited that of fostering a system of elaborate calculation so closely allied to the fiscal requirements of the times, that, allowing for hyperbole, the nation's finance minister might in the present day be in some degree characterized as the nation's actuary. Whether the incidental possession of analogous qualifications to those expected in insurance managers will ever be indirectly exacted by the general community from its finance ministers, would perhaps be presumptuous in us as actuaries to further discuss; but certain it is that, apart from insurance and its ramifications, no other definite school has hitherto been presented in which financial questions, and especially those relating to contingent finance, have ever been so elaborately and usefully developed. The interest and annuity tables alone, of insurance writers, form indeed an addition to financial literature of considerable importance.

scholarly journals REFORMULASI KONSEP DAKWAH DI ERA MODERN (Kajian tentang Dakwah tehadap Ahl al-Kitāb)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Ramli Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
The Public ◽  
Constructive Dialogue ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Times ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Holy Book

In this modern era, dakwah activities must keep abreast of the times, including the concepts and methods used. Da'wah is used for this must be reformulated in accordance with the times. Similarly, the public is often called the Ahl al-Kitab (Nasrani and Yahudi), although it has done deviations agains this own holy book, so that their holy book is not pure anymore. Christians assume that Jesus was the son of God, as well as Jews assume that Uzayr is the Son of God. And they deny the coming of the last Prophet, the Prophet Muhammad. as described in their scriptures. That to realize there formulation da'wah of the Ahl al-Kitab. It is necessary to create harmony among religions depends on the willingness to improve relations in order to organize the future in to a better direction. So that constructive dialogue is necessary to build a community that has a concern. In addition, Muslims must be a lamp to the followers of the other. Various concepts and methods offered in the Quran and the Hadith of the Prophet in delivering dakwah appeal against the Ahl al-Kitab. Such as bi al-hikmah, al-Mauiz}ah, al-Muja>dalah, and tolerance a sever exemplified by the Prophet.

The Inclusion in Life Contracts of Sickness and Accident Benefits

1928 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
L. M. Butt
Keyword(s):  
Disability Insurance ◽  
Disability Benefits ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Recent Growth ◽  
The Future ◽  
Sickness Benefits ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

The subject of Disability and Sickness benefits in conjunction with Life Assurance is of recent growth. The only occasions when the Members of the Institute have had the matter before them appears to have been in 1911 when a paper was read by W. C. Fielder before this Society, and in 1924 when a discussion took place at one of the General Meetings of the Institute.The immense strides that have been made in America in the last five years, and the latent interest aroused in this country, as reflected by the amount which has been written in Insurance publications will, I hope, justify a discussion of the subject once more.It will not be out of place to quote the following from a recent number of The Review:“The attitude of British Actuaries on this question (Sickness and Disability benefits) is perhaps best described as one of neutrality. Were circumstances to force them to a decision for, or against, it would seem probable that many would be antagonistic. In the meantime, so long as they are not forced into open hostility they are prepared to ignore the business as much as possible. This is, of course, no more than an impression gathered from conversations here and there, and odds and ends of information that have come to hand from time to time. We imagine, however, that it comes fairly near to being an accurate statement of the case. If that be so then we can but regret it. The value of Disability Insurance to the public is so great, the amount of suffering it could eliminate so large that were Actuaries busily engaged in searching for the means of making it universally available the middle classes might look to the future with greater confidence.”

Crossing-Over of Art History and Media History in the Times of the Early Internet—with Special Regard to THE THING NYC

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Art History ◽  
Digital Communication ◽  
Media History ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
The Future ◽  
Internet Art ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
The Times

In the early Internet, art history crossed the path of media history and both disciplines conveyed characteristics of each other. Net (based) art did not regain the utopian potential of art, but its social, aesthetic and conceptual approach referenced the future role of digital communication. This chapter documents and examines the role of the art network THE THING in early digital communication and art practice and how it anticipated the future potential to communicate, distribute, and produce. Including the theory and practice that informed the founding of THE THING, as well as an interview with THE THING founder, Wolfgang Staehle, and a concluding timeline of THE THING's history, this chapter also emphasizes how THE THING was both playful and far ahead of its time.

Once and Future Wetlands

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Public Support ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Degree

A societal conflict as prolonged and complex as the reversal of national policy on wetlands in the United States must contain some lessons for the future. Perhaps we are still too close to the issues to have everything in perspective historically, but two lessons seem obvious. One of these has to do with the channelizing effect of change in public attitudes toward wetlands and the other with the stabilizing effect of science on regulations and policies intended for the protection of wetlands. A look back at the previous chapters suggests that the history of wetland policy in the United States can be divided into three eras: a classical era during which removal was the policy; a modern era during which protection was the policy; and a new era, which appears to be postmodern in the sense that we adjust protection qualitatively in an attempt to make our coexistence with wetlands more comfortable. Politics of the removal era appear to have been relatively tranquil, as congressional action surrounding wetlands developed almost entirely through consultation with a single interest group (i.e., those who saw some economically beneficial potential in federal progams subsidizing or encouraging the removal of wetlands; Tzoumis 1998). The desire for protection, although present in some circles much earlier, became politically potent in parallel with the growth of general public support for environmental legislation. From that time forward, legislation and national policy have consistently been formed in an atmosphere of strongly opposing viewpoints, but the protectionist impulse has prevailed. It seems doubtful now that an open legislative assault on wetland protection would be successful, simply because the public has fully absorbed the idea of protection for about a generation. The fundamental intent of protectionism, however, still could be subverted judicially or administratively; this is the main issue for the future. From 1970 to the present, the politics of wetlands has seemed unstable and even chaotic. Participants in the contest over wetlands typically have viewed the future with a high degree of pessimism. This is especially true for the defenders of wetlands, who fear, and in some cases almost anticipate, reactionary backsliding.

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