Growth changes in the distribution of dissectable and intramuscular fat in pigs

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Davies ◽  
W. J. Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Large White ◽  
Growth Series ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Muscle Groups

SummaryThe subcutaneous, intermuscular and cavity fat depots of the half carcasses of 15 Large White × Landrace castrated male pigs, forming a growth series from 8 to 62 kg live weight, were dissected. Seventy individual muscles of these pigs were analysed for intramuscular fat content. The growth rates of each of the four fat depots, relative to total fat, were similar. Subcutaneous fat was the predominant fat depot over the growth range studied. Both intramuscular fat and non-fat dry matter grew faster than the entire muscles containing them. Growth gradients for the intramuscular fat of muscle groups, relative to either total intramuscular fat or to total fat, were similar to those for the entire muscles. The growth gradients for muscle groups were affected by neither the growth of the contained intramuscular fat nor the contained non-fat dry matter. Intramuscular fat density, but not non-fat dry-matter density, varied throughout the carcass. The fat content of muscles was highest in those that could be useful as subcutaneous insulators.

The influence of the proportion of Duroc genes on growth, carcass and pork eating quality characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Blanchard ◽  
C. C. Warkup ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
M. B. Willis ◽  
P. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Large White ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Lower Shear

AbstractA study was carried out involving 721 pigs, comprising boars and gilts, with either 0, 0.25 , or 0.50 Duroc inclusion level, which were produced by mating Large White boars with Large White × British Landrace sows, Large White boars with Duroc × (Large White × British Landrace) sows, or Duroc boars with Large White × British Landrace sows, respectively. Animals were reared on one of seven different feeding regimens from 30 to 90 kg live weight. Tissue growth rates were determined using a triple sampling procedure based on a combination of full-side and ham joint dissection on subsamples of pigs (127 and 366 pigs, respectively) and P2 backfat thickness on the remainder. Initial body composition was determined at 30 kg on subsamples of the three genotypes. Daily food intakes increased with increasing Duroc inclusion but live-weight gains were similar for the three genotypes. Lean and fat growth rates and food conversion ratios were greatest for the 0·50 Duroc group, although the genotype differences were small. Killing-out proportions and P2 fat depths were higher for the 0.25 and 0·50 Duroc groups. The proportion of lean in the carcass was lower (P < 0·01) for 0·50 Duroc pigs. Japanese colour scores and EEL reflectance indicated that the longissimus muscle was darker for the 0·25 and 0·50 Duroc genotypes. Subcutaneous fat firmness scores and penetrometer readings taken in the mid back indicated softer fat for the 0 Duroc group. Intramuscular fat levels increased (P < 0·01) with increasing Duroc inclusion (10.4, 11.2, and 18·2 g/kg for the 0, 0.25, and 0.50 groups respectively). Cooked longissimus from pigs with 0·50 Duroc had a lower shear force and was judged to have a stronger pork odour and to be more tender and acceptable than that from the 0 Duroc group. The 0.25 Duroc group showed a small improvement in tenderness but a weaker pork odour and similar overall acceptability compared with the 0 Duroc group. This study suggests that the use of the Duroc in crossing systems in the United Kingdom will have limited impact on growth performance but that 0·50 Duroc inclusion will result in fatter carcasses, higher intramuscular fat levels and improved eating quality.

Studies of fat distribution in the bovine carcass. I. The partition of fatty tissues between depots

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Johnson ◽  
RM Butterfield ◽  
WJ Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Definition Of

(1) Total side fat (total dissected fat plus intramuscular fat) was examined in 23 bovine carcasses in four weight ranges. (2) The partition of fatty tissue between five depots revealed relative rises in intermuscular and subcutaneous depots and relative declines in intramuscular, kidney, and channel fats with increasing carcass weight. (3) Intermuscular and subcutaneous fats reached high levels relative to total side fat at different stages. Intermuscular fat rose quickly to c. 45.0% of total side fat at about 2.0 kg total side fat (c. 56 days) whilst subcutaneous fat reached 29.0% at c. 13.0 kg total side fat (c. 270 days). (4) Intramuscular fat did not show an increase relative to total side fat as carcass weight increased. Its contribution to total fat was greatest in the lightest sides and reached a minimal value at c. 13.0 kg total side fat, which it maintained thereafter. (5) All regressions of the weight of five fat depots on total side fat were highly significant (P < 0.01). (6) There appears to be a need for precise definition of fat distribution patterns in breeds and strains of cattle in order that carcasses of optimum composition might be produced.

