An index of feather cover

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Macleod ◽  
J. A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Projected Area ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Herring Gulls ◽  
Interspecific Differences

SummaryAn index of feather cover is described and applied to assess the coats of various birds. Feather area indices were calculated, by analogy with the leaf area index used by crop ecologists, as the projected area of feathers above unit area of skin. Measurements were made on samples from chickens, turkeys, pheasants, sparrows and herring gulls. The index was calculated for feather tracts on six areas of the body. An overall area index was also calculated, based on the feather cover of at least 60% of the bird's body surface. Intra- and interspecific differences were large. Between species there was a positive correlation between feather index and body weight, while within species, for poultry at least, the opposite was found. This characterization of the feather coat is discussed in terms of its possible use as an index of the insulation of feathers.

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in Gammarid Crustaceans

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. Sodium uptake and loss rates are given for three gammarids acclimatized to media ranging from fresh water to undiluted sea water. 2. In Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus the sodium transporting system at the body surface is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 1 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 10 mM/l. sodium. In Marinogammarus finmarchicus the respective concentrations are six to ten times higher. 3. M. finmarchicus is more permeable to water and salts than G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus. Estimated urine flow rates were equivalent to 6.5% body weight/hr./ osmole gradient at 10°C. in M. finmarchicus and 2.8% body weight/hr./osmole gradient in G. zaddachi. The permeability of the body surface to outward diffusion of sodium was four times higher in M. finmarchicus, but sodium losses across the body surface represent at least 50% of the total losses in both M. finmarchicus and G. zaddachi. 4. Calculations suggest that G. zaddachi produces urine slightly hypotonic to the blood when acclimatized to the range 20% down to 2% sea water. In fresh water the urine sodium concentration is reduced to a very low level. 5. The process of adaptation to fresh water in gammarid crustaceans is illustrated with reference to a series of species from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.

scholarly journals Establishing Standards for Studying Renal Function in Mice through Measurements of Body Size-Adjusted Creatinine and Urea Levels

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wellington Francisco Rodrigues ◽  
Camila Botelho Miguel ◽  
Marcelo Henrique Napimoga ◽  
Carlo Jose Freire Oliveira ◽  
Javier Emilio Lazo-Chica
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Average Factor

Strategies for obtaining reliable results are increasingly implemented in order to reduce errors in the analysis of human and veterinary samples; however, further data are required for murine samples. Here, we determined an average factor from the murine body surface area for the calculation of biochemical renal parameters, assessed the effects of storage and freeze-thawing of C57BL/6 mouse samples on plasmatic and urinary urea, and evaluated the effects of using two different urea-measurement techniques. After obtaining 24 h urine samples, blood was collected, and body weight and length were established. The samples were evaluated after collection or stored at −20°C and −70°C. At different time points (0, 4, and 90 days), these samples were thawed, the creatinine and/or urea concentrations were analyzed, and samples were restored at these temperatures for further measurements. We show that creatinine clearance measurements should be adjusted according to the body surface area, which was calculated based on the weight and length of the animal. Repeated freeze-thawing cycles negatively affected the urea concentration; the urea concentration was more reproducible when using the modified Berthelot reaction rather than the ultraviolet method. Our findings will facilitate standardization and optimization of methodology as well as understanding of renal and other biochemical data obtained from mice.

scholarly journals Advantage of Early Tangential Necrectomy in Extensive Pediatric Burns

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenan Karavdić
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Laboratory Values ◽  
Pediatric Burns ◽  
Total Body

Background: An extensive burn is one of the most serious injuries. The modern treatment of pediatric burns is a logical exercise in resuscitation, infection control, surgical wound care, nutrition and psychologic and physical rehabilitation. The conventional methods of local therapy, especially in extensive and deep burns, cannot prevent infection. The fact is that the necrotic burn tissue always gives rise to infection and must therefore be excised. Tangential excision is a diagnostic procedure as well as a surgical preparation of a recipient bed for skin graft.  Clinical parameters of sixty extensively burned children have been evaluated, divided into two groups (surgically and non-surgically treated) and in four subgroups (under and over the 25% TBSA). The following criteria have been used to compare the results: pain, fever, body weight, duration of the hospital stay, wound infenction, laboratory values. Aim of research: The aim of our research was to demonstrate the efficacy of early tangential necrectomy in the treatment of extensive burns in children as well as in preventing the burn diseases. Material and methods: Clinical parameters of sixty extensively burned children have been evaluated, divided into two groups (surgically and non-surgically treated) and in four subgroups (under and over the 25% TBSA). The following criteria have been used to compare the results: pain, fever, body weight, duration of the hospital stay, wound infection, laboratory values. Results: The boys comprised 58.3% of the respondents and the girls were 41,7% of the respondents. The most common cause was the hot liquid of 73.3%, open flame 23.3% and the contact with hot metal 3.3%. The body temperature was significantly higher in control group compared to the examined group (p <0.001) significantly lower hematocrit values in the control group compared to the examined group (p = 0.002).      The results show that hospitalization lasted considerably longer in patients in the control group than in the examined group (p = 0.003). The incidence of bacterial infection of the burns is significantly higher in control compared to the examined group of patients (p = 0.007). The most commonly isolated bacteria in the study group was Staphylococcus aureus (15/30 or 50% of all subjects). Acinetobacter spp. was isolated in 9 patients (30% of respondents). Serratia spp. And Enterococcus Foecalis were isolated in 6 patients (20%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in 3 patients (10%). Three patients (10%) did not isolate any bacteria during hospitalization Conclusions: The method of early tangential necrectomy of extensively burned children significantly reduce morbidity and mortality (it improves the general condition of the patient, improves clinical and laboratory parameters, reduces the possibility of infection of the wound, reduces the possibility of sepsis, reduces the length of hospitalization).The most optimal time to perform an early tangential necrectomy is the period between the 4th and the 6th day after the injury. In extensively burned children over 30% of the total body surface, an early tangential necrectomy should be performed on an area of about 20% of the total body surface as a prevention of blood loss due to necrectomy and autotransplantation. With extensively burned children over 40% of the total body surface, taking homotransplants from parents or close relatives reduces morbidity and mortality.

