Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer. XI. Further observations on the effect of energy intake on protein utilization

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Broster ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
J. W. Siviter ◽  
E. Schuller ◽  
Valerie J. Broster
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Food

SUMMARYFive experiments were made to observe the effect on nitrogen (N) utilization by young cattle of supplements of sucrose, glucose monohydrate (dextrose), and maize starch when added to basal diets of concentrates and straw. The supplements provided about 12% of the total intake of air-dry food. Twenty-four yearling Friesian heifers were used in each of two randomized block experiments to measure live-weight gain, and 6, 10 and 10 yearling Friesian steers in three changeover design experiments to measure N retention.Rates of live-weight gain and N retention were increased by all the supplements amongst which no order of superiority in benefit conferred could be established. The improvement in N retention was associated with a marked reduction in urinary N and a small increase in faecal N with supplemented rations.The proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen fluid were not affected by starch supplementation. Both sugars, but glucose more than sucrose, decreased the ratio of acetic to propionic acid, measured 2 h after feeding.Statistically significant multiple linear regression equations were observed between N retained and intakes of N and digestible organic matter (DOM), both as absolute amounts with live weight as a further independent variate, and as intakes/unit metabolic body size. N2and DOM × N as additional variates did not benefit the fit of the equations over the range of intakes studied.

The feed intake of milk cows I. Intake of winter rations during pregnancy and lactation and the influence of change to pasture

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Holmes ◽  
J. G. W. Jones ◽  
R. M. Drake-Brockman ◽  
N. White
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Faecal Output ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Milk Cows ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

SUMMARY1. For 4 weeks before calving in December or January a group of 7 Ayrshire cows each received daily 6 lb. hay and silage to appetite, whilst a second group of 9 received the same roughages and 6–10 lb. concentrates. After calving, cows from both of the pre-calving treatments were placed in each of two post-calving groups of 8 cows. A High treatment received approximately 8 lb./day more concentrates at the same milk yield than the Low treatment. Both groups continued to receive 6 lb. hay/cow/day and silage to appetite. The cows were allowed to graze by day from 21 February and by day and night from 13 April. Hay, at 5 lb./cow/day and reducing rates of concentrates were offered until 8 May.2. Individual feed intakes were estimated from faecal output and digestibility. Direct measures of the intakes of different treatment groups on indoor feeding agreed fairly closely with the mean individual estimates.3. The digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of 1,300 lb. cows in the last stages of pregnancy was increased from 10 up to 14–16 lb./day by giving 8–10 lb./day concentrates. Immediately after calving, the increases in DOMI compared with pre-calving levels were about 2.5 lb./day for cows which received concentrates before calving and 8.5 lb./day for cows which received no concentrates before calving.4. When all cows had calved and were in full milk production there were no significant differences in DOMI, milk yield or rate of live-weight gain attributable to pre-calving treatment. Mean DOMI on the High and Low post-calving treatments were 23.8 and 19.4 lb./day, mean fat-corrected milk yields 44.5 and 38.8 lb./day and mean rates of live-weight gain 05 and nil lb./day, respectively.5. DOMI increased by 0.7 and 4.9 lb./day for High and Low post-calving treatments when cows were turned out to night as well as day grazing, and milk yields increased by 1.0 and 2.2 lb./day respectively.6. Regression equations relating animal production and feed intake, and substitution rates of concentrate usage were calculated. Faecal output and DOMI were closely related to milk yield. When additional concentrates were given the resulting increase in total DOMI was greater when the bulk feed was of low digestibility than when it was of high digestibility.

