Observations on the Mineral Metabolism of Pullets

1933 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Common

1. Previous observations on the calcium and phosphorus metabolism of the pullet are confirmed.2. Calcium and phosphorus retention are shown to be related to the amount of sodium chloride in the food.3. The extra phosphorus excretion which accompanies egg laying involves no marked concomitant change of the amount of potassium in the droppings. Small concomitant increases in the sodium in the droppings were observed where the food contained only small amounts of sodium and chloride; potassium retention was observed on the succeeding day in every case but one.

1936 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Common

1. Where heavy phosphorus excretion accompanies egg laying in the pullet the excretion of ammonia nitrogen is simultaneously increased. It is probable that this indicates an excretion of excess phosphate in the urine as ammonium phosphate.2. It is shown that heavy phosphorus excretion does not accompany egg laying provided the calcium carbonate intake is sufficiently high.3. The origin of the excess of phosphorus excretion is discussed in relation to calcium-phosphorus metabolism.4. Pullets on a ration containing 5 per cent, calcium carbonate laid eggs containing a higher percentage of P2O5 than pullets receiving a similar ration but from which the calcium carbonate supplement was omitted.5. Some evidence is put forward in support of the view that current standards pitch the requirements of digestible protein for egg production at too high a level.


1948 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Common ◽  
W. A. Rutledge ◽  
R. W. Hale

SUMMARY1. Sexually immature White Wyandotte pullets have been treated with gonadal hormones with the object of simulating those changes in calcium and phosphorus metabolism which normally take place during the fortnight or so before laying begins.2. It is shown that certain treatments of the sexually immature pullet with oestradiol dipropionate evoked hypertrophy of the oviduct and changes in blood calcium and phosphorus similar to those encountered in the normal laying pullet, but did not produce any significant increase in the rate of calcium or phosphorus retention.


Author(s):  
Г.В. УЛИВАНОВА ◽  
О.А. ФЕДОСОВА ◽  
О.А. КАРЕЛИНА ◽  
В.В. КУЛАКОВ ◽  
И.Ю. БЫСТРОВА

Проблема и цель. Целью настоящего исследования является анализ состояния обмена кальция и фосфора в организме оперированных бычков при разных типах кормления. Методология. Для изучения процессов минерального обмена в организме животных было проведено исследование методом латинского квадрата с использованием приемов экспериментальной хирургии, в частности, установки фистулы рубца и кишечного анастомоза. Были изучены такие показатели как поедаемость кормов рациона, содержание изучаемых минеральных веществ и их соотношений в исходном сырье, кормах, дуоденальном химусе, кале, моче, крови, а также количество потребленных, усвоенных и использованных минеральных веществ, в частности, кальция и фосфора. Результаты. В ходе исследования было отмечено резкое снижение кальция и фосфора в растительном сырье и кормах, заготовленных на более поздней стадии вегетации, а также более низкий уровень поедаемости подобных кормов, что приводит к снижению концентрации данных веществ в рационе и в организме животных. Анализ метаболизма изучаемых минеральных веществ выявил, что коэффициент усвоения фосфора во всех случаях был достоверно выше коэффициента усвоения кальция. Наблюдалось снижение коэффициента усвоения фосфора у бычков в группах, получавших корма, приготовленные на более поздней стадии вегетации. Кроме того, коэффициент усвоения фосфора в группах, получавших силос, был выше, чем в группах, получавших сенаж. В случае с кальцием такой четкой зависимости выявлено не было, но и в этом случае прослеживалась тенденция относительного увеличения коэффициента усвоения у животных в группах, использовавших силосные рационы. Анализ содержания фосфора в крови показал повышение его концентрации при использовании силосных рационов, что объясняется активизацией процессов межуточного обмена. Заключение. Результаты исследования показали, что метаболизм кальция и фосфора в организме зависит от целого ряда факторов, и для правильной корректировки рационов с целью повышения эффективности их использования необходим комплексный анализ их состава и структуры. Problem and purpose. The purpose of this study was to analyze the state of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the organism of operated bulls with diferent types of feeding.Methodology. To study the processes of mineral metabolism in animals, an investigation was carried out using the Latin square method using the techniques of experimental surgery, in particular, the installation of a scar fstula and intestinal anastomosis. The following parameters were studied: the feed intake of the diet, the content of the studied minerals and their ratios in the initial raw materials, feed, duodenal chyme, feces, urine, blood, as well as the amount of consumed, assimilated and used minerals, in particular calcium and phosphorus. Results. In the course of the study, a sharp decrease in calcium and phosphorus in plant materials and feeds prepared at a later stage of the growing season was noted, as well as a lower level of consumption of such feeds, which led to a decrease in the concentration of these substances in the diet and in animals. The analysis of the metabolism of the studied mineral substances revealed that the coefcient of phosphorus absorption in all cases was signifcantly higher than the coefcient of calcium absorption. There was a decrease in the coefcient of phosphorus assimilation in bulls in the groups that received feed prepared at a later stage of the growing season. In addition, the phosphorus absorption rate in the silage-fed groups was higher than that in the haylage-fed groups. In the case of calcium, such a clear relationship was not revealed, but in this case, there was also a tendency towards a relative increase in the absorption coefcient in animals in the groups that used silage rations. Analysis of the phosphorus content in the blood showed an increase in its concentration when using silage rations, which was explained by the activation of the processes of interstitial metabolism. Conclusion. The results of the study showed that the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body depends on a number of factors, and a comprehensive analysis of their composition and structure is required for the correct adjustment of diets in order to increase the efciency of their use.