scholarly journals Discriminant models of the possibility of occurrence and course of psoriasis in men of the general group and different somatotypes depending on the characteristics of anthropo-somatotypological indicators

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Al-Qaraleh Obadeh Bassam Abdel-Rahman ◽  
S.V. Dmytrenko ◽  
V.I. Kyrychenko ◽  
G.V. Datsenko ◽  
V.I. Gunas
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Genetic Predisposition ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Group ◽  
Wilks Lambda ◽  
Discriminant Models ◽  
Reliable Interpretation

Significant prevalence and multifactorial occurrence of psoriasis are the main reasons why this disease has been studied for years by scientists in the field of dermatology. Finding tools to predict the occurrence and severity of this disease is one of the key unrealized areas of modern medicine in the field of skin diseases. The purpose of the study is to build and analyze discriminant models of the possibility and features of psoriasis course in Ukrainian men without and taking into account the somatotype, depending on the structure and size of the body. Anthropometric and somatotypological examination of 82 practically healthy and 100 patients with mild and severe psoriasis was performed. Construction of discriminant models of the possibility of occurrence and features of psoriasis depending on anthropo-somatotypological indicators is performed in the license package “Statistica 5.5”. It was found that men of the general group and representatives of the mesomorphic somatotype can reliably interpret the obtained classification indicators both between healthy and patients with psoriasis of different course, and between men with psoriasis of mild and severe course (correctness 84.1% of cases, statistics Wilks’ Lambda=0.074, р<0.001 in the general group, correctness 83.6% of cases, statistics Wilks’ Lambda=0.077, р<0.001 in mesomorphic somatotype). In men of endo-mesomorphic somatotype, a reliable interpretation of the obtained classification indicators is possible only between healthy and psoriatic men (correctness 84.6%, statistics Wilks’ Lambda=0.027, р<0.001). Discriminant models in men of the general group include body diameters and SFT (44.4% each) and the fat component of body weight (11.1% each); in men of mesomorphic somatotype – body diameters (57.1%), SFT (28.6%) and body surface area (14.3%); in men of endo-mesomorphic somatotype – body diameters (60.0%) and SFT on the thigh and the height of the finger anthropometric point (20.0% each). The greatest contribution to discrimination in men of the general group and representatives of the mesomorphic somatotype is made by shoulder width, and in men of endo-mesomorphic somatotype – shoulder width, interspinous and intercristal distances. The results obtained, especially in the division of men into somatotypes, indicate a high genetic predisposition to psoriasis.

Simplified Procedures for Calculating Drug Dosage from Body Weight in Infancy and Childhood

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-506
Author(s):  
ANTHONY J. GLAZKO
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Drug Dosage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
Adult Dose ◽  
Fixed Power ◽  
Simplified Procedures

The primary purpose of this communication is to describe some rather simple procedures for calculating pediatric doses when they are proportional to a fixed power of body weight. It is generally recognized that dose requirements per unit of body weight are usually higher for children than for adults. Consequently the total dose is not directly prportional to the body weight, but appears to be more nearly proportional to the body surface area. This requires preliminary estimation of the body surface area with the assistance of various charts and tables, following which the dose can be calculated by simple proportion when the adult dose is known.