Rice bran as a supplement to elephant grass for cattle and buffalo in Indonesia: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-722
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARYIndonesian Ongole and swamp buffalo bulls that had previously been given 0, 1·2, 2·4, 3·6 or 4·8 kg/head/day rice bran plus ad libitum elephant grass were slaughtered after 161 days feeding. Abdominal depot fat, full and empty reticulo-rumen and cold carcass weights were recorded. Various carcass variables were measured and the 9–10–11 rib joints were dissected into bone, muscle and fat. Carcass gross energy was calculated from rib-fat content using previously determined regression equations. Feed efficiency was expressed in terms of the ratios of live-weight gain or carcass-energy accretion to metabolizable energy available for growth.Increasing supplementation with rice bran resulted in larger abdominal fat depots, higher dressing percentages, increased carcass fatness (and hence carcass gross energy) and improved rib muscle to bone ratios. Carcass conformation was unaffected by dietary treatment. When feed efficiency was expressed per unit live-weight gain, there was a decrease with increasing rice-bran feeding. Feed efficiency, expressed per unit of carcass energy accretion, improved with rice-bran supplementation and was generally higher in buffalo than in Ongole bulls. Dietary and species differences in feed efficiency could be primarily explained by the differential energy cost of deposition of, and the availability of energy from, carcass protein and lipid.

scholarly journals Efficiency of utilization of volatile fatty acids for maintenance and energy retention by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
W. Corrigall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Two experiments were conducted with lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA), protein, minerals and vitamins.2. In the first experiment to determine the effects of VFA on nitrogen retention four mixtures of VFA (B, C, D and E) were used containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 45,45 and 10; 55,35 and 10; 65,25 and 10; 75, 15 and 10.The level of infusion was 836 kJ/live weight0.75 per d and the design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with 14 d periods. There were no significant differences in the N balance between the different mixtures of VFA though mixture B tended to give the highest N retention.3. Thirty-two lambs were used in the second experiment for measurements of heat production in closed- circuit respiration chambers. Six mixtures of VFA were used. These included mixtures B-E from Expt I and in addition two mixtures (A and F) containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 35, 55 and 10; 85, 5 and 10. The heat production was measured both at 450 and 900 kJ/W0.75 per d, except for mixture F, where it was not possible to achieve a rate of infusion in excess of 675 kJ/W0.75 per d.4. The energy required for maintenance was determined to be 0.45±0.02 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d regardless of the mixture used.5. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) values for the six mixtures were 0.78, 0.64, 057, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.59 for mixtures A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Only mixture A was significantly better utilized than the other mixtures. This mixture also gave the most efficient N utilization.6. It is concluded from this evidence that differences in k, for diets normally given to ruminants cannot be attributed to differences in utilization of volatile fatty acids.

The Effects upon the intake and performance of store lambs of supplementing grass silage with barley, fish meal and rapeseed meal

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yilala ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Daily Intakes

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are described in which individually-penned Suffolk × (Blue-faced Leicester × Swaledale) lambs were given complete diets based on grass silage, and voluntary intake, live-weight gain and nitrogen (N) retention were measured.Experiment 1 investigated the effects of supplements of fish meal (0, 60 and 120 g/kg diet dry matter (DM)) and barley (0, 150 and 300 g/kg diet DM) in a 3 × 3 design using 72 lambs. The lambs averaged 35 kg live weight at the start of the 47-day experiment. Fish-meal supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM, silage DM and metabolizable energy (ME), and improved daily gains, carcass weights and N retention. Barley supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM and ME, but reduced silage DM intake; live-weight gain, carcass weight and N retention were all improved.Experiment 2 investigated the effects of supplements of rapeseed meal (0 and 120 g/kg diet DM) in two forms (untreated and formaldehyde-treated) and barley (0 and 150 g/kg diet DM) in a 2 × 2 × 2 design with two missing treatments and using 48 lambs. The lambs averaged 39 kg live weight at the start of the 42-day experiment. Rapeseed meal supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM, silage DM and ME, and improved daily gains, carcass weights and N retention. Form of rapeseed meal had no effect. Barley increased diet DM and ME intakes and improved daily gains and carcass weights.

