L'Eviction des Sēfuwa du Kānem et l'origine des Bulāla

1982 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dierk Lange
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
The West ◽  
Lake Chad ◽  
Border States ◽  
Sedentary Population ◽  
The People ◽  
In The Beginning

The Sēfuwa dynasty seized power in Kānem around 1075, but it was only in the beginning of the thirteenth century that the rulers of Kānem were able to extend their authority over Bornū. Prior to this move small groups of Saharan speakers had already established themselves among the Chadic speakers of the Komadugu Yobe valley. Towards the end of the reign of Dūnama Dībalāmi (c. 1210–48) the court of the Sēfuwa itself was shifted to Bornū, mainly as a result of disturbances in Kānem. Indeed, according to oral traditions of the sixteenth century, the Tubu, in alliance with certain members of the Sēfuwa aristocracy, staged a major rebellion against the central government, apparently attempting to resist the strict application of Islamic principles of government by Dūnama Dībalāmi. Towards the end of the thirteenth century powerful rulers were again able to establish the authority of the Sēfuwa on firm grounds: in the east, even on the fringes of Kānem, they brought the situation under strict control and in the west they extended – or confirmed – the political influence of the Sēfuwa dynasty over the focal points of interregional trade which began to rise in Hausaland. Thus Bornū became the central province of the Sēfuwa Empire in spite of the fact that several kings continued to reside temporarily in the old capital of Djīmī situated in Kānem. This major shift of their territorial basis affected the position of the Sēfuwa in their original homelands. Written sources from the end of the fourteenth century show that the increasing involvement of the Sēfuwa in Bornū and its western border states must have changed their attitude towards the people living east of Lake Chad: after having acquired the character of an autochthonous (or national) dynasty of Kānem – in spite of their foreign origin – the Sēfuwa progressively became an alien power in this major Sudanic state, even though the people of Kānem and Bornū were closely related. Furthermore, the rise of a powerful kingdom in the area of Lake Fitrī under the rule of the Bulāla became a serious threat to the Sēfuwa in their original homelands as the warrior aristocracy of the Bulāla state – which must have been of Kanembu origin – remained closely connected with the sedentary population of Kānem. When finally during the reign of 'Umar b. Idrīs (c. 1382–7), the Sēfuwa were forced by the Bulāla to withdraw their forces from Kānem, this territorial loss did not affect the future development of the Empire to the extent that has formerly been supposed, since losses in the east were largely compensated by earlier gains in the west.

scholarly journals PERAN BANGSA HADRAMAUT DALAM ISLAMISASI DI PANTAI BARAT KALIMANTAN

Jurnal Dakwah ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Abu Bakar Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Complete Data ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
The West ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning

This research seeks to find the Hadramaut Nation’s roles in the process of Islamic development in the area. The history of their arrival and trace in this context needs to be found to support the argumentation of the research results. Academically this research reinforces the theory of Hadrami's Islamization building in Indonesia. The discipline of history through interpretive methodologies and stages of research methods is used to uncover the above problems. Historical literature and field studies are combined to obtain complete data to complete the results of the research. The process gave the result that Hadrami began in the beginning of the XVIII century involved in the Islamization starting from Matan, continuing to Mempawah, Kubu, and Pontianak. They carry out this role by building the country, government and propaganda in the community. The Ahlu Sunnah wal Jamaah Islam and the Shafi'iyah school were found as Islamic buildings introduced on the West Coast of Kalimantan. Their footprint is also evidenced by the findings of their graves in a number of areas whose existence also lives in the oral traditions of the local community.Peranan Bangsa Hadramaut sebagai suatu kesatuan etnis dalam islamisasi di Pantai Barat Kalimantan dinilai belum peroleh perhatian memadai dari kalangan akademisi. Penelitian ini berusaha menemukan peranan mereka dalam proses persebaran Islam yang dilakukan melalui kekuasaan di daerah tersebut. Secara akademis penelitian ini menguatkan bangunan teori islamisasi Hadrami di Indonesia. Disiplin ilmu sejarah melalui metodologi interpretatif dan tahapan metode penelitian digunakan untuk mengungkap masalah di atas. Literature sejarah dan studi lapangan dipadukan untuk memperoleh data yang lengkap guna menuntaskan hasil penelitian. Proses tersebut memberikan hasil bahwa Hadrami mulai awal abad ke XVIII terlibat dalam islamisasi mulai dari Matan, berlanjut ke Mempawah, Kubu, dan Pontianak. Mereka melakukan peran tersebut dengan membangun negeri dan pemerintahan yang di dalamnya diserukan dakwah. Islam Ahlu Sunnah wal Jamaah dan mazhab Syafi`iyah ditemukan sebagai bangunan Islam yang diperkenalkan di Pantai Barat Kalimantan. Jejak mereka turut dibuktikan dengan temuan makam mereka di sejumlah daerah yang keberadaannya juga hidup dalam tradisi lisan.   