Tissue mobilization rates in male fallow deer (Dama danta) as determined by computed tomography: the effects of natural and enforced food restriction

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. B. Jopson ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
P. F. Fennessy
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Allometric Model ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
B Coefficients

AbstractThe breeding season in temperate species of deer is characterized by the rut, a period of intense sexual activity when the male eats very little and competes for access to females. Males have been reported as losing proportionately up to 0·30 of live weight over a 6- to 8- week period. The majority of the live-weight loss is accounted for in loss of depot fat, with smaller losses in muscle reserves. The effects of body composition, hormone status and season on these changes in fat and muscle reserves were examined in mature fallow bucks (Dama dama).The experiment was conducted in two stages, the ‘rut’ (February to May), and ‘spring’ (June to November). For the ‘rut’ period, bucks were randomly allocated to either ad libitum feeding, entire (HiEnt), matched group feeding, castrated (CAST), or entire bucks restricted to 7·6 kg dry matter per week (LoEnt) treatment groups (no. =4, 4 and 6, respectively). Three bucks from each of the HiEnt and LoEnt groups were selected for the ‘spring’ period. Bucks were given food ad libitum until mid October, whereupon they were restricted to 2·5 kg dry matter per week for 4 weeks (SPRING). Group food intake and individual live weights were measured weekly throughout both, periods. Body composition was measured by computed tomography on five and three occasions during the ‘rut’ and ‘spring’ stages, respectively.Comparisons of the relative losses of total fat and muscle relative to empty body weight (EBW) using the allometric model (y = aXb) revealed significant treatment differences. HiEnt bucks had a high relative rate of fat and a low rate of muscle mobilization (b = 5·23 and 0·38, respectively). Only the CAST group had lower (P < 0·1) b coefficient for fat than the HiEnt group at 2·79. The LoEnt group was the only group in which the b coefficient for muscle (at 1·07) was not significantly lower than 1·0. Visceral organ weight was lost at the same rate as EBW across all treatments. There was no net loss or gain of bone for any treatment group as the b coefficients were not significantly different from zero. Fat depots were analysed relative to the total fat depot using the allometric model. The HiEnt group displayed a pattern of fat mobilization whereby the external depots were mobilized at the greatest relative rate and the internal fat depots at the lowest rate (b coefficients were 1·86, 1·23 and 0·68 for the subcutaneous, intermuscular and internal fat depots, respectively). CAST and SPRING groups were not significantly different from HiEnt bucks in the relative mobilization of fat depots. All fat depots in the LoEnt group were mobilized at the same relative rate as total fat, as the b coefficients were not significantly different from 1·0.

The effect of weight stasis on the dissected carcass composition of crossbred sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Murray ◽  
O Slezacek
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Group 1

A study was made of the dissected carcass composition of crossbred wethers (progeny of Dorset Horn rams and Border Leicester x Merino ewes) maintained at 30 kg liveweight for either 0, 25, 50 or 75 days. Animals were individually penned and fed a pelleted ration of 80% lucerne chaff and 20% cereal grain (89.3% dry matter, I4.8To crude protein and 18.27 kJ/g gross energy). Cold carcass weight showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in animals during weight stasis, although dry matter intake of animals during weight stasis decreased. All dissected carcass fat depots increased during weight srasis, although only subcutaneous fat showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in weight. Neither the weight of total dissected side muscle nor total dissected side bone was affected by weight stasis. Only the weight of Standard muscle group 1 showed a significant response to weight stasis, and it increased (P < 0-05). Weight stasis had no effect on the weights of separate bones. Results for fat, muscle and bone distribution are reported. Subcutaneous fat formed a significantly increasing proportion of total side fat weight (P < 0.05) as duration of weight stasis increased, while intermuscular fat showed a trend to form a decreasing proportion. Weight stasis had no effect on the proportion of total side muscle formed by each of the Standard muscle groups, except group 4 which decreased (P < 0.05). Bone distribution was not influenced by weight stasis.

scholarly journals Efect of intramuscular fat content on physical-chemical parameters of pork from Mangalitsa and their crossbreed