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance studies with the milk-fed lamb

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker ◽  
L. J. Cook ◽  
K. T. Jagusch
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Total Body Composition ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Different Levels

1. Thirty-three cross-bred lambs were given reconstituted dried whole cow's milk from 1 week of age at different levels of intake and at different frequencies of feeding.2. Feeding frequency had no effect on live-weight gain, N retention or total body composition.3. Lambs given two feeds daily had significantly heavier abomasums than pair-fed lambs given six feeds daily.4. The weights of fat, protein (N x 6.25) and water in the body were closely related to empty body weight; body composition (% of empty body) was not significantly affected by the level of milk intake or by the rate of growth.5. Live-weight gain was closely related to energy intake (r = +0.99) and to N retention (r = +0.97). A live-weight gain of 100 g was associated with an intake of 511 kcal and a N retention of 2.28 g N.

The effects of quantity and duration of milk feeding on the intake of concentrates and growth of castrated male Saanen kids to slaughter

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
J. E. Cook ◽  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
W. E. Ivings ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Weaning Age

AbstractTo examine the possibility of reducing milk substitute costs in artificial rearing of goat kids, 36 castrated male Saanen kids at 2 days of age were randomly allocated across six treatments in a 2×3 factorial design experiment. Milk substitute was provided for the kids over a period of 28 or 39 days, and daily levels of milk substitute dry matter (DM) intake were 0·140,0·176 or 0·272 kg.Increasing the level of milk substitute offered had no significant effect on intake of concentrate up to weaning, but did significantly reduce the total intake of concentrate through to slaughter. Weaning after 39 days, as opposed to 28 days, also significantly reduced the total intake of concentrates. However, there was no difference when the same total quantity of milk substitute was consumed over different periods. Increasing the daily intake of milk substitute significantly increased daily live-weight gain to weaning, but tended to increase the time taken by kids to regain their weaning weight following cessation of milk substitute intake. However, milk substitute level and weaning age did not significantly affect overall daily live-weight gain or the length of time taken to reach 28 kg.Eight additional kids were slaughtered at 2 days of age to develop regression equations relating initial body composition to live weight. These relationships were similar to others published for 2-day-old Saanen kids. Treatments had no significant effect on overall rates of fat, crude protein, water, ash and energy gain or on final body composition, carcass weight or carcass composition when kids were slaughtered at a live weight of 28 kg. These data suggest that savings in milk substitute may be achieved by reducing the weaning age and/or the daily intake level.

A Note on the effect of herbicides on the metabolism and performance of lambs

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Abou Akkada ◽  
M. A. Hassan ◽  
M. Naga
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Serum Proteins ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

SummaryThe inclusion of 60 p.p.m. of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) or of M15† in the diet of lambs had no effect on the concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia in rumen liquor, on the contents of haemoglobin, protein and non-protein nitrogen in blood or on the composition of the blood serum proteins. Over weeks 1 to 6 of experiment, there was a significant increase in live-weight gain in lambs receiving a diet containing M1S but the effect had disappeared at the end of 12 weeks. Inclusion of 2,4-D in the diet had no effect on live-weight gain.

Rearing of dairy cattle. 4. Effect of concentrate supplementation on the live-weight gain and feed intake of calves offered roughages ad libitum

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Weight Gains

SUMMARYThe effects of three levels of concentrate supplementation on the live-weight gain and intake of roughages of 12-week-old British Friesian female calves were examined. Each supplement was offered for 12 weeks to two replicates of five calves which were group fed. The following six roughages were studied; high quality hay, dried grass wafers, grass silage, barley straw, poor quality hay and maize silage. The digestibility of the roughages was measured with sheep by total collection of faeces.Increasing the level of concentrate supplementation gave linear increases in live-weight gains of calves with all roughages, the greatest response occurring with roughages of low digestibility. The intake of roughage was depressed by increasing the level of concentrate supplementation, the greatest depressions occurring with roughages of high digestibility. Live-weight gains and roughage intakes were higher with dried grass wafers and lower with maize silage than would be expected from their respective digestibility coefficients.Multiple regression equations were calculated to relate live-weight gains or roughage intakes to concentrate intake and roughage digestibility. These equations predict from the digestibility of a roughage, the amount of concentrates required daily to produce a given live-weight gain, and the amount of roughage which is eaten under these circumstances.

