scholarly journals The Common Soldier in Rebel Armies: An Introduction

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
Marjolein 't Hart
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Manual Labour ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Military

With the following two contributions the International Review of Social History hopes to focus scholarly attention on a rather neglected theme: the labour conditions of the ordinary foot soldiers in rebel armed forces. Although quite disparate in time, social setting, and method, both articles deal with the position and circumstances of common soldiers; both study these soldiers during a period of civil war; and both deal with rebel forces that were ultimately to emerge victorious and eventually be transformed into a regular army. Erik Swart's contribution on the soldiers in the army of the northern Netherlands is set in the late sixteenth century, just after the start of Holland's war of independence. Within a couple of years, the military underwent a comprehensive process of professionalization. The consequences for ordinary soldiers were far reaching: lower wages, fewer privileges, fewer rights, and an obligation to carry out digging work and other forms of manual labour. By contrast, their predecessors (the Landsknechts) had enjoyed a significantly higher status, with a system of organization not much different from that of nineteenth-century trade unions.

Merchants and Society in Tokugawa Japan

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-488
Author(s):  
Charles D. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Common People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tokugawa Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Military

Merchants in the Tokugawa period were placed at the bottom of the shinōkōshō hierarchy of samurai-peasants-artisans-merchants. This social hierarchy was produced by a combination of social reality at the time Japan was unified in the late sixteenth century and an ancient Chinese physiocratic theory, never taken very seriously, in practical ways, in China. Once the country was unified, the social mobility of the previous years, of a kind which permitted men of ability to climb from the lowest ranks to join the military nobility—Hideyoshi is the prime example of this mobility—was viewed, by Hideyoshi above all others, as a cause of prolonged chaos and internecine warfare. With the argument that war had been abolished and common people therefore no longer needed weapons, Hideyoshi carried out his ‘sword-hunt’. He thus established the most fundamental of the class distinctions, between the samurai, the ruling class, who now enjoyed a monopoly of bearing arms, and the common people, who were henceforth expected simply to produce the food and other necessities of life, and to pay their taxes, which remained high even though warfare was supposedly ended.

A Nation of Warriors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy Pichichero
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cultural Imaginary ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Military

This increasing care for and recognition of the common soldier set the stage for the new patriotic and heroic ideologies explored in chapter four. In this, neither social status nor simply winning battles were sufficient and the heroism of the monarch and aristocratic warriors came under scrutiny. New faces came to populate a democratizing heroic imaginary – those ofcommon soldiers and non-commissioned officers – and their acts were increasingly told through various secular and popular artistic media. Novels, plays, and military writings championed the patriotic military fervor and potential for heroism of different social groups: common men of the Third Estate, French women, foreigners serving in the French armed forces, and religious and ethnic “Others” allied with the French. These new heroes and heroines were recognized in the cultural imaginary and, to some extent, in practice as members of the military moved to protect, acknowledge, and reward them for their service.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING THE MILITARY HISTORY OF THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 568-574
Author(s):  
M.B. Magulov
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

This article examines the historical and military-historical research of Soviet, Kazakh and Russian scientists, the history of the creation of the armed forces on the territory of Kazakhstan, their formation and development. In Soviet historiography, the development of all national republics, especially their military history, was interpreted through the prism of the history of Russia or the Russian people. For many years, materials from this period (from the beginning of the 20th century until the collapse of the USSR) were not covered in the historical literature. For ideological reasons, the colonial policy of the Russian Empire was hushed up, especially during the First World War, when the "eastern aliens" were not drafted into the regular army, were used only in rear work, because the ruling elite did not trust them with weapons. This period has now begun to be viewed in a different way on the basis of new sources and began to acquire new content. At the same time, the author is guided by such a principle of scientific knowledge as historicism, consistency, comparatively comparable analysis and generalization.

Merchants and Society in Tokugawa Japan

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Common People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tokugawa Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Military

Merchants in the Tokugawa period were placed at the bottom of the shinōkōshōhierarchy of samurai-peasants-artisans-merchants. This social hierarchy was produced by a combination of social reality at the time Japan was unified in the late sixteenth century and an ancient Chinese physiocratic theory, never taken very seriously, in practical ways, in China. Once the country was unified, the social mobility of the previous years, of a kind which permitted men of ability to climb from the lowest ranks to join the military nobility—Hideyoshi is the prime example of this mobility—was viewed, by Hideyoshi above all others, as a cause of prolonged chaos and internecine warfare. With the argument that war had been abolished and common people therefore no longer needed weapons, Hideyoshi carried out his ‘sword-hunt’. He thus established the most fundamental of the class distinctions, between the samurai, the ruling class, who now enjoyed a monopoly of bearing arms, and the common people, who were henceforth expected simply to produce the food and other necessities of life, and to pay their taxes, which remained high even though warfare was supposedly ended.