10.5219/1095 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 422-428
Author(s):  
Petra Lípová ◽  
Ondrej Debrecéni ◽  
Ondřej Bučko ◽  
Klára Vavrišínová
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Large White ◽  
Intramuscular Fat Content

The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of intramuscular fat content on physical parameters and proximate composition in musculus longissimus dorsi (MLD) from Mangalitsa breed and Slovak Large White x Mangalitsa crossbreed. In the study, sixteen pigs of Mangalitsa and twenty-two pigs of Slovak Large White x Mangalitsa crossbreed were used. The pigs were reared under intensive condition and all animals were fed ad libitum with complete fattening feed mixture. The fattening period started from 30 kg of live weight. Then the pigs were slaughtered at 100 kg of live weight. Chemical analysis showed that MLD from Mangalitsa had lower protein content, higher moisture content (p <0.05) and higher content of intramuscular fat compared to Slovak Large White x Mangalitsa crossbreed. As regarding the cholesterol content in MLD, no significant differences were found between genotypes, but the cholesterol content was higher in MLD from Mangalitsa than in MLD from crossbreeds. The MLD from Mangalitsa exhibited lower CIE L* (p <0.01) and CIE b* (p <0.01) values 45 min post mortem compared to crossbreeds. Colour parameters increased after 7 days post mortem, which is normal due to the maturing process of the meat. Then the CIE L* value was lower in MLD from Mangalitsa (p <0.01), but CIE a* value was higher in relation to crossbreeds (p <0.05). As regards the Warner-Bratzler shear force, the meat from Mangalitsa was tenderer than in crossbreeds (p <0.05). Intramuscular fat in the meat positively correlated with colour parameter CIE a* (r = 0.324; p <0.05) as well as cholesterol content (r = 0,656; p <0.001). In contrast in the study was found negative correlations between intramuscular fat in meat with moisture content (r = -0.399; p <0.05) and protein content (r = -0.812; p <0.001). It can be concluded that the percentage of intramuscular fat significantly influenced the physical and the chemical parameters of pork. The meat from Mangalitsa is more suitable for production of special meat products (fermented and smoked).

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS PURE-BREED AND MIXED BRED STORE PIGS OF CANADIAN SELECTION

1970 ◽  
pp. 78-80
Author(s):  
L. А. Morozova ◽  
I. N. Mikolaychik ◽  
V. G. Chumakov ◽  
А. S. Neupokoeva
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Pure Breed ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Intramuscular Fat Content

The aim of the research was to compare the productive qualities of the purebred and cross-breeding young pigs on the fattening of Canadian breeding in two- and three-breed crossings. Object of the study: youngsters of the Landras pigs, two-breed hybrids (Landras x Yorkshire), three-breeders (Landras x Yorkshire x Duroc), imported from Canada to the KFKH "Il'tyakov VN", Oftenozero district of the Kurgan region. The results of the experiment showed that under the same feeding conditions and the content of purebred, two- and three-breeded young pigs of Canadian breeding, differences in the character of the change in the dynamics of the live mass are observed. The gross increase in live weight was the highest in three-breed hybrids and amounted to 128.32 kg, which is 4.27% (P <0.05) higher than for pure-landrace. The age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg was the smallest in the three-breed hybrids in comparison with the two-breed hybrids and purebred landrace at 2.69 and 5.83 days. The slaughter yield in tri-tribe hybrids exceeded the purebred landrace by 1.25% (P <0.01). The weight of the paired carcass was also higher in tri-hybrids compared to the bipedal hybrids at 2.49 and purebred landrasas - by 7.36% (P <0.05). The highest content of dry matter was characterized by meat obtained from pure-earthland, while the protein and intramuscular fat content did not differ significantly and was within the range of 22.35-22.45% and 2.52-2.55%, respectively.

