The nutritive value of ground and pelleted barley straw. I. Ground and pelleted v. long straw for growing Ayrshire heifers

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. A. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Weight Gains

1. Twenty-four individually fed yearling Ayrshire heifers were used to compare diets consisting of (1) long barley straw and concentrates; (2) the same quantities of similar foods as in (1) but with most of the barley straw ground and pelleted with a proportion of the concentrates in a ratio of 70:30; (3) replacement of the whole of diet (1) by the pelleted 70:30 mixture to provide a similar theoretical starch-equivalent intake.2. Live-weight gains over an experimental period of 10 weeks were: treatment 1, 0.55 lb./day; treatment 2,0.99 lb./day; treatment 3,1.23 lb./day. These differences were statistically significant and indicated a marked response in energy value due to processing the straw.

The nutritive value for ruminants of a complete processed diet based on barley straw

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Wainman ◽  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. D. Pullar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Agricultural Research Council

SUMMARYCalorimetric experiments were made with a complete extruded diet for ruminants, ‘Ruminant Diet A’ prepared by Messrs U.K. Compound Feeds Ltd. Twelve determinations of energy and nitrogen retention were made using sheep and it was found that the diet had a metabolizable energy value of 2–32 kcal/g organic matter, and the net availabilities of its metabolizable energy were 42–7 % for fattening and 68–0 % for maintenance. These values agreed well with those predicted from equations published by the Agricultural Research Council. On a dry basis the starch equivalent was 38–3 %.

Productivity of S. 59 red fescue with and without S. 184 white clover under hill conditions: 2. Herbage measurements in relation to animal performance

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Davies
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Rapid Fall ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

SUMMARYHerbage availability, intake and nutritive value were recorded on swards of S. 59 red fescue (Festuca rvbra L.) and S. 23 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), with and without S. 184 white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and correlated with animal performance. Intake of dry matter was similar on all treatments. Animal live-weight gains during 1969 were positively correlated with digestible organic matter intake (DOMI).Poor animal performance from red fescue swards in mid-summer was attributed to the rapid fall in digestibility at this time which affected DOMI.Differences between treatments in efficiency of conversion of DOMI into live-weight gains were observed. Superior conversion ratios in swards containing clover could not be related to any of the herbage quality measurements recorded.Better animal productivity from red fescue swards in early spring and in late autumn were related to the longer growing season of this grass.The merits and demerits of red fescue as a grass for hill conditions and the possibility of reducing its limitations by breeding are discussed.

Rearing of dairy cattle. 4. Effect of concentrate supplementation on the live-weight gain and feed intake of calves offered roughages ad libitum

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Weight Gains

SUMMARYThe effects of three levels of concentrate supplementation on the live-weight gain and intake of roughages of 12-week-old British Friesian female calves were examined. Each supplement was offered for 12 weeks to two replicates of five calves which were group fed. The following six roughages were studied; high quality hay, dried grass wafers, grass silage, barley straw, poor quality hay and maize silage. The digestibility of the roughages was measured with sheep by total collection of faeces.Increasing the level of concentrate supplementation gave linear increases in live-weight gains of calves with all roughages, the greatest response occurring with roughages of low digestibility. The intake of roughage was depressed by increasing the level of concentrate supplementation, the greatest depressions occurring with roughages of high digestibility. Live-weight gains and roughage intakes were higher with dried grass wafers and lower with maize silage than would be expected from their respective digestibility coefficients.Multiple regression equations were calculated to relate live-weight gains or roughage intakes to concentrate intake and roughage digestibility. These equations predict from the digestibility of a roughage, the amount of concentrates required daily to produce a given live-weight gain, and the amount of roughage which is eaten under these circumstances.

The nutritive value for sheep of ruminant Diet AA6, a complete cobbed diet containing 30% barley straw

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Wainman ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
P. J. S. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Energy Value

SUMMARYSeven determinations of energy and nitrogen retention using four adult wether sheep were made when they were fed a complete cobbed diet. The diet contained 30% of barley straw and had a metabolizable energy value of 10·9 kJ/g organic matter and the net availabilities of its metabolizable energy were 52·8% for fattening and 72·8% for maintenance. The starch equivalent on a dry basis was 53.

