Comparative studies of meat. VIII. The percentage of fat in the fatty and muscular tissues of steers and the iodine number of the extracted fat, as affected by breed and level of nutrition

1962 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Callow
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Number ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Local Temperature ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Muscular Tissues

1. An investigation has been carried out concerning the percentage of fat in the subcutaneous and intermuscular fatty tissues and in the muscular tissues, and the iodine number of the extracted fat from eight anatomical joints (foreshin, neck, shoulder, thorax, loin, pelvis, leg and hindshin) and from the perinephric fatty tissue and psoas muscles of the carcasses from twenty-four animals. The animals were from three breeds (Hereford, Dairy Shorthorn and Friesian) and were on four levels of nutrition—high-high and medium-high, and high-medium and medium-medium. The first two groups—finished on concentrates—were younger than the second two groups—finished on grass.2. Using an analysis of variance for the resultant data for percentage of fat and iodine number, it was found that breed had affected the percentage of fat in the tissues of the various joints significantly—on the average the order was Shorthorn (highest), Hereford and Friesian (lowest). This result could be predicted from the fact that this was the order of fatness of the carcasses (as measured by the percentage of fatty tissue in the carcass—see Callow, 1961).3. The data for iodine number showed no significant effect for breed in either the subcutaneous or intermuscular tissues. The significant effect of breed in the case of muscle could be attributed to significant differences in the overall level of fatness (see Callow, 1961) of the carcasses of the three breeds.4. A good correlation existed between the average percentage of fat in a joint and the average iodine number of fat extracted when the data for various joints was used to calculate straight lines of best fit. (In the case of muscular tissue, it was necessary to use the inverse of the percentage of fat to calculate the average—because the relation between the percentage of fat in muscular tissue and its iodine number is a rectangular hyperbola.)5. Using such lines of best fit, it was possible to show that certain joints had tissues which gave abnormal values for iodine number. Thus, deepseated tissues, like psoas muscle and kidney fat, had unexpectedly low values, whilst tissues from the hindshin had unexpectedly high values. This was attributed to the effect of local temperature—a high local temperature in the body giving a lower iodine number and a low temperature a higher iodine number than would otherwise be expected. The special case of subcutaneous fat from the thorax—with a higher iodine number than expected—is explained by the presence of brisket fat (which has a high iodine number).6. The data were used graphically to show the effect of growth gradients, thus the average percentage of fat in all the tissues is lowest in fore- and hindshins and highest in thorax (muscular and intermuscular tissues) and in the pelvis (subcutaneous tissue). Similar effects, but in the reverse direction, were shown by average values for iodine numbers.7. There were systematic differences in the percentage of fat in the subcutaneous and intermuscular tissues of joints and in the iodine number of the extracted fat. These too showed marked growth gradients. Although the percentage of fat in the intermuscular tissue was greater than that in the subcutaneous tissue in the fore- and hindshins, it was less in the thorax, loin, pelvis and leg. In spite of this, the iodine number of the subcutaneous fat was always higher than that of the intermuscular fat. This is attributed to the former being a colder tissue than the latter.8. It was shown that the relation between iodine number and percentage of fat in the various joints was different for the animals finished on grass (highmoderate and moderate-moderate levels of nutrition) as compared with those finished on concentrates (high-high and moderate-high levels). This was attributed to the rate of fattening being greater in the second case and to this giving rise to lower iodine numbers.9. Beyond this effect of rate of fattening, no reason could be found for the fact that the general level of iodine numbers showed variation from animal to animal.10. The extreme variation in percentage of fat in the tissues was (a) muscular tissue from 1·3 to 14·5%, (b) intermuscular tissue from 29·5 to 82·7%, and (c) subcutaneous tissue from 25·2 to 89·8%. For iodine number the variation was (a) 50·0 to 73·9, (b) 42·9 to 67·9 and (c) 46·3 to 67·9 It is thus clear that beef can be a very variable foodstuff.