Rangifer ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Moen ◽  
John Pastor

We added antler growth and mineral metabolism modules to a previously developed energetics model for ruminants to simulate energy and mineral balance of male and female caribou throughout an annual cycle. Body watet, fat, protein, and ash are monitored on a daily time step, and energy costs associated with reproduction and body mass changes are simulated. In order to simulate antler growth, we had to predict calcium and phosphorus metabolism as it is affected by antler growth, gestation, and lactation. We used data on dietary digestibility, protein, calcium and phosphorus content, and seasonal patterns in body mass to predict the energy, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus balances of a "generic" male and female caribou. Antler growth in males increased energy requirements during antler growth by 8 to 16%, depending on the efficiency with which energy was used for antler growth. Female energy requirements for antler growth were proportionately much smaller because of the smaller size of female antlers. Protein requirements for antler growth in both males and females were met by forage intake. Calcium and phosphorus must be resorbed from bone during peak antler growth in males, when > 25 g/day of calcium and > 12 g/day of phosphorus are being deposited in antlers. Females are capable of meeting calcium needs during antler growth without bone resorption, but phosphorus was resorbed from bone during the final stages of antler mineralization. After energy, phosphorus was most likely to limit growth of antlers for both males and females in our simulations. Input parameters can be easily changed to represent caribou from specific geographic regions in which dietary nutrient content or body mass patterns differ from those in our "generic" caribou. The model can be used to quantitatively analyze the evolutionary basis for development of antlers in female caribou, and the relationship between body mass and antler size in the Cervidae.


2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Stanislavovna Biragova ◽  
Svetlana Alexandrovna Gracheva ◽  
Sergey Andreevich Martynov

Disturbance of bone and mineral metabolism (BMM) is one of manifestations of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but its significance goes beyond bone disorders per se. Current discourse is as broad as to include vascular calcification, anemia and arterial hypertension, - conditions increasing mortality in patients with CKD. In this regard the active search for and development of novel approach to correction of BMM is under way. Apart from capacity to normalize calcium and phosphorus metabolism, parathyroid hormone secretion and to reduce morphologic alterations of bone tissue, modern therapeutic agents feature cardio- and renoprotective capabilities, which make them a treatment of choice for compromised BMM in CKD.