A comparison of the effects on voluntary intake by sheep of either dietary or intra-ruminal addition of silage juices

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-333
Author(s):  
N.W. Offer
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Juice Extraction ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Daily Intakes

AbstractTwo silages were made from a regrowth of perennial ryegr ass following a 24-h wilt using either 2·5 l/t (LF) or 5·5 l/t (HF) of Add Safe (an aqueous solution of ammonium tetraformate, Trouw Nutrition, Cheshire, UK). Composition of silages LF and HF respectively were for dry matter (DM, g/kg) 205, 217; crude protein (g/kg DM) 106, 104; digestible organic matter (g/kg DM) 665, 692, pH 3·8, 3·9; lactic acid (g/kg DM) 103, 84; neutralizing value (meq/kg DM) 1051, 892; acetic acid (g/kg DM) 18·4, 14·0. Experiment A measured the intakes of the two silages using 12 Scottish Blackface wether lambs (mean live weight 25 kg) using a cross-over design with periods of 21 days. Intakes (g DM per day) were significantly greater (P < 0·05) for silage HF (329) than for LF (268). Experiment B measured the voluntary intakes of dried silage residues following juice extraction using the same protocol as for experiment A, except that only six lambs were used. There were no significant differences in composition or intake (P > 0·05) of the dried residues from the two silages. Experiment C used a 5 × 5 Latin-square design to measure the effects on voluntary intake of adding juices from the two silages to unmolassed sugar-beet nuts (SBN) pre-feeding or administered directly into the rumen in two discrete doses per day. Sheep on treatments LED and HFD received juices added to SBN (1·5 l/kg) and water added into the rumen in equal volume to the juice consumed with the previous day’s SBN. Treatments LFR and HFR received water added to the SBN (1·5 l/kg) and juice into the rumen in equal volume to the water consumed with the previous day’s SBN. The control treatment (W) was water added both to the SBN and into the rumen. Total mean daily intakes (g/day) were 1930,1954,1296, 2034 and 1703 (s.e.d. 179) for treatments LED, HFD, LFR, HFR and W respectively. Treatment LFR gave significantly lower mean daily intakes (P < 0·05) than all other treatments. Values for pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia in the rumen fluid were not significantly affected by treatment (P > 0·05). Differences in voluntary intake for the two silages made from the same crop using different ensilage methods were attributed to differences in the silage liquid and volatile phases and not to the non-volatile solid phase. The effects of juice composition on intake were greater when added directly to the rumen than when added to the diet suggesting that effects on taste or smell were relatively unimportant.

The energy requirements of sheep for maintenance and gain. I. Pen fed sheep

1962 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Coop
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Final Estimate ◽  
The Mean

Four experiments have been conducted with sheep, housed and fed in pens, to determine the maintenance and live-weight gain requirements of sheep under such conditions.1. Fifteen Corriedale sheep of initial live weight 115 lb. were fed at maintenance for 13 weeks. Daily DOM (digestible organic matter) requirement for maintenance was 0·92 ± 0·07 lb.2. Twelve Romney ewes of mean live weight 106 lb. over the period were fed for 5 months, six on submaintenance and six on super-maintenance levels. Daily DOM requirement for maintenance was 0·99 ± 0·05 lb., and requirement for gain 2·29 ± 0·20 lb. DOM per lb. gain or loss.3. Thirteen Romney ewes of mean live weight 110 lb. over the period were fed at sub- and supermaintenance levels for 8 weeks yielding the result: daily DOM intake for maintenance 1·04 ± 0·13 lb. and for gain 2·25 ± 0·24 lb. DOM per lb. gain.4. Twenty-four Romney ewes of initial live weight 107 lb. were randomized into five groups and fed fresh grass, dried grass, sheep pellets, lucerne hay and rye-grass straw for 11 weeks at slightly below maintenance. There were no significant differences between groups and the mean estimate of maintenance was 1·00 ± 0·11 lb. DOM per day.Converting these estimates to those of a 100 lb. sheep using the ¾ power of live weight, and then taking the mean gives the final estimate for maintenance of a 100 lb. sheep 0·92 lb. DOM, 0·96 TDN or 0·89 lb. SE.

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