Immunization

1959 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 345-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Wallas
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Market Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Suitable Choice ◽  
The One

This subject can appear difficult, but the main idea is delightfully simple. Let us consider an example. Suppose that a life office has issued policies at premiums based on a certain rate of interest, investing in Stock Exchange securities the premiums received from year to year, less claims, and that after a time the rate of interest rises permanently. The market value of the investments will fall and the office will lose if they have eventually to be sold, but will gain to the extent that future premiums can now be invested on more favourable terms. The gain is fixed but the loss will vary according to the redemption dates of the assets, since the longer the date, the greater the fall in value. Immunization consists in selecting investments such that the loss balances the gain. An alternative way of looking at it is on the basis of present values. The values of the assets on the one side of the balance sheet, and the net liabilities on the other, will both fall if interest rates rise. We want them to fall by the same amount, and as our liabilities are fixed, we must seek to achieve that result by a suitable choice of assets.

South African Economy: No Easy Life Ahead

2015 ◽  
pp. 104-116
Author(s):  
P. Mozias
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
South African ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Current Account Deficit ◽  
National Development ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
The Other ◽  
The One

South African rand depreciated in 2013–2014 under the influence of a number of factors. Internationally, its weakness was associated with the capital outflow from all emerging markets as a result of QE’s tapering in the US. Domestically, rand plummeted because of the deterioration of the macroeconomic stance of South Africa itself: economic growth stalled and current account deficit widened again. Consumer spending was restrained with the high household indebtedness, investment climate worsened with the wave of bloody strikes, and net export was still prone to J-curve effect despite the degree of the devaluation happened. But, in its turn, those problems are a mere reflection of the deep institutional misbalances inherent to the very model of the national economy. Saving rate is too low in South Africa. This leads not only to an insufficient investment, but also to trade deficits and overdependence on speculative capital inflows. Extremely high unemployment means that the country’s economic potential is substantially underutilized. Joblessness is generated, first and foremost, by the dualistic structure of the national entrepreneurship. Basic wages are being formed by way of a bargaining between big public and semi state companies, on the one hand, and trade unions associated with the ruling party, on the other. Such a system is biased towards protection of vested interests of those who earn money in capital-intensive industries. At the same time, these rates of wages are prohibitively high for a small business; so far private companies tend to avoid job creation. A new impulse to economic development is likely to emerge only through the government’s efforts to mitigate disproportions and to pursue an active industrial policy. National Development Plan adopted in 2012 is a practical step in that direction. But the growth of public investment is constrained by a necessity of fiscal austerity; as a result, the budget deficit remained too large in recent years. South African Reserve Bank will have to choose between a stimulation of economic growth with low interest rates, on the one hand, and a support of rand by tightening of monetary policy, on the other. This dilemma will greatly influence prices of securities and yields at South African financial markets.

CONIC CPPIs

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850012
Author(s):  
INE MARQUET ◽  
WIM SCHOUTENS
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Trading Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Risky Asset ◽  
Underlying Asset ◽  
Constant Multiplier ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Conic Finance ◽  
The One ◽  
Finance Theory

Constant proportion portfolio insurance (CPPI) is a structured product created on the basis of a trading strategy. The idea of the strategy is to have an exposure to the upside potential of a risky asset while providing a capital guarantee against downside risk with the additional feature that in case the product has since initiation performed well more risk is taken while if the product has suffered mark-to-market losses, the risk is reduced. In a standard CPPI contract, a fraction of the initial capital is guaranteed at maturity. This payment is assured by investing part of the fund in a riskless manner. The other part of the fund’s value is invested in a risky asset to offer the upside potential. We refer to the floor as the discounted guaranteed amount at maturity. The percentage allocated to the risky asset is typically defined as a constant multiplier of the fund value above the floor. The remaining part of the fund is invested in a riskless manner. In this paper, we combine conic trading in the above described CPPIs. Conic trading strategies explore particular sophisticated trading strategies founded by the conic finance theory i.e. they are valued using nonlinear conditional expectations with respect to nonadditive probabilities. The main idea of this paper is that the multiplier is taken now to be state dependent. In case the algorithm sees value in the underlying asset the multiplier is increased, whereas if the assets is situated in a state with low value or opportunities, the multiplier is reduced. In addition, the direction of the trade, i.e. going long or short the underlying asset, is also decided on the basis of the policy function derived by employing the conic finance algorithm. Since nonadditive probabilities attain conservatism by exaggerating upwards tail loss events and exaggerating downwards tail gain events, the new Conic CPPI strategies can be seen on the one hand to be more conservative and on the other hand better in exploiting trading opportunities.

scholarly journals PENGARUH CAPITAL STRUCTURE TERHADAP FIRM VALUE DENGAN PROFITABILITY SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Anisa Anisa
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
The One