scholarly journals Injury Pattern among Armed Forces Personnel during Military Activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Mohammed Sharfaraz Hyder ◽  
Farzana Zafreen ◽  
Khandaker Rokshana Akhter ◽  
Abu Noman Mohammed Moshleh Uddin ◽  
Md Abdul Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Common ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
Army Personnel ◽  
The Military ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Introduction: Physical training and physical fitness are required to accomplish military missions. Injuries have a great impact on the health and readiness of the military personnel than any other category of medical complaint. Objective: To find out the common types of injuries, causes of injury and place of occurrence among the Bangladesh Armed Forces personnel during their military activities. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out during the period of March to June 2012. A total of 101 serving Armed Forces Personnel who had injured during military activities and received indoor treatment from orthopedic, surgery, neurosurgery and officers’ ward of CMH, Dhaka were selected. Data were collected in a semi-structured questionnaire through face to face interview. Results: The mean age of the study populations were 31.69 ± 6.7 years and ranged from 18 to 45 years. Among the cases, 83.2% were Army personnel, 9.9% were Navy and 6.9% were from Air Force. Most of the affected cases (55.5%) belonged to fighting arms, 19.8% from support arms and 5.0% from services arms. Maximum (26.7%) cases suffered from knee injury followed by 23.8% vertebral column related injury and 11.9% lower leg injury. Maximum (40.6%) cases sustained injury in training ground followed by 29.7% in the sports ground and 6.9% in operation area. Conclusion: Injury is one of the major causes of morbidity among the members of Armed Forces. Careful study and analysis on training and operational activities of Armed Forces Personnel definitely will explore new dimension to prevent and combat this preventable health burden. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14 (1) 2018: 69-72

scholarly journals Unifikacja i kodyfikacja wojskowej procedury karnej w II Rzeczypospolitej

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-173
Author(s):  
Tomasz Szczygieł
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Military Justice ◽  
The Common ◽  
Prior Experiences ◽  
The Military ◽  
Made In

Numerous changes were made in the Polish legal system in the interwar period. Not only did the unification and codification of common law take place but also of the regulations present in the court-martial. However, the court-martial regulations were compiled in a completely different way. The Codification Commission was not concerned in the issue at all. All of the unification and codification work in the armed forces was completed atthe Ministry of Military Affairs. Since the very beginning of the Polish Republic, there was awareness that one of the priorities of the forming army was the need to unify the military criminal procedure. This goal was achieved relatively fast as it was finished by the mid-1920s. It was possible due to the limitation of doctrinal discussions and due to the involvement of a small circle of military attorneys in the process. The criminal procedure of the Austrian military from 1912 was adopted as the unification solution after it was appropriately adjusted to the realities of the system and to the organization of the Polish army. The codification of the military criminal procedure did not take place until the mid- 30s of the 20th century. The development of the code was entrusted to Colonel Marian Buszyński from the Department of Justice of the Ministry of Military Affairs. He prepared the code of military criminal procedure in 1936. It combined the prior experiences of the military justice with the model of the criminal procedure present in common courts. Despite the indubitable similarities with the common criminal procedure, the military code was an original work. It included numerous and distinct legal solutions. Among them were both the ones which were completely different from the civilian procedure due to the specificity of the army as well as the solutions which functioned previously only in the sphere of doctrinal discussions.

scholarly journals Western European Military Practices and Technologies in Ukraine in XVIII Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 183-202
Author(s):  
Oleksii Sokyrko
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
Western European ◽  
Military Revolution ◽  
Military Innovations ◽  
Technical Capacity ◽  
The Military

The “Military Revolution”, which became a concentrated manifestation of Europe’s political leadership during the XVIIth – XVIIIth centuries, produced new realities in the military sphere: regular armies, subordinated and held by centralized states, unified arms and clothing, division into types of military forces, special drill and education for soldiers and officers. Leadership in military technology consisted of fortifications and artillery that developed in the direction of increasing technical capacity, unification and standardization of new weapons. New approaches to the organization of the armed forces changed the character of wars. If in the XVIIth century East and West of Europe had a kind of parity in their military achievements and technologies, then in the XVIIIth century it finally moved to the West. In this context, an important issue is how Western European achievements were spread in Ukraine, in particular the Cossack Hetmanate, whose military-political model was clearly structured for military purposes. The analysis of these influences and borrowings shows that they were heterogeneous in nature. In the Cossack army, elements of the regular troop duty and sentry service and even drill instructions were gradually being appeared. The Cossack starshyna (officials) faced with the practice of the regular army during the Russian imperial wars. However, all these influences were episodic and spontaneous, without changing the essence of the military institutions of the Hetmanate. In artillery, technical innovations were implemented more actively, but were hampered by lack of funding. In the fortification area, the control of which was completely transferred to imperial power, Western technologies and specialists, were used by metropolitan power in their own defensive projects. It is significant that the acquaintance and borrowing of any military innovations in the XVIIIth century occurred almost exclusively through Russian mediation. This tendency was fully in line with the gradual loss of the Hetmanate’s sovereignty, the destruction of its army.