Comparative studies of meat. Part VI. Factors affecting the iodine number of fat from the fatty and muscular tissues of lambs

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Callow
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Number ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Rectus Femoris Muscle ◽  
Femoris Muscle ◽  
Muscular Tissues

1. Carcasses of nineteen fat lambs (from six ewes and thirteen wethers weighing from 29 to 841b., aged from 78 to 365 days, all from the Suffolk breed and all fed in pens with no grazing) have been dissected into six joints, namely neck, thorax, loin, pelvis, shoulder (including shank), and leg (including shin). The subcutaneous and intermuscular fatty tissues and the muscular tissues have been dissected from each joint and analysed for fat. The iodine number of each sample of fat has been determined.2. The average percentage of fat in the fatty tissues of the carcass ranged from 71·9 to 87·8 and the average iodine numbers from 43·6 to 56·1. With the muscular tissues these figures were from 4·8 to 11·1 and iodine numbers from 51·5 to 61·7.3. The extreme ranges found in the subcutaneous fatty tissue of the joints were from 63·0 to 91·6 for percentage of fat and from 43·7 to 59·3 for iodine number. For the intermuscular fatty tissue these ranges were from 52·0 to 88·4 for fat and from 41·7 to 58·5 for iodine number. The kidney fat extended this range up to 95·7 for fat and down to 36·4 for iodine number. With the muscular tissue of the joints the ranges were from 2·7 to 17·3 for fat and from 48·3 to 65·0 for iodine number. The rectus femoris muscle extended this range down to 1·8 for fat and up to 66·2 for iodine number.

Comparative studies of meat V. Factors affecting the iodine number of the fat from the fatty and muscular tissues of cattle

1956 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Callow ◽  
S. R. Searle
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Number ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rectangular Hyperbola ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Line Relationship ◽  
Muscular Tissues

1. Carcasses of twenty-one fat cattle (from six cows, ten steers and five heifers, aged from 12 months to 12 years and representing seven breeds) have been dissected into nine joints, and the fatty and muscular tissue from each joint dissected and analysed for fat. The iodine number of each sample of fat has been determined.2. The fat in fatty tissues ranged from 28·3 to 96·7%, and in muscular tissues from 1·3 to 14·2%. Iodine numbers of fat from fatty tissues ranged from 34·0 to 69·0 and those of fat from muscular tissues from 45·9 to 73·2.3. By an analysis of covariance it has been possible to reduce these data to two families of regression lines—those for fatty tissue and those for muscular tissue.4. The equations for fatty tissue have the following generalized form:I.N. = AFT + CFT + JFT + b1F/FT,where AFT = 55·6 ± 1·7 and is a general constant,CFT is a series of constants for the various carcasses and ranges from +12·6 to −6·7,JFT is a series of constants for the various joints and ranges from +6·6 to −10·3,b1 is a general constant with the value −0·052(± 0·025),F/FT is the percentage of fat in any given sample of fatty tissue, and I.N. is its iodine number.5. A similar set of equations has been deduced for muscular tissue. Here, however, the relation between iodine number and percentage of fat is a rectangular hyperbola. Consequently, the inverse (Z) of the percentage of fat (in order to get a straight-line relationship) has been used.

Comparative studies of meat IV. Rates of fattening in relation to the deposition of fat and protein in the fatty and muscular tissues of meat carcasses

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Callow
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Special Method ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Muscular Tissues

1. In the previous paper of this series (Callow, 1949) a special method of graphical analysis was developed in order to calculate the effect of different rates of fattening on the percentages of fatty tissue, muscular tissue and bone, etc., in a carcass. This method has been used in the present paper to calculate the effect of different rates of fattening on the deposition of chemical fat and protein in the fatty and muscular tissues of a carcass during fattening.2. The method of analysis depends (a) on the choice of an arch-type carcass on mathematical and biological grounds, and (b) the use of partition percentages for defining the proportions of fat, protein and water laid down in the fatty and muscular tissues during an increase in carcass weight due to fattening.

Comparative studies of meat. II. The changes in the carcass during growth and fattening, and their relation to the chemical composition of the fatty and muscular tissues

1948 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Callow
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Wide Cross ◽  
Muscular Tissues

SUMMARY1. The weights of muscular tissue, fatty tissue, bone, and tendons, etc. in the carcasses of twenty-nine cattle, fifty-five sheep and forty pigs are given. The weights of fat, dry fat-free residue, and water in the muscular and fatty tissues from the carcasses of twenty-nine cattle, twenty-nine sheep and two pigs (one wild and one domesticated) are also given. The cattle represent eight breeds, the sheep nine breeds and the pigs two breeds. Ages range from newly born to over 12 years and there are fifty females, seventy castrated males and four newly born males. The animals thus represent a very wide cross-section of the meat industry.