The aim of this study was to test the effect of capital structure on firm value. Meanwhile, ‘profitability’ served as the mediating variable on the mining companies which have been go public and registered in Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study belonged to quantitative research and it was expected to successfully measure the effects between the variables. Data collection was performed by using secondary data from the official website of Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI), which is IDX, related to the 21 mining companies registered in BEI, of which these companies achieved profits in a period of three years (2016, 2017 and 2018). Data processing was performed by using a program so-called Smart Pls 3.0. The first result of this study implied that the variable namely ‘profitability’ was the one that partially mediated the effect of the capital structure on the firm value. The second result was that no direct effect was found between capital structure and firm value. As for the next research result, profitability has no impact on the firm value. The companies with the ever growing risks would lead the creditor to increase the interest rates, resulting in the increment of the company’s average capital costs. The companies who possessed big amount of debts tended to had higher average capital costs so the values of the companies were rather falling off.       Keywords : capital structure, firm value, profitability  

Taxation and the Public Services

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Macroeconomic Policy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
The Public ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the role of taxation in the culture of contentment. In the age of contentment, macroeconomic policy has come to center not on tax policy but on monetary policy. Higher interest rates, it is hoped, will curb inflation without posing a threat to people of good fortune. Those with money to lend, the economically well-endowed rentier class, will thus be rewarded. The chapter first considers the role of monetary policy in the entirely plausible and powerfully adverse attitude toward taxation in the community of contentment before discussing the relationship between taxation and public services, and between taxation and public expenditures. It shows that public services and taxation have disparate effects on the Contented Electoral Majority on the one hand, and on the less affluent underclass on the other.

The Impact of Adopting Electronic Trading System on Performance of the Amman Stock Exchange

2013 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Najeb M.H. Masoud
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Market Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electronic Trading ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Amman Stock Exchange ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to highlight the impact of adopting electronic trading System on performance of the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) represented in the (value traded) and (market capitalisation) where, for the implementation of that, secondary data were collected from (taken from the monthly statistical bulletins of the Stock Exchange) related to the study variables, where an analysis of the difference between the middle two samples: the first study variables before the introduction of the system, and the other after you have inserted, to find out whether there is a significant difference between the size of the stock exchange in trading before and after the introduction of the electronic trading system, and whether there is a significant difference between the value between the market value of securities listed on the stock exchange before and after the introduction of the system. The results of the study show that the use of the electronic trading system as an alternative to the manual trading system has contributed to raise the volume of trading and the market value of the ASE. We believes that the result of the increase in the degree of transparency and security for traders and investors in the stock market, and give great flexibility and different information to brokers facilitated an analysis of the situation of companies traded faster, which achieved more justice, speed and ease of execution of orders, on the other hand, the system has led to facilitate control over the trading operations and the dissemination of information in real time for both local or foreign investors which contributes to increase the depth and liquidity of the market.

scholarly journals Une analyse économétrique du comportement d’intermédiation financière des sociétés de crédit populaire : le cas des caisses populaires

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre D. Chateau
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Flow Equation ◽  
Mortgage Loans ◽  
The Public ◽  
Consumer Loans ◽  
Asset Portfolio ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
The One

Abstract Considering the Caisses populaires as a financial system, we propose an econometric model of its consolidated balance sheet built around the following four major blocks. The first one presents a dynamic sub-model of the Caisses' asset portfolio, which emphasizes their intermediation among assets on the basis of the latter interest rates. In a second block, these rates are endogenized with respect to the key variables of both the real and monetary sectors of the economy. On the liability side, the Caisses' deposit market is dealt with in a third block, namely a demand for deposits or flow equation and a supply of deposits or rate setting operation. Finally, adjustment equations for the balance sheet items not already considered, are grouped in a fourth block. The overall model is dynamized through the deposit equation. From the model's econometric estimation, we arrive at the following conclusions about financial management and liquidity policies. On the asset side of the balance sheet, the Caisses aim mainly at satisfying their members' needs for mortgages and, to a lesser but growing degree, for consumer loans. Next, for the funds remaining after satisfying internal needs, the institution proceeds to some sort of secondary, medium-term intermediation, then preferring quasi-liquid and higher yielding bonds to reserves. On the liability side, the Caisses seem to set their rate on deposits on the basis of the one for chartered banks (price leadership) as well as on the basis of the most representative asset rates, i.e. the ones on consumer and mortgage loans. Finally, the public demand for the Caisses' deposits, is more a function of the borrowing privileges offered to the members than of the intrinsic competitive rate paid on them.

scholarly journals The Choice of Portfolio Based on the Theory of Cooperative Games and the Zeuthen’s and Harsany’s Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Anna Sroczyńska-Baron
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Games ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Know How ◽  
Suitable Tool ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Person Game

