The flow of amino acids into the small intestine of cattle when fed heated and unheated beans (Vicia faba)

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. McMeniman ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen ◽  
Proximal Small Intestine

SUMMARYThe effect of substituting different amounts of heated and unheated beans for barley in diets to cows, on the flow of total nitrogen (N), total amino acid nitrogen (TAA-N) and individual amino acids into the proximal duodenum was studied. Neither heating of the beans nor increasing their proportion in the diet significantly increased the flow of total N at the duodenum; however, increasing the proportion of beans did increase the flow of TAA-N. The substitution of both forms of cracked beans for barley, and at both levels significantly increased the flows of leucine and aspartic acid; flows of histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and serine were increased by substitution of both forms of beans but only at the higher level. In the bean supplemented diets significant proportions of all of the ingested amino acids except methionine were apparently destroyed in the forestomachs. The substitution of beans for barley resulted in a net increase of 0·2 g TAA-N flow into the proximal small intestine for each gram of additional dietary N.

scholarly journals Digestion of protein in small and large intestine of the pig

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. G. Holmes ◽  
H. S. Bayley ◽  
P. A. Leadbeater ◽  
F. D. Horney
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Protein Free Diet

1. Six 45 kg pigs with re-entrant ileal cannulas were used in two 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments to study the site of absorption of protein and amino acids. Semi-purified diets containing soya-bean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) or no protein source (protein-free) were offered at the rate of 1 kg dry matter/d.2. Flow-rates of ileal contents for 24 h collection periods, corrected for recovery of marker, were 3135, 3127 and 1243 ml (SE 390) for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively.3. Amounts of dry matter digested in the small intestine were 730, 669 and 809 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001).4. Nitrogen intakes were 32·6, 29·9 and 5·9 g/d, and amounts digested in the small intestine were 25·7, 20·2 and 1·6 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001). Amounts digested in the large intestine were 2·6, 3·7 and 0·7 g/d.5. Total amino acid intakes and amounts collected at the ileum and in the faeces were (g/d): SBM, 177, 24 and 18; RSM, 149, 28 and 22; protein-free 3, 9 and 12. Digestibility in the small intestine was higher for SBM than RSM for seventeen of the eighteen amino acids estimated. Greater quantities of arginine, methionine, cystine and tyrosine were voided in the faeces than passed through the ileal cannulas for pigs receiving the SBM and RSM diets. For those receiving the protein-free diet this was true for each amino acid except proline.6. Significant differences were found between all diets in the concentration of some amino acids in ileal and faecal amino-N, and endogenous protein secretions did not mask the differences between diets.7. Differences in digestibility between SBM and RSM were greater at the ileum than in the faeces. Amino acid fermentation in the large intestine obscured or reduced differences between SBM and RSM.

scholarly journals The effect of fishmeal on the digestion of grass silage by growing cattle

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Beever ◽  
M. Gill ◽  
J. M. Dawson ◽  
P. J. Buttery
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Dorsal Sac

The effect of two levels of fishmeal substitution (50 (FM1) and 150 (FM2) g/kg) of a grass silage control diet (C) on the rumen digestion of organic matter and nitrogen, and the small intestinal disappearance of amino acids was examined in young growing cattle each equipped with simple PVC cannulas in the dorsal sac of the reticulo-rumen, the proximal duodenum and the terminal ileum. The silage was a primary growth of perennial ryegrass (Lnlium pevenne) (+formic acid) with a total N content of 22 g/kg dry matter (DM) (diet C). Fishmeal substitution increased this to 26 (diet FM1) and 34 (diet FM2) g/kg DM. On diets C and FM1, approximately 0.71 of digestible organic matter intake was apparently digested in the rumen, but this was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced on diet FM2 (0.60). Whilst duodenal flows of non-ammonia N and total amino acids were significantly (P < 001) increased at the highest level of fishmeal inclusion only, the synthesis of microbial N was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by fishmeal inclusion, and feed N degradability declined progressively in response to increased fishmeal. Both levels of fishmeal addition caused a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in the fractional outflow rate of water from the rumen, and on the highest level of fishmeal significant (P< 0.05) increases in rumen ammonia concentration and rumen propionate molar proportions were observed. The net effect of the highest level of fishmeal substitution was to increase amino acid absorption from the small intestine by 0.47 compared with the control diet (P< 0.05), but due to an elevated ileal flow of amino acid no such effect was detected at the lowest level of fishmeal substitution. Composition of the absorbed amino acid fraction was relatively unaffected by the treatments imposed, despite large changes in the composition of the duodenal protein. The apparent non-linearity of response to fishmeal substitution is discussed and the amino acid supply findings are compared with the protein retention findings obtained in an earlier study by Gill et al. (1987). By two methods of calculation it was estimated that the amino acid N fraction disappearing from the small intestine was utilized with an efficiency of between 0.51 and 0.53 and no apparent effects due to diet or level of amino acid supply were detected.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Storage and Its Interaction with Carbohydrates of Young Almond Trees in Response to Nitrogen Supply