Evolution of various adipose deposits in growing rabbits and sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vezinhet ◽  
M. Prud'hon
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Perirenal Fat

SUMMARYThe importance of the different adipose deposits with respect to the total dissectible fatty tissue in growing rabbits and lambs was studied. Development of the subcutaneous fat in the lamb is late and occurs after birth. In contrast, the internal types of fat, such as the perirenal and pelvic fat, represent at birth an important percentage of the total fat. They tend to lose part of their relative importance between 0 and 250 days after birth. In the rabbit the situation concerning the development of subcutaneous and perirenal fat is inverted. For both species the intermuscular fat remains almost constant in relative importance during the whole growth period.After the period required for the establishment of the different fat deposits, we could observe in lambs, and to a smaller degree in rabbits, a relative growth which tends to become isometric with regard to the total fat deposits.

scholarly journals The quality of pork ham - tissue yield depending on individual factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-404
Author(s):  
Cedomir Radovic ◽  
Marija Gogic ◽  
Nenad Parunovic ◽  
Dragan Radojkovic ◽  
Radomir Savic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Tissue ◽  
Sire Breed

The study included the progeny of three boar-sires breeds (SL - Swedish Landrace; LW - Large White and P - Pietrain). A total of 201 progeny of both sexes (93 female and 108 male castrated animals), originating from 16 boar-sires, were tested. The study included the progeny of 10 SL boar-sires (sires nuRWer: 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17 and 18), progeny of 3 LW sires (sires nuRWer: 4, 5 and 6) and 3 P boar-sires (sires nuRWer 14, 19 and 20), born in four seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn). Studies have shown that, with an mean weight of a warm carcass side of 81.20 kg, the highest mean values for ham weight (RW; 10.456 kg), mass of intermuscular fatty tissue (RINT; 0.477 kg), ham bone (RB; 0.837 kg) and muscle tissue RMT, 7,939 kg) have progeny of the sires of Pietrain breed (P) compared to SL and LW sires. In comparison to animals sired by SL and LW boars, the progeny of P sires had less skin and subcutaneous fat tissue (RSFT) by 30 and 549 grams. Studies have shown that we have progeny of sires 7 and 9 of SL breed which have the lowest LSMean values for the yield of skin and subcutaneous fat tissue (869 and 876 g), which is below the mean for breed by 364 and 357 g. In addition, when it comes to intermuscular fatty tissue, the lowest established value was recorded in the progeny of sire no. 8 of SL breed (182 g), which is by 220 g less than the general mean and by 132 g below the mean of the sire breed. The animals originating from sires n. 19 and 20 showed the highest weight of muscle tissue (RMT) (8.489 and 8.118 kg) in the ham, which is by 2.853 and 2.482 kg more meat compared to the progeny of sire no. 5 of LW breed. The total weight of the ham and the ham muscle yield were influenced by (P <0.01 and P <0.001) sire breed, sires within the breed, gender and season of birth. A very significant (P <0.001) influence of the weight of warm carcass sides on the ham weight and tissue yield was determined.

Panniculitides

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cord Sunderkötter ◽  
Luis Requena
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Erythema Nodosum ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Excisional Biopsy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Livedo Racemosa ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Lobular Panniculitis