Sangalan Oral Traditions as Philosophy and Ideologies

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 239-267
Author(s):  
Mohamed Saidou N'Daou
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Guinean Coast ◽  
The People ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Ethnic Subgroups

Sangalan is located in northeast Guinea in the région of MaliYambering. It was a federation of groups of villages, consisting of three taane (kafo in Malinke, districts or groups of villages): Dombiya, Uyukha, and Djulabaya. To these three taane correspond three ethnic subgroups, the Dombiyanne, Uyukhanne, and Djulabayanne. The Dombiyanne were mostly the Keita families; the Uyukhanne the Camara; and the Djulabayanne the Nyakhasso. The people of Sangalan are Dialonka—those living in Sangalan are called the Sangalanka. They are originally all from Dialonkadougou, at first a province of the Soso empire founded and ruled by Sumanguru Kante, and later a province of the empire of Mali, created by Sundiata Keita in the thirteenth century. The Sangalanka call themselves “Sosoe Forine” (Old Sosoe), the Sosoe who lived on the high mountains (dialon) of both the Soso and Manden empires. They call the other Sosoe, living along the Guinean coast, Bani Sosone (Sosoe of the Coast, near the water). The Soso Forine and Bani Sosone lived in the Futa Jallon and were driven away by the Fulani invaders in the eighteenth century.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Politik Dalam Birokrasi Pemerintahan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bambang Agus Diana
Keyword(s):  
Public Management ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Government Bureaucracy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Service Need

 Public Management is a management organization that is formed to achieve goals by coordinating the various interests of many people in a system and administrative pattern. So bureaucratic organizations are activities that require close coordination of activities involving a large number of people and are very structured in the process of implementing government. Increased bureaucracy must be supported by the people above who run the government and not only on the system, as well as any system or rules that are made, if only the people who run the system do not have the ability, and are consistent with their work or devices will be as expected. The public view, bureaucracy is closely related to the problem of service, orderly, systematic, both from the central government to the village level government. The real purpose of bureaucracy is that every public service need can be resolved quickly. Increasing government bureaucracy must be created through healthy apparatus both physically and spiritually (morality). The hope of the community for the bureaucracy is served well and quickly, without convolution with good service, it will accelerate the realization of the goals and aspirations of the people. Politics is an instrument for realizing community goals, namely through government bureaucracy, which results from the political process. The purpose of this paper is to provide a view of the political influence of reforming government bureaucracy. The conclusion is that if public services can be done well through government bureaucracy, then that must be the condition of the implementing government apparatus in addition to having human resources that are in accordance with a morally healthy body. 

Main Forms of Propagandistic Activities of the Right-Wing Parties (1904–1914)

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 656-676
Author(s):  
Igor V. Omeliyanchuk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the main forms and methods of agitation and propagandistic activities of monarchic parties in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century. Among them the author singles out such ones as periodical press, publication of books, brochures and flyers, organization of manifestations, religious processions, public prayers and funeral services, sending deputations to the monarch, organization of public lectures and readings for the people, as well as various philanthropic events. Using various forms of propagandistic activities the monarchists aspired to embrace all social groups and classes of the population in order to organize all-class and all-estate political movement in support of the autocracy. While they gained certain success in promoting their ideology, the Rights, nevertheless, lost to their adversaries from the radical opposition camp, as the monarchists constrained by their conservative ideology, could not promise immediate social and political changes to the population, and that fact was excessively used by their opponents. Moreover, the ideological paradigm of the Right camp expressed in the “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality” formula no longer agreed with the social and economic realities of Russia due to modernization processes that were underway in the country from the middle of the 19th century.

Expansion of borders in the Kurdistan region and local and regional positions

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Harith Qahtan Abdullah ◽  
Abbas Fadel Atwan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
War On Terrorism ◽  
National State ◽  
The Face ◽  
In The Beginning

The borders of Kurdistan represent an important point in Kurdish thought. They represent the hope of establishing their national state. The circumstances of the war on terrorism in Iraq and Syria have led to the emergence of what is known as a "propaganda" and the formation of a global front in its struggle. And with the signs of the collapse of the Syrian state and the weakness of the Iraqi state in the face of the "dashing" in the beginning. These circumstances led to the emergence of the role of the Kurdistan region in the confrontation "ISIS" and maintain the administrative border in the three provinces of Kurdistan in addition to the province of Kirkuk. That the circumstances of the war on terrorism created new international conditions on the Middle East arena, which will generate many problems between the Kurdistan region and the central government of Baghdad, as well as other problems between the region, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The war on terrorism has made countries free to fight the opposition groups under the name Terrorism by their classification. The Turkish side is fighting the PKK within the borders of the Kurdistan region, and this war can develop in a post-"warlike" phase. The war in Syria is also contradictory to vision and not resolved to a specific side and Iran's position on developments is encouraging.