Studies on the intake and utilization of wet feed by calves

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Fitzgerald ◽  
M. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYA latin square design with three periods of 3 weeks was used to measure the dry-matter intake, live-weight gain and water intake of 12 British Friesian calves offered an all-concentrate diet ad libitumin wet form. The diets contained 30% (B), 20% (C) or 15% (D) dry matter. A further six calves were given the same diet in dry form (A) throughout the experimental period. Digestibility and nitrogen balance were measured on four calves on each treatment at the end of the experimental period. In addition, two Ayrshire calves, each fitted with a permanent abomasal cannula, were used to study the site of digestion of the feed when given in dry or wet form.The mean dry-matter intakes of the calves given the dry and wet feeds were 75·5 and 80·8 g/kg W0·75 per day respectively and mean daily live-weight gains were 849 g for the calves on both types of feed. The mean dry-matter intakes of the calves given the wet diets were 80·9 (B), 81·2 (C) and 75·5 (D) g/kg W0·75 per day, and the live-weight gains (g/day) were 857 (B), 879 (C) and 812 (D). None of these differences were significant. The intake of water by the calves was significantly increased by reducing the dry-matter content of the diet. The form or dry-matter content of the diet offered had no effect on the digestibility of dry matter (76·1%), organic matter (77·9%), energy (75·8%) or crude protein (75·8%) or on nitrogen retention (32·5% of N intake).The rumen was the main site of digestion for all Tour diets and an average of only 7% of dietary starch passed undigested through the abomasum.

The performance of ewes offered concentrates containing olive by-products in late pregnancy and lactation

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
M. A. García ◽  
E. Molina
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

AbstractEwes of the Segureña breed were allocated to groups and were group-fed different diets composed of concentrates and roughage (lucerne hay in experiment 1 and barley straw in experiment 2), in late pregnancy and lactation. The concentrates were formulated with sunflower cake and barley, either alone (control group) or partly replaced with olive cake (OLC) and olive molasses (OLM) in a 5:1 ratio. The OLC was either untreated or was treated with NaOH or ammonia. Concentrates were given to provide proportionately 0·4 and 0·7 of calculated metabolizable energy (ME) requirements in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. In experiment 2 a further group grazed pasture and was given barley at a reduced rate.In experiment 1, the mean ME intake during late pregnancy (5+1 weeks pre-lambing) for all treatment groups was about 796 kj/kg M0·75 per day and largely exceeded their average energy requirements, whereas it was close to requirements (601 kj/kg M0·75 per day) in experiment 2. During lactation, ME intake was adjusted to the theoretical needs for ewes suckling a single lamb (835 to 870 kj/kg M0·75 per day) and was slightly deficient (990 to 1020 kj/kg M0·75 per day) for ewes with twins, irrespective of both treatment (except the group at pasture) and experiment.Minor differences in animal performance, attributed to the type of concentrate offered, were found. In pregnancy, alkali treatment of OLC significantly improved live-weight gains (P < 0·01). Live-weight gains of ewes in experiment 2 were lower than those in experiment 1 in accordance with their lower ME intake, the lowest gains being found in the group at pasture (P < 0·05). Weight losses in lactating ewes in experiment 1 were 17 to 100 and 9 to 165 g per ewe per day for ewes suckling single and twin lambs respectively. In experiment 2 ewes with twins gained weight, while those with single lambs showed little weight change, although differences between experiments were too small to attain statistical significance. No differences in barley straw intake by pregnant ewes were found between treatment groups. However, the intake of barley straw by lactating ewes in the groups offered concentrates containing OLC and OLM was significantly higher than that by controls (P < 0·05).Birth weight of lambs tended to be higher in experiment 2 when ewes consumed less ME during pregnancy, although variations were not statistically significant. The most important cause of growth rate variation was the number of lambs born to a ewe (P < 0·001). The growth rate of lambs in the outdoor group was significantly lower than that of lambs in the indoor groups (P < 0·05).

An assessment of barley straw and oat hulls as energy sources for yearling cattle

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Smith ◽  
W. H. Broster ◽  
J. W. Siviter
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Energy Supplements ◽  
Large Response

SUMMARYThree experiments, each consisting of a feeding trial plus a digestibility and nitrogen retention study, compared long barley straw with rolled barley as basal diets and oat hulls with maize starch as energy supplements for yearling dairy cattle. The protein ontent of the diets was varied by the addition of flshmeal.Growth rates were reduced by the dietary combination of high fibre and low protein, so that diets rich in straw, or containing a supplement of oat hulls, gave a large response to a supplement of fishmeal compared with low straw or maize starch supplemented diets. The data suggest a crude protein concentration of 115 g/kg dry matter as a requirement for high fibre diets supplemented with fishmeal, when fed to yearling cattle. Retention of nitrogen reflected the pattern of live-weight gain. Molar proportions of VFA were affected by changes in the roughage: concentrates ratio, except where energy and protein intakes were both low.Barley straw was of a higher nutritive value than oat hulls.