Panniculitis is an inflammation that originates primarily in the subcutaneous fatty tissue (panniculus adiposus). It is associated with rheumatological diseases and with adverse events to rheumatological therapies (e.g. poststeroid panniculitis, erythema nodosum, infective panniculitis). The panniculitides are classified histopathologically into mostly septal panniculitis and mostly lobular panniculitis, according to the major or denser localization of the infiltrate, and also into those with or without vasculitis. Additional criteria involve the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate, the cause, and an underlying or associated disease. The clinical hallmarks of panniculitis are subcutaneous nodules or plaques, often located on the lower limb. A deep excisional biopsy is often required for a more precise diagnosis, given the often sparse and monotonous clinical symptoms. Erythema nodosum is the most common form and a typical example of septal panniculitis. It occurs in response to many different provoking factors, the most common trigger in children being a 'strep throat', in adults sarcoidosis. Clinically, it presents with a sudden symmetrical appearance of painful, tender, warm, erythematous nodes or plaques, usually on the shins, which resemble bruises. Classical and cutaneous polyarteriitis nodosa present a mostly septal panniculitis associated with vasculitis. Here subcutaneous, partially ulcerating nodules are surrounded by livedo racemosa. The mostly lobular panniculitides not associated with vasculitis include lupus panniculitis (lupus erythematosus profundus, typically with ensuing lipoatrophy and predilection for the upper part of the body), panniculitis in dermatomyositis (often calcifiying), cold panniculitis, pancreatic panniculitis, panniculitis due toα‎-antitrypsin deficiency, poststeroid panniculitis (in children after rapid withdrawal of corticosteroids), calciphylaxis (with and without renal failure), and factitious panniculitis (after mechanical, physical, or chemical injuries to the subcutaneous tissue, often self-inflicted). Nodular vasculitis (formerly erythema induratum Bazin) is a lobular panniculitis with vasculitis involving mostly the small blood vessels of the fat lobule. It appears to present a (hyper)reactive response to certain infections (tuberculosis, streptococci, candida) or to cold exposure or chronic venous insufficiency in susceptible females. In conclusion, the panniculitides are a heterogenous group of diseases requiring a systematic work-up and knowledge of certain histological or clinical criteria.

Sex difference in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in rat and human adipocytes

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (3) ◽  
pp. E211-E215 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Foley ◽  
A. Kashiwagi ◽  
H. Chang ◽  
T. P. Huecksteadt ◽  
S. Lillioja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Transport Rate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Female Subjects

In an effort to determine whether differences in basal and maximum insulin-stimulated glucose transport by isolated adipocytes are a function of donor sex, we measured glucose transport rates in the absence and presence of 8 nM insulin in adipocytes isolated from the abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue of nine male and ten female subjects with varying degrees of obesity and in adipocytes isolated from the abdominal subcutaneous and retroperitoneal fat tissue of (180-220 g) male and female rats. Because maximal insulin-stimulated glucose transport rate per cell of adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous abdominal tissue of male and female subjects was constant in each sex, the data have been normalized on the basis of transport per cell. The results demonstrated that basal and maximal insulin-stimulated glucose transport per cell was 53-75% higher per cell in the females versus males in adipocytes from human subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (P less than 0.01). A similar difference in glucose transport rate between males and females (P less than 0.001) was also found in rat abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Adipocytes isolated from rat retroperitoneal adipose tissue had higher transport rates (approximately three-fold) and smaller sex differences (35% higher in females) than found in adipocytes from rat and human subcutaneous tissue. These results indicate that basal and maximum insulin-stimulated glucose transport is higher by adipocytes isolated from females and that this difference is independent of adipose cell size and species.

Effect of Subcutaneous Tissue on Changes in Thigh Circumference Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (08) ◽  
pp. 544-550
Author(s):  
Ryo Yoshii ◽  
Yu Konishi ◽  
Daisuke Ando ◽  
Satoshi Ochiai ◽  
Tetsuo Hagino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Thigh Circumference ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Muscle Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractCircumference measurements have been used to estimate muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in clinical settings. Measurements of thigh circumference are affected by muscle and subcutaneous fat (SF). In fact, SF could increase over a short period. Therefore, clarifying the relationship between thigh circumference and muscle and SF following ACL reconstruction is important. This study’s primary purpose was to examine pre- and post-operative changes in thigh circumference, thigh muscles and SF CSAs in both legs. Secondary, the relationship between thigh circumference and muscle and SF CSAs was examined to demonstrate that circumference measurements could be used to detect atrophy. Quadriceps, hamstrings, and SF CSAs at 15, 10, and 5 cm proximal to the patella were measured by MRI pre- and 4 weeks postoperatively to examine how reconstruction affected those tissues in the thighs. The results showed increases in SF CSA (r=0.72 at 10 cm, r=0.67 at 15 cm) greatly affected thigh circumference in females on the surgical side. In males, increases in SF CSA (r=0.83) at 15- and 5-cm and decreases in quadriceps muscle CSA (r=0.73) at 5 cm affected thigh circumference on the surgical side. Thigh circumference measurements might not reflect actual muscle CSA in ACL patients.

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