scholarly journals Struggle for Liberation of the Peoples of Yugoslavia (Belgrade Operation)

2015 ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
N. F. Azyasskiy
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Common Enemy ◽  
The World ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Balance Of Forces ◽  
The Military

In the military history of our homeland many memorable important dates leading up to the final victory over fascism are forever imprinted. One of these dates is October 20, 1944, the day of the liberation of Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia, and the day of completion of the Belgrade operation. This operation was of special significance for the peoples of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. It symbolized the military cooperation of the two countries, which at the most difficult times in their history have always been in the same ranks in the struggle against the common enemy. The Red Army and the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) were actively joined by the troops of the Fatherland Front of Bulgaria. Given the importance of preserving the memory for the present and future generations an example of joint struggle of our people against the common enemy it is necessary to recall the Belgrade offensive in 1944, as one of the most important events in the history of the World War II. Despite the fact that this topic was thoroughly researched in the Soviet and Yugoslav literature there are still contradictory assessments of combat and the strength of the Soviet Armed Forces groups, groups of interacting forces, the balance of forces involved in the operation. The results of the study of the experience of the offensive in the conditions of the Balkan region can be used for comprehensive training of troops, as the region is a source of international tension, both in Europe and in the world as a whole.

scholarly journals Images of Suspicion: Surveillance Photos in the Brazilian Political Police Archives

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-82
Author(s):  
Mauricio Lissovsky ◽  
Teresa Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Political Prisoners ◽  
Student Movements ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Surveillance Camera ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Military

Between its foundation under President Vargas in the 1930s until its closure with the end of the Military Dictatorship in 1983, the Brazilian Political Police Archive accumulated more than one hundred thousand photographs, These pictures, now held in the collections of the State Archive of Rio de Janeiro are almost entirely unknown. Despite the big differences between the various governments and regimes of its fifty years of existence, the common objects of surveillance by the police remained remarkably constant: trade unions, political parties, cultural associations, women’s movements, student movements, anarchists, communists and terrorists. Foreigners, including diplomats, whose activities raised suspicion of espionage or subversion were also kept a watchful eye on. The contemporary surveillance camera has its signature in the wide-angle plongée machinic abstract style, but in the files of the political police, the watchers are always finding ways to leave traces of their own performances as spies. Agamben’s ideas help us to create, in this exploratory essay, a dialogic link between the booking photographs taken of the political prisoners and the spy photographs of the usual suspects. In this sense, these images of suspicion testify not only to the “facts” or “feats” of those men and women under observation. In the trail left by these old photographs we can still hear the steps that once choreographed the ballet of surveillance, a strange pas-de-deux that found, in the interstice of the photographic act, a place for authorship.

Warfare and Military Organizations

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford J. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Archival Studies ◽  
Military Organizations ◽  
Military Revolution ◽  
The Military

Throughout the period c. 1350–1650, warfare was endemic in European society, and most rulers and members of the political elite were deeply involved with the maintenance and use of armies and navies. Wars and the development of the “military art” (tactics, strategy, and other aspects of the conduct of war) are interesting subjects for historical inquiry in their own right. But since the mid–20th century students of warfare and military organizations, reflecting broader trends in the discipline of history, have tended to focus less on the details of fighting than on the social history of those who served in the armed forces (a large and relatively well-documented population). Archival studies, drawing on voluminous administrative records, have provided masses of information about topics such as recruitment, supply, soldiers’ living conditions and social backgrounds, and structures of command and control. Since 1956 much of this work has been tied in one way or another to a grand debate about a “Military Revolution” in the Reformation period. Some see this Military Revolution as resulting from technical-tactical change (particularly the rising importance of gunpowder weapons, both handguns and artillery, and then the new style of fortifications developed to resist cannon) and leading to major political and social changes, particularly linked to the rise of the modern state structure. This is true both of broad surveys and of the extensive literature on the development of the various national armed forces of Europe within the period.

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