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 796C-796
Author(s):  
Guihong Bi* ◽  
Carolyn Scagel ◽  
Lailiang Cheng ◽  
Leslie Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
Predominant Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acids

June-budded `Nonpareil/Nemaguard' almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb) trees were fertigated with one of five nitrogen (N) concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm) in a modified Hoagland's solution from July to September. In October, the trees were sprayed twice with either water or 3% urea, then harvested after natural leaf fall and stored at 2°C. Trees were destructively sampled during winter storage to determine their concentrations of amino acids, protein, and non-structural carbohydrates (TNC). Increasing N supply either via N fertigation during the growing season or with foliar urea applications in the fall increased the concentrations of both free and total amino acids, whereas decreased their C/N ratios. Moreover, as the N supply increased, the proportion of nitrogen stored as free amino acids also increased. However, protein was still the main form of N used for storage. The predominant amino acid in both the free and total amino-acid pools was arginine. Arginin N accounted for an increasing proportion of the total N in both the free and total amino acids as the N supply was increased. However, the proportion of arginine N was higher in the free amino acids than in the total amino acids. A negative relationship was found between total amino acid and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations, suggesting that TNC is increasingly used for N assimilation as the supply of N increases. Urea applications decreased the concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, but had little influence on concentrations of sorbitol and starch. We conclude that protein is the primary form of storage N, and that arginine is the predominant amino acid. Furthermore, the synthesis of amino acids and proteins comes at the expense of non-structural carbohydrates.

The main amino acids in xylem sap of Vitis vinifera L. var. Cabernet Franc during the vegetative cycle. Search for an amino acid marker

OENO One ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Corine Larchevêque ◽  
A. Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Total Amino Acid Content

<p style="text-align: justify;">Numerous studies have been carried out on the vine, must and wine, but few on sap. Main phenological stages i.e. bud burst, the flowering period, veraison and the ripening period have been well described. However, at the present time, no study is available identifying the main amino acids of the xylem sap, at the formentioned periods. Located within the « Graves de Pessac-Léognan » vineyard, the plot area studied has a clayey-chalky soil with a small amount of sand present. The cultivar Cabernet franc was grafted on the Fercal rootstock. Planted in June 1982, the vine was trained with Guyot pruning and no tillage. The density of the plantation was 5.550 vines per ha. Four rows of 21 vines were sampled.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Analysis of xylem sap, by H.P.L.C., at the four stages, taken from several vintages, showed that the global content of amino acids varied year to year (LARCHEVÊQUE, 1998). The experiment reported on herein was carried out in order to determine both the main amino acids in the xylem sap and to identify a marker amongst them, having the same evolution as that of the global amino acid content from one phenological stage to the next. A pool of eight amino acids, all present in large quantities (about 80 p. cent of total amino acid content), was always noted : asparagine/glutamine, tyrosine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine and proline. Concentration levels of these components differed in sap, depending on the vintage, at the same phenological stage. At bud burst, as at the flowering period, the sap had a similar qualitative composition.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was noteworthy that aspartic acid evidenced the same evolution that of the total amino acid content (i.e. the same variation in percentage) from one phenological stage to the next. Aspartic acid should therefore be regarded as a « marker » of total amino acid content evolution during the vegetative cycle.</p>

scholarly journals On the Nutrition and Metabolism of Zooplankton II. The relationship between the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus and particulate material in Plymouth sea water, in terms of amino acid composition