Growing Coconut Palms in the Pacific Islands: Colliding Knowledge and Values

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
Experiential Knowledge ◽  
The West ◽  
Passive Resistance ◽  
The People ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Tropical Pacific

Coconuts provided commodities for the West in the form of coconut oil and copra. Once colonial governments established control of the tropical Pacific Islands, they needed revenue so urged European settlers to establish coconut plantations. For some decades most copra came from Indigenous growers. Administrations constantly urged the people to thin old groves and plant new ones like plantations, in grid patterns, regularly spaced and weeded. Local growers were instructed to collect all fallen coconuts for copra from their groves. For half a century, the administrations’ requirements met with Indigenous passive resistance. This paper examines the underlying reasons for this, elucidating Indigenous ecological and social values, based on experiential knowledge, knowledge that clashed with Western scientific values.

Ayurveda and Communicable Diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok G. Naikar ◽  
Ganapathi Rao ◽  
Panchal Vinayak J.
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
World View ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Practical Aspect ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Local Health ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Pertinent Question ◽  
Cultural Domination

Indian medical heritage flows in two distinctive but mutually complimenting streams. The oral tradition being followed by millions of housewives and thousands of local health practitioners is the practical aspect of codified streams such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani. These oral traditions are head based and take care of the basic health needs of the people using immediately available local resources. Majority of these are plant based remedies, supplemented by animal and mineral products. Many of the practices followed by these local streams can be understood and evaluated by the codified stream such as Ayurveda. These streams are not static, historical scrutiny of their evolution shows the enriching phenomena at all times. Thus we have more than 7000 species of higher and lower plants and hundreds of minerals and animal product used in local health tradition to manage hundreds of disease conditions. A pertinent question that arises here is that in which basis these systems got enriched. Is it just trial error method over a point of time which gave rise to this rich tradition, is it an intuitive knowledge born out of close association with nature. One of the reasons for this attitude can be, that one is always made to believe that the science means that which can be explained by western models of logic and epistemology. The world view being developed and adopted by the dominant western scientific paradigm never fits in to the world view being followed and practiced by the indigenous traditions. This is well accepted by us due to the last 200 yrs of political and cultural domination by western and other alien forces.

The Meritocratization of Civil Society

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Bovens ◽  
Anchrit Wille
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
Interest Representation ◽  
The People ◽  
Professional Advocacy ◽  
Education Gap

Civil society organizations are, if not schools, at least pools of democracy. In the ‘third sector’, too, active engagement and participation ‘by the people’ have given way to meritocracy, or, in other words, to rule by the well-educated. Many popularly rooted mass organizations have witnessed a decline in membership and political influence. Their role as intermediary between politics and society has been taken over by professionally managed advocacy groups that operate with university educated public affairs consultants. First, the chapter describes the associational revolution, the enormous increase in the number of civil society organizations. Then it in analyses the education gap in membership and the shift from large membership organizations to lean professional advocacy groups, which has occurred over the past three decades. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the net effect of this meritocratization of civil society for political participation and interest representation.

scholarly journals “We have never been public:” Continuity and change in the policy production of “the public” in education in England

2021 ◽  
pp. 147490412199047
Author(s):  
Matthew Clarke ◽  
Martin Mills
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Progressive Education ◽  
Central Government ◽  
First Century ◽  
Government Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The People ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Education And Society

Recent educational reforms in England have sought to reshape public education by extending central government control of curriculum and assessment, while replacing local government control of schools with a quasi-private system of academies and multi academy trusts. In this paper, we resist reading this as the latest iteration of the debate between “traditional” and “progressive” education. Instead, we note how, despite the mobilisation of the rhetoric of the public and public education, schooling in England has never been public in any deeply meaningful sense. We develop a genealogical reading of public education in England, in which ideas of British universalism – “the public” – and inequality and exclusion in education and society have not been opposed but have gone hand-in-hand. This raises the question whether it is possible to envisage and enact another form of collective – one that is based on action rather than fantasy and that is co-authored by, comprising, and exists for, the people. The final part of this paper seeks to grapple with this challenge, in the context of past, present and future potential developments in education, and to consider possibilities for the imaginary reconstitution of public education in England in the twenty-first century.

Church and State in the Byzantine Empire: A Reconsideration of The Problem of Caesaropapism

1965 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deno J. Geanakoplos
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
The West ◽  
Latin West

In the medieval theocratic societies of both the Byzantine East and the Latin West, where the influence of Christian precepts so strongly pervaded all aspects of life, it was inevitable that the institutions of church and state, of sacerdotium and regnum to use the traditional Latin terms, be closely tied to one another. But whereas in the West, at least after the investiture conflict of the eleventh century, the pope managed to exert a strong political influence over secular rulers, notably the Holy Roman Emperor, in the East, from the very foundation of Constantinople in the fourth century, the Byzantine emperor seemed clearly to dominate over his chief ecclesiastical official, the patriarch.

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