The theory of games as a domain of mathematics is one of the methods proper for making decisions in the world of economics when we do not know how the other subjects are going to act. It seems to be a suitable tool for gambling on the stock exchange. During gambling on the stock exchange, the problem of the choice of proper portfolio appears; the player wants both great profit and low risk. It is reasonable to limit the choice only to portfolios which belong to the effective set. Then the decision of choice of a particular portfolio is individual and depends on the player and his aversion to the risk. In this article this problem is presented as the game that is, the inner conflict of the player. On the one hand he is expecting a great profit, yet on the other hand he is expecting a low risk. Which portfolio should be pointed out to give the satisfaction to the player? The solution of this problem presented in this work is based on the theory of games, which treats the search for a proper portfolio as a two-person game. A suitable game was formulated and described. The analysis of the game as a cooperative one was performed. There is also an example provided explaining the way of acting with data coming from the stock exchange in Warsaw.

scholarly journals Income smoothing and market performance: empirical study on manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia stock exchange

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kencana Dewi ◽  
Mukhtaruddin ◽  
Iqbal Agung Prayudha
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Income Smoothing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Market Response ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Purposive Sampling

In the age of modern accounting, the era where income information is viewed to be no longer the main information that investor seeks, income smoothing is proven to be still existing. This study aims to find why income smoothing (IS) still exists in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) by analyzing its effect on the market performance (MP). The study divides MP into three perspectives: market response is representing current investor; market risk (MR) is representing potential investor; and market value (MV) is representing the management. Purposive sampling method is applied in this study and 65 companies are examined throughout 2011–2013.Using three models to analyze each of the relation, the results shows that IS only significantly affects the MP of companies in the aspect of market response, while the other aspects, MR and MV, yield insignificant results.

scholarly journals Fluxo de Capital Estrangeiro e Desempenho do Ibovespa

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Roberto Meurer
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
The United States ◽  
Country Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stock Index ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Domestic Companies

In this paper it is discussed and empirically tested the influence of foreign investors flow of resources on the Ibovespa index of the Sao Paulo Stock Exchange from January 1995 to july 2005. Other important variables are considered in the test, including a stock index of the United States, internal and external interest rates, the markets liquidity, exchange rate and country risk. The foreign influence is measured by the difference between the purchases and sells of foreign investors in the market of their participation in the Brazlian market capitalization. The effect of the inflow of resources was not detected straightly, but through an increase of the liquidity, what is compatible with the hypothesis that the foreign investors represent an increase of the base of stockholders of the domestic companies. The inflow of resources, on the other hand, anticipates the behavior of index. Country risk, exchange rate and liquidity of the market were important to explain variations of the Ibovespa.

scholarly journals FINANCIAL STABILITY AS A FINANCIAL SECURITY INDICATOR OF AN ENTERPRISE

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (39) ◽  
pp. 228-240
Author(s):  
N. Hrynyuk ◽  
L. Dokiienko ◽  
О. Nakonechna ◽  
І. Kreidych
Keyword(s):  
General Position ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Balance Sheet Liquidity ◽  
The One ◽  
Operating Activities

Abstract. The system diagnostics of enterprise financial security developed by the authors are based on taking into account the combined effect of the main elements of the financial stability management process. On the basis of the justification of the interdependence of the main components of an enterprise’s financial security (on the one hand, the types of financial stability and the liquidity of the balance sheet, on the other hand, their correlative effect on the level of financial security) the authors proposed a model for its evaluation. It has been proposed that the type of financial stability of an enterprise should be determined on the basis of the identification of the financial situation in accordance with the scale developed on the basis of the values of the main financial stability ratios. The type of liquidity on the balance sheet is based on a comparison of liquidity-based items of assets with maturities. The unified impact of types of financial stability and balance sheet liquidity on the level of financial security became the basis for the development a matrix for diagnostics the general position of financial security of the enterprise. Based on the established relationship between the degrees of financial stability and liquidity of an enterprise on the one hand, and the level of financial security of operating activities on the other, a model has been developed to assess the level of financial security of the enterprise’s operating activities. It has been proposed that the financial stability and liquidity of an enterprise should be determined on the basis of a three-tiered indicator by classifying financial situations within the established indicator scale: depending on the priority of selecting funds to finance the tangible portion of a negotiable asset and the sufficiency and composition of a negotiable asset to meet current liabilities. On this basis, a diagnostic matrix of the financial security position of the enterprise’s operational activities has been developed. The interconnection of the positions of the financial security of the enterprise and the unification of its level enabled the authors to develop a matrix of zones of the general position of the financial security of an enterprise where, depending on the combination of financial security levels, zones are distinguished from absolute financial security to financial danger. The testing of each element of the proposed enterprise financial security diagnostic’s system on the materials of a selected group of enterprises of the oil-and-fat industry confirms the practical significance of the developed tools in the process of managing their general financial security. Keywords: financial security, financial security level, financial security position, financial security of operating activities, financial stability, liquidity, oil-and-fat enterprises. JEL Classification G30, M20, Q14 Formulas: 14; fig.:5; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 22.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document