The effect of mixing unfamiliar individuals on the growth and production of finishing pigs

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. L. Tan ◽  
D. M. Shackleton ◽  
R. M. Beames
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Food Trough

ABSTRACTThe effect on productivity of mixing finishing pigs from different litters was studied. Two hundred and ten Yorkshire × Landrace pigs of about 76 kg were assigned in groups of six to each of four treatments. In treatment 1, pigs were retained as unmixed littermates while in treatments 2 and 3, three pigs from one litter were mixed with three pigs from another litter. Additionally pigs in treatment 3 were injected with a tranquilizer prior to mixing. In treatment 4, groups of five littermates were introduced into the pen of either a lighter weight or heavier weight pig. All groups were housed in 6·65 m2 partially slatted pens and fed from a communal food trough.Besides promoting aggression and fighting, mixing significantly depressed productivity, and both short-and long-term economic returns. Over the 3-week experimental period the proportional live-weight gains observed in the unmixed pigs over those of the mixed groups, were substantial: 0·099 over the 3: 3 mixed groups, 0·141 over the tranquilizer-treated groups, and 0·127 over the 5: 1 mixed groups. Consequently, mixing would necessitate additional inputs of food, housing, and labour because of the increased days to market.The tranquilizer not only did not eliminate fighting but had a long-term negative effect on production and was thus a contra-indicated expense. Introducing a single pig into a group in an occupied pen also lowered production, as did moving without mixing. However, moving effects were short lived and had minimal negative influences on overall productivity.

The nutrition of the bacon pig: VII. the chemical composition, digestibility and nutritive value of different types of swill

1942 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Woodman ◽  
R. E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Military Camp ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Feeding Value

An account has been given of recent work on the chemical nature of war-time swill and on the best methods of using this product so as to ensure the maximum replacement of concentrates, consistent with economical live-weight gains, in the rations of bacon pigs.Three different types of swill have been submitted to investigation: (1) a meat-rich military camp swill, characteristic of the material available during the first 18 months of the war; (2) processed urban swill, commonly known as concentrated swill; and (3) dried, balanced swill. In addition, the results of an investigation into the variation in composition of household and restaurant swill are also given.The different types of swill have been examined from the standpoints of (1) main ingredients, (2) chemical composition, both organic and mineral, (3) digestibility, when fed to bacon pigs, and (4) nutritive value in comparison with mixtures of common pig foods. The keeping qualities of processed urban swill and dried, balanced swill have also been investigated, and attention has been devoted to the problem of the seasonal variations of urban swill in respect of main ingredients, chemical composition and feeding value.

A comparison of long and shredded cereal straw for beef cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. F. Mira ◽  
M. Kay ◽  
E. A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Long Form ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTThirty Hereford × Friesian steers initially weighing 320 kg were used in two experiments, to compare the effects of mechanical processing of barley straw and the amount of rolled barley offered on intake and live-weight gain. The straw was offered ad libitum either in the long form or shredded through a 40 mm screen and supplemented with 20, 35 and 50 g barley DM per kgW"75 per day (L, M and H respectively). A solution providing 12 g urea per kg straw dry matter (DM) was sprayed onto the straw and all the animals were offered daily 480 g of soya bean meal with minerals and vitamins. In the first experiment, which had a change-over design, the animals were weighed at the beginning and the end of each period. The daily consumption of shredded straw (kg DM) was L 3·38, M 3·29 and H 3·00 and of long straw L 3·94, M 4·02 and H 3·56 (s.e. of difference, 0·29). There were significant differences in straw intake between steers offered the long and the shredded straw (P < 0·001) but no differences in intake when different amounts of barley were offered within the same physical form of straw. The mean daily live-weight gains for treatments L, M and H respectively were 0·25, 0·66 and 0·80 kg for steers given shredded straw and 0·32, 0·62 and 0·87 kg (s.e. of difference, 0·1) for those offered long straw. At the end of the first experiment the same animals were kept for a further 10 weeks on the same straw treatment but only treatments L and H were continued, the steers from treatment M being distributed between L and H. The straw intakes and live-weight gains were in agreement with those observed in the first experiment

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