Author(s):  
L. P. Kiselnikova ◽  
I. A. Alekseeva ◽  
I. G. Danilova ◽  
L. A. Kaminskaya

Relevance. The article presents the current data on the impact of calcium and phosphorus metabolism on the development of demineralized enamel areas in adolescents. The level of vitamin D3, osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in mixed saliva appeared to reflect the risk of the cariogenic situation in the oral cavity and the risk of enamel demineralization development, which are relevant in pediatric dentistry. Purpose – to reveal the relationship between the localized enamel demineralization and the calcium and phosphorus metabolism in teenagers.Materials and methods. In 45 adolescents, the study examined the vulnerability of hard dental tissues, including initial lesions and the mixed saliva mineral metabolism in teenagers. We formed the following groups to study the caries intensity level. Group 1 consisted of 12 adolescents with a DMF index of 3.8. 11 adolescents comprised group 2 and 11 adolescents – group 3 with DMF indices of 4.9 and 6.8, respectively; group 4 contained adolescents without caries.Results. The analysis of caries intensity and permanent enamel demineralization areas in adolescents and the main markers of mixed saliva mineralization revealed a correlation between the activity of the initial carious lesions and the calcium and phosphate metabolism.Conclusions. Evaluating the principal markers of calcium and phosphorus metabolism is relevant for the risk assessment of the cariogenic situation or enamel demineralization development in adolescents and preventive treatment planning.


1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (5) ◽  
pp. 833-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Guroff ◽  
Hector F. DeLuca ◽  
Harry Steenbock

Pantothenic acid and pyridoxine deficiencies in rats greatly minimized the rise in serum citrate following vitamin D administration without affecting the rise in serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and femur ash. In addition, pyridoxine deficiency reduced the response of bone citrate to the administration of vitamin D. The administration of cortisone acetate to rats on a low-calcium diet completely prevented the response of serum and bone citrate to vitamin D administration while having no effect on the response of serum calcium to vitamin D. These findings make it unlikely that an elevated citrate content of extracellular fluid and bone mediates the basic effects of vitamin D on mineral metabolism.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Marina A. Berkovskaya ◽  
Dana A. Kushkhanashkhova ◽  
Yulia P. Sych ◽  
Valentin V. Fadeev

This article provides a review of current literature on the effect of various doses of vitamin D on the parameters of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in patients after bariatric surgery. The decrease of bone mineral density is one of the most frequent complications of the bariatric surgery, which increases the risk of fractures. There are many different mechanisms for impaired mineral metabolism after bariatric surgery, but a decrease in the absorption of calcium and vitamin D plays a key role in this process. Vitamin D is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium homeostasis in the body, which provides the absorption of 90% of calcium in the gut. Patients with morbid obesity have a high risk of vitamin D deficiency even before surgery, which may worsen after operation and in the absence of timely treatment lead to severe disturbances of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. It was found that high doses of vitamin D after bariatric surgery can improve parameters of bone metabolism, and, as a result, prevent fractures after surgery, which generally has a beneficial effect on the quality of life and labor prognosis. The results of the studies available to date open up new opportunities for the prevention and treatment of postoperative complications associated with impaired bone metabolism.


1961 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Molinatti ◽  
F. Camanni ◽  
O. Losana ◽  
M. Olivetti

ABSTRACT A study of calcium and phosphorus metabolism has been carried out on 13 acromegalic patients, in various stages of the disease. This study was repeated in nine patients following implantation of the pituitary gland with 90Y and in another two patients after deep X-ray therapy and suction removal of a pituitary adenoma respectively. Increased urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion was found in all the patients in whom the disease was in an active phase of evolution. The calcium tolerance test revealed a marked decrease of calcium retention in certain subjects, while in others, calcium retention was found to be increased. Such changes were not found in patients in whom the disease was in a quiescent phase. The blood calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were found to be either normal or slightly increased. The implantation of the pituitary gland with 90Y and deep X-ray therapy induced a marked decrease of hypercalciuria, both spontaneous and induced, and of hyperphosphaturia, together with a definite improvement, of the clinical picture and glucose metabolism. It is concluded that the changes in calcium and phosphorus metabolism described above depend either directly or indirectly on a pituitary factor. They may therefore prove a reliable index for assessing pituitary growth hormone activity.


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