In vivo and in sacco digestibility and rumen microbial degradation of cell walls of soyabean and rape integuments and of dehydrated beet pulp in sheep, observed by scanning electron microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Grenet ◽  
P. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Palisade Layer ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
A Cell ◽  
In Sacco

SUMMARYThe in vivo digestibility of soyabean integuments, rape integuments and dehydrated beet pulp was determined in sheep in the Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, in 1985. Organic matter digestibility was 83·5, 59·6 and 85·0%, respectively, for the three feeds. The nylon bag method was used to determine the disappearance of dry matter (DM) in the rumen. After 72 h, 89 and 96% DM had disappeared for soyabean integuments and beet pulp, respectively, but only 61% for rape integuments. The DM disappearance rate was slowest (P < 0·05) for soyabean integuments. Microscopic examination showed that the different layers of the soyabean integument could be ranked in increasing order of resistance to microbial degradation as follows: parenchyma, aleurone layer, column cell layer, palisade layer and epidermis. The hilum area was the most resistant and the only one lignified. The cell layers of the rape integument could be ranked in increasing order of resistance as follows: epidermis, aleurone layer and palisade layer. The last was highly lignified and not degradable. Degradation of beet pulp was fast, occurring first in the parenchyma. The vessels resisted degradation but were only a small part of the feed. This study shows why beet pulp has a low fill value and allows high intake. The soyabean integument is very digestible and is degraded slowly, whereas almost half of the rape integument is made up of a cell layer that is not degradable.

Seed development, testa structure and precocious germination of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapasubsp.pekinensis)

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengwei Ren ◽  
J. Derek Bewley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Palisade Layer ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Precocious Germination ◽  
Mechanical Restraint ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Cell Layers

AbstractOn the basis of embryo and seed colour, morphology, accumulation of fresh and dry weight, seed development of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapasubsp.pekinensis) can be divided into 10 discrete but contiguous stages. Precocious germination (PG) occurs in the seeds of a Chinese cabbage mutant on the parent plant mainly during the maturation period (from stage 5 to 8), with either the radicle or the cotyledon protruding out of the testa. All plants of the mutant line produce some PG seeds, but among the seeds, only 18% (maximum) germinate precociously. The developing mutant seeds have higher water contents and lower dry weights than those of the wild-type and are less tolerant of desiccation. The testa structure of Chinese cabbage seed is similar to that of otherBrassicaspecies. In developing seeds, it consists of the epidermis, subepidermis, palisade layer and pigmented layers, while in the mature dry seeds, all the cell layers except the palisade layer are crushed into non-cell structures and are stacked on the outer and inner faces of the palisade layer; the aleurone layer is fused to the testa. An alteration in testa structure of the mutant seeds (both non-germinated and precociously-germinated seeds) is probably related to PG. The secondary cell wall materials are less, or not deposited on the radial and basal walls of the palisade cells on the adaxial side of the testa, which could result in a weaker mechanical restraint, thus leading to PG.

The development of the aleurone layer in canola (Brassica napus)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1193-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin P. Groot ◽  
Lawrence A. Van Caeseele
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Aleurone Cells ◽  
Mature Seeds ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

The presence of the aleurone layer in developing seeds of Brassica napus becomes apparent about 22 days after pollination when examined with light and electron microscopic techniques. Prior to aleurone differentiation, the endosperm cellularizes centripetally to form characteristic columns of cells. The pigmented cell layer of the inner integument, which is present in dark-hulled seeds of Brassica, is just external to the aleurone. The first characteristic structures that become apparent inside the aleurone are spherosomes formed by the coalescence of small oil droplets. Shortly thereafter, the cell walls of the aleurone become markedly thickened relative to the surrounding cells. The aleurone cells of mature seeds contain lipid and protein reserves but lack starch. Development of the aleurone layer occurs first near the adaxial area and proceeds until the micropylar area finally differentiates. Endosperm chloroplasts have a characteristic lens shape when viewed in section with the electron microscope. They appear to congregate around a nucleus along with a small amount of cytoplasm causing an astroid-shaped aggregation of cytoplasm in the majority of endosperm cells but only transiently in the aleurone. DNA fluorometry and image analysis showed that aleurone nuclei are triploid; therefore the aleurone layer is derived from the endosperm. Key words: aleurone layer, endosperm, seed development, ploidy, anatomy, Brassica napus.