Effect of ractopamine on carcass characteristics and joint-cartilage soundness in finishing pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. He ◽  
F. X. Aherne ◽  
J. R. Thompson ◽  
A. L. Schaefer ◽  
J. K. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Joint Cartilage ◽  
Total Fat

One hundred and fifty crossbred pigs (Camborough × Canabrid, equal numbers of gilts and barrows) at an average live weight of 64.2 kg were randomly assigned to diets containing 17 or 20% crude protein (with 0.8 or 1.1% lysine, respectively) and 0 or 20 ppm ractopamine. Pigs were slaughtered at an average live weight of 102.2 kg. Supplementation of ractopamine in pig diets significantly increased average daily gain (P < 0.005) and decreased feed to gain ratio (P < 0.001), with no effect on daily feed intake. Ractopamine feeding increased total lean (P < 0.001) and decreased total bone (P < 0.05) and total fat content (P < 0.001) of carcasses. The decreased fat content was largely due to the reduction of subcutaneous fat (P < 0.001). Cartilage visual scores and cartilage uronic acid concentrations of weight-bearing areas of humeral and femoral condyles were not affected by feeding ractopamine. Correlations between visual scores and uronic acid concentrations of joint cartilage and performance parameters and carcass characteristics were not significant. These results demonstrated that feeding ractopamine can increase pig growth rate and carcass leanness without detrimental effect on joint cartilage. Key words: Ractopamine, growth rate, uronic acid, cartilage, osteochondrosis, pigs

Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity of Australian Dorset Horn rams and wethers. 3. Fat partitioning

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
K. J. Reddacliff
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTThe effect of castration on fat partitioning in mature animals and on the maturing patterns for fat depots relative to total body fat was examined using slaughter and dissection data from 20 Dorset Horn rams and 20 Dorset Horn wethers. Animals were slaughtered at 6 kg intervals from 18 kg live weight to maturity. Five rams and eight wethers were classified as mature.In the mature animals the partitioning of fat differed for the rams and wethers in that the rams had a lower proportion of subcutaneous fat, and higher proportion of intermuscular and mesenteric fat than the wethers. However, the proportions of total carcass dissectible fat (i.e. subcutaneous plus intermuscular fat) and of the total non-carcass depots (i.e. kidney plus channel fat, omental, scrotal and thoracic fat) did not significantly differ between rams and wethers.The maturity coefficients of individual fat depots of rams and wethers were not significantly different and six of the nine depots were average maturing relative to total body fat. The intermuscular and thoracic fat depots were early maturing (maturity coeffient q= 1·19, 2·26 respectively), and the omental depot was late maturing (q= 0·52).Comparison of the partitioning of fat in rams and wethers reflected the differences in the mature animals when made at either the mean weight or at the mean stage of maturity, as the maturing patterns of most depots were not greatly different from that of total fat.

scholarly journals Higher Impulse Electromyostimulation Contributes to Psychological Satisfaction and Physical Development in Healthy Men

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Kangho Kim ◽  
Denny Eun ◽  
Yong-Seok Jee
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Visceral Fat Area ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Muscle Groups

Background and Objectives: This study investigated the various impulse effects of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on psychophysiological responses and adaptations. Materials and Methods: The participants included fifty-four men between 20 and 27 years of age who practiced isometric exercises for 20 min, three days a week, for 12 weeks while wearing WB-EMS suits, which enabled the simultaneous activation of eight muscle groups with three types of impulse intensities. Participants were allocated to one of four groups: control group (CON), low-impulse-intensity group (LIG), mid-impulse-intensity group (MIG), and high-impulse-intensity group (HIG). Psychophysiological conditions were measured at week 0, week 4, week 8, and week 12. Results: Compared with the CON, (1) three psychological conditions in LIG, MIG, and HIG showed positive tendencies every four weeks, and the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test revealed that body image (p = 0.004), body shape (p = 0.007), and self-esteem (p = 0.001) were significantly different among the groups. (2) Body weight, fat mass, body mass index, and percent fat in the CON showed decreasing tendencies, whereas those in LIG, MIG, and HIG showed a noticeable decrease, which revealed that there were significant differences among the groups. Specifically, a higher impulse intensity resulted in a greater increase in muscle mass. (3) Although there was no interaction effect in the abdominal visceral fat area, there were significant interactions in the abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASF) and total fat (ATF) areas. Both the ASF and ATF in the CON showed decreasing tendencies, whereas those in other groups showed a noticeable decrease. The ANCOVA revealed that the ASF (p = 0.002) and ATF (p = 0.001) were significantly different among the groups. In particular, the higher the impulse intensity, the greater the decrease in abdominal fat. Conclusions: This study confirmed that high-impulse-intensity EMS can improve psychophysiological conditions. In other words, healthy young adults felt that the extent to which their body image, body shape, and self-esteem improved depended on how intense their EMS impulse intensities were. The results also showed that higher levels of impulse intensity led to improved physical conditions.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

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