Leaf heteroblasty in eucalypts: biogeographic evidence of ecological function

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Vlasveld ◽  
Benjamin O'Leary ◽  
Frank Udovicic ◽  
Martin Burd
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Adult Leaf ◽  
Shape And Size

Leaves that develop on seedlings, young saplings or regenerative shoots of many eucalypt species are strikingly different in morphology from the typical leaves of more mature plants; a developmental pattern known as heteroblasty. We measured dimorphism between juvenile and adult leaves in shape and size, leaf mass per unit area, and vein frequency in a continent-wide sample of Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus species. We tested whether heteroblasty in this group is an adaptation to shading by comparing the degree of juvenile–adult leaf dimorphism with the canopy closure (measured by the leaf area index) of the habitat in which species occurred. No pattern emerged for heteroblasty in leaf shape and size or leaf mass per unit area, but there was a significant relationship (accounting for phylogenetic relationships) between the degree of juvenile–adult dimorphism in vein frequency and habitat leaf area index. Juvenile leaves tended to have more widely spaced veins than adult leaves of the same species, in regions with more closed vegetative canopies. This evidence suggests that eucalypt heteroblasty is, at least in part, a hydraulic adaptation to the different conditions faced by younger and older plants in higher productivity regions with denser vegetation.

scholarly journals The determination of the minimal lethal dose of various toxic substances and its relationship to the body weight warm-blooded animals, together with considerations bearing on the dosage of drugs

1914 ◽  
Vol 87 (595) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Series Of Experiments

In the course of investigations on the production, distribution, and rate of disappearance in the body of immune substances, we were occupied in 1908 and previous years with a series of experiments on agglutinins, and we arrived at conclusions pointing to their close relationship to the blood and blood-forming organs (1, 2). In association with these inquiries, one of us (G. D.), together with W. Ray, published a communication on the relation­ship between the blood volume and the distribution of agglutinins within the circulation (3). It was there shown that the concentration of this substance (agglutinin) in the blood after inoculation into an animal was proportional to the body surface of the animal concerned, and was thus approximately proportional to the two-thirds power of the weight. Hence was deduced the conclusion that the blood volume of the animals examined was proportional to their body surface.

scholarly journals VI. Further experiments upon the blood volume of mammals and its relation to the surface area of the body

1912 ◽  
Vol 202 (282-293) ◽  
pp. 191-212 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
The Individual

In previous papers* we have shown that the blood volume of normal and healthy mammals, such as rabbits, guinea-pigs, and mice, is satisfactorily expressed by the formula B = W n / k , where B is the blood volume in cubic centimetres, W the weight of the individual in grammes, n approximately ⅔, and k a constant (calculated from the experiments), which varies with the particular species of animal. This formula indicates that the smaller and lighter animals of any given species, which have a relatively greater body surface than the heavier ones, have also a relatively greater blood volume—in other words, the blood volume can be expressed as a function of the body surface , and it must therefore be misleading to express it in per cent, of the body weight, since when so expressed it is not a constant for any given species of mammal. As it was of interest to ascertain whether wild animals of closely allied species would differ greatly as regards their blood volume from the above-mentioned tame animals, we have determined the blood volume of hares, wild rabbits, and wild rats.

Phenotypic characterization of three strains of indigenous goats in Tanzania

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Madubi ◽  
G.C. Kifaro ◽  
P.H. Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Indigenous Goats ◽  
Similar Body

SummaryCharacterization of three strains of indigenous goats found in three regions of Tanzania was undertaken on the basis of their phenotypes viz: body weight and measurements, colour pattern, ears and horns.The three strains differed in the body weights and in the frequencies of the different coat colours. The Dodoma and Mtwara strains had similar body measurements, whereas the Kigoma strain was significantly smaller.

scholarly journals Immunological female role tested on artificial plugs in three scorpion species

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela A. Oviedo-Diego ◽  
Camilo I. Mattoni ◽  
Alfredo V. Peretti
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Genital Atrium ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Genital Aperture ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Female Genital

AbstractWithin arachnids, genital plugs are morphologically diverse, and they can be formed by male, female or be a contribution of both sexes. Although several species of scorpions with genital plugs are known, the physiological effects on the female after being plugged have not been well studied yet. This work compares three scorpion species, two with genital plugs and one without. We first describe the genital plugs morphology of twoUrophoniusspecies. Second, through the placement of artificial genital plugs in the female genital atrium, we tested 1) whether there are interspecific differences in the immune encapsulation response on the artificial genital plug, 2) if there are an effect in the hemocyte load in the hemolymph, and 3) if individual’s immunological parameters and body weight are correlated. Additionally, we describe and quantify the hemocytes in these species. In both species ofUrophonius, genital plugs were found covering the female genital aperture and blocking the genital atrium. The plugs consist of three zones that are distinct in morphology and coloration. We found different patterns of encapsulation and melanization on the artificial plug according to the species, with a greater and more specific response in females of plug producing species. Also, these species showed a decrease in the hemocyte load one month after the placement of the artificial plug, possibly due to the recirculation of the hemocytes into the genital area. In addition, correlations were found between the body weight and the immunological parameters, as well as between different immunological parameters. Our results suggest that females contribute to the formation of genital plugs by adding material and generating the darkening of the genital plugs in certain zones. This comparative study can help to provide a wider framework of different physiological consequences related to a particular postcopulatory mechanism such as the genital plugs.

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