scholarly journals Anatomy and ontogeny of Pterodon emarginatus (Fabaceae: Faboideae) seed

2005 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. T. Oliveira ◽  
E. A. S. Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Outer Integument ◽  
Palisade Layer ◽  
Seed Structure ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Characteristic Structure ◽  
Peripheral Cells

The aim of this study was to describe the anatomy and ontogeny of Pterodon emarginatus seed using the usual techniques. The ovules are campilotropous, crassinucelate, and bitegmic. The following processes occur during integument development: anticlinal divisions and phenolic compound accumulations in the exotesta, whose cells become palisade; predominantly periclinal divisions and cell expansion in the mesotesta, where the rapheal bundle differentiates; differentiation of the hourglass-cell layer adjacent to the palisade; fusion of outer and inner integuments, which remain individualized structures only at the micropylar end; and intense pectin impregnation in the mesotesta thicker walls with lignification restricted to the xylem. At the hilar pole, the Faboideae seed characteristic structure develops, with double palisade layer, subhilar parenchyma, and tracheid bar. The younger nucellus shows thicker pectic cell walls and is consumed during seed formation. The endosperm is nuclear and, after cellularization, shows peripheral cells with dense lipid content; the seeds are albuminous. The axial embryo shows fleshy cotyledons, which accumulate lipid and protein reserves; starch is rare. Although the seed structure is characteristic of the Fabaceae, the inner integument coalesces into the outer integument without being reabsorbed.

scholarly journals ONE-STEP GROWTH CURVE OF WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS ON CHICKEN EMBRYO CELLS GROWN IN VITRO AND ANALYSIS OF VIRUS YIELDS FROM SINGLE CELLS

1954 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Dulbecco ◽  
Marguerite Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Chicken Embryo ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Virus Growth ◽  
Embryo Cells ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
A Cell ◽  
One Step ◽  
Step Growth

The rate of adsorption of WEE virus onto chicken embryo cells in vitro was determined both on a cell layer and on a cell suspension. One-step growth curves were determined in cell suspensions and on cell layers. The latent period varied between 2 and 3½ hours; it was shorter on cell layers and decreased with higher multiplicity of infection. The shortest period is probably the real latent period. The growth curves of the virus showed an initial exponential rise and reached a maximal constant value after 6 to 8 hours. The maximum virus yield per cell varied between 200 and 1000 on the cell layer, and between 100 and 200 in suspended cells. The yield of single infected cells was determined. An analysis of the distributions of the individual yields obtained after various periods of virus growth led to two main conclusions: (1) that virus is released from the same cell over a long period of time; (2) that one phase of the intracellular virus growth is exponential.

Stereoscopic analyses of surfaces on polystyrene foam

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 706-707
Author(s):  
E.F. Lindsey ◽  
C. W. Price ◽  
R. M. Franks ◽  
M. A. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Polystyrene Foam ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Surface Finishes ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Geometric Surface

Analysis of surface finishes on machined polystyrene foam presents a unique challenge when the cell size of the foam is of the order of or larger than desired surface finishes. Ideally, the surface could be defined as the geometric surface formed by the locus of the severed edges of the cell walls. However, both machining and grinding tend to rip and fracture cell walls and leave asperities formed by agglomerations of fragmented cell walls. Machined geometric surfaces can be defined as the locus of the tips of the asperities, but the surface in between asperities can extend several cell layers below the asperities. The severe nature of this problem is emphasized by stereoscopic examinations of fractured, machined and ground, and cryo-vibratomed polystyrene surfaces in the SEM.Since coating does not seriously distort low-density polystyrene foam, the specimens were gold-palladium coated for examination in a Hitachi S-800 FESEM at 5 kV. Stereo pairs were obtained using tilts of + and − 3 1/2 degrees. The polystyrene foam had a cell size that varied between 2 to 11 μm.

Scierification of juice sacs in pummelo (Citrus grandis) fruit

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Shomer ◽  
Edo Chalutz ◽  
Rosa Vasiliver ◽  
Ella Lomaniec ◽  
Monica Berman
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Neutral Sugars ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Juice Sacs

Granulation of juice sacs in pummelo (Citrus grandis L.) fruit was found to occur upon ripening. The juice sac tissue consisted of epidermal and subepidermal cell layers, an elongated cell layer, and juice cells. The granulation was accompanied by the appearance of opaque white regions inside transparent tissue. The subepidermal cells of the granulated tissue were disordered and the cell walls of the elongated and the juice cells were distinctly thickened. An ultrastructural study has shown that the subepidermal cell walls of granulated juice sacs were distorted and had swollen regions. The cell walls of both the elongated and the juice cells had secondary thickening with pits. The total dry weight, cellulose (as glucose), lignin, and hemicellulose (as xylose) were significantly higher and insoluble proteins were lower in granulated juice sacs than in non-granulated ones. The content of insoluble neutral sugars such as rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, and galactose decreased as a result of granulation, as did that of soluble sugars glucose, fructose, sucrose, and organic acids. Thus, it seems that granulation of pummelo fruit juice sacs is a result of lignification of the juice cells, which leads to the formation of sclerenchyma.

scholarly journals Digestibility of proteins of the histological components of cooked and raw rice

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Howard Bradbury ◽  
J. Grant Collins ◽  
N. A. Pyliotis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Milled Rice ◽  
Cooked Rice ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Vitro Protein

1. The aleurone layer, grain coat and embryo which constitute rice bran are rich in vitamins, lipids, protein and lysine compared with the endosperm (milled rice).2. A method was developed to measure the in vitro protein digestibility of raw and cooked brown rice and their histological components.3. The protein digestibility of cooked endosperm by the in vitro method agreed with that of other workers using in vivo techniques.4. The protein digestibility of the aleurone layer and grain coat from raw rice was only 25% but increased to 65% from cooked rice, due to disruption of the cellulosic cell walls at 100°, which was shown by electron microscopy.5. The decreased protein digestibility due to cooking was not the result of formation of ε-lysyl–γ-glutamyl isopeptide cross-links, but may be due to formation of a cystine-rich core that is resistant to proteases.6. The protein digestibility of cooked brown rice was approximately the same as that of cooked milled rice, hence it is advantageous for those for whom rice is a staple food to consume brown rather than milled rice.

Ultrastructure of melanocyte-keratinocyte interactions and pigment transfer in vitro

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 650-651
Author(s):  
Raul I. Garcia ◽  
Evelyn A. Flynn ◽  
George Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Pigment Granule ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Lanthanum Tracer ◽  
A Cell

Skin pigmentation in mammals involves the interaction of epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes in the structural and functional unit known as the Epidermal Melanin Unit. Melanocytes(M) synthesize melanin within specialized membrane-bound organelles, the melanosome or pigment granule. These are subsequently transferred by way of M dendrites to keratinocytes(K) by a mechanism still to be clearly defined. Three different, though not necessarily mutually exclusive, mechanisms of melanosome transfer have been proposed: cytophagocytosis by K of M dendrite tips containing melanosomes, direct injection of melanosomes into the K cytoplasm through a cell-to-cell pore or communicating channel formed by localized fusion of M and K cell membranes, release of melanosomes into the extracellular space(ECS) by exocytosis followed by K uptake using conventional phagocytosis. Variability in methods of transfer has been noted both in vivo and in vitro and there is evidence in support of each transfer mechanism. We Have previously studied M-K interactions in vitro using time-lapse cinemicrography and in vivo at the ultrastructural level using lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture.

Analysis of the Dynamics of the Electric Capacitance of a Cell Monolayer at the Late Stages of Caco-2 cell Differentiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
S.V. Nikulin ◽  
V.A. Petrov ◽  
D.A. Sakharov
Keyword(s):  
Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Cell Monolayer ◽  
Microfluidic Chips ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Electric Capacitance ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Late Stages

The real-time monitoring of electric capacitance (impedance spectroscopy) allowed obtaining evidence that structures which look like intestinal villi can be formed during the cultivation under static conditions as well as during the cultivation in microfluidic chips. It was shown in this work via transcriptome analysis that the Hh signaling pathway is involved in the formation of villus-like structures in vitro, which was previously shown for their formation in vivo. impedance spectroscopy, intestine, villi, electric capacitance, Hh The study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (Project 16-19-10597).

scholarly journals In vivo targeting of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the Tupaia paramyxovirus H glycoprotein bearing a cell-specific ligand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takele Argaw ◽  
Michael P. Marino ◽  
Andrew Timmons ◽  
Lindsey Eldridge ◽  
Kazuyo Takeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lentiviral Vectors ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Specific Ligand
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