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
E. D. S. Corner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Skeletonema Costatum ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen ◽  
Calanus Helgolandicus

The amino acid composition of adult female Calanus helgolandicus Claus and particulate material at station L4 has been analysed from March to December. The average concentration of amino acid nitrogen in Calanus was 7·7% of the dry body weight and accounted for 83% of the total nitrogen. The average level of amino acid nitrogen in the particulate material was 11·9 μg/1. and accounted for 54% of the total nitrogen.The relative quantities of amino acids in Calanus remained remarkably constant throughout the year. The relative quantities of amino acids in particulate material were more variable.The rate of respiration of Calanus measured at 8°C varied from 31 μl. O2/mg. dry body weight/day in winter (December–February) to 79 μl. O2/mg dry body weight/day in summer (April–August).Starving winter Calanus lost 1·8% and starving summer Calanus 2·1% of their dry body weight as amino acids each day. In order to replenish its daily losses of amino acids winter Calanus must sustain a filtering rate of about 30 ml./animal/day: the corresponding value in summer is greater than 50 ml./animal/day.The amino acid composition of Skeletonema costatum is so close to that of the particulate material in the sea, that, as far as amino acids are concerned, Calanus would gain no nutritional advantage by selecting the diatom in preference to the amino acid containing fraction of particulate material as a whole.

Excretion of Taurine during Healing of Experimental Wounds

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin B Williamson ◽  
John M Passmann
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Free Diet

Abstract A comparison of the excretion of amino acids by normal and wounded rats on a high protein and protein-free diet was made. The nontaurine amino acid nitrogen excretion was found to be the same the control and wounded animals, although the rats on the high protein diet excreted considerably more amino acid nitrogen than did those on the protein-free diet. The wounded animals on the high protein diet had the same total nitrogen output but excreted significantly larger amounts of taurine than did the nonwounded controls. The wounded animals given the protein-free diet excreted the same amount of taurine but produced more total nitrogen than did the control rats. On the basis of the total nitrogen-taurine excretion ratios, data indicate that cystine is conserved by the wounded as compared to the normal animals.

The effect of urea and urea plus sodium sulphate on microbial protein production in the rumens of sheep given diets high in alkali-treated barley straw

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Elliott ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe effects of virea and urea plus sodium sulphate on the production of microbial protein were studied in sheep fitted with rumen fistulae and re-entrant cannulae in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum. Diets containing a high proportion (0·68–0·72) of sodium hydroxide-treated barley straw supplemented with starch, glucose and solka floe were fed at hourly intervals to the sheep at 830–870 g dry matter/24 h.The addition of the urea and urea plus sulphate supplements, although inducing a stepwise reduction in overall digestibility of OM, resulted in increased microbial protein synthesis in the rumen, which was reflected in increased quantities of amino acid nitrogen entering the small intestine (8–38, 12–03 and 17–84 g of total amino acid nitrogen (TAA-N)/24h respectively). The efficiency of microbial protein production (g bacterial TAA-N/kg OM actually digested in the rumen) was significantly increased by the addition of urea and still further by additions of urea plus SO4-S (11·1, 20·2 and 29·6 grespectively).Digestibilities of the individual amino acids in the small intestine were very similar on each dietary treatment. Apparent digestibilities of total amino acid-N within the small intestine (based on amounts entering the small intestine) were 0·623, 0·672 and 0·688 on the basal diet, basal diet plus urea and basal diet plus urea and S respectively.The proportions of cyst(e)ine-S in rumen bacteria synthesized from the rumen sulphide pool were 0088, 0·075 and 0·669 on the basal diet, basal diet plus urea and basal diet plus urea and S respectively. The data confirm appreciable recycling of S into the rumen.

EFFECTS OF TREATING RAPESEED MEAL AND CASEIN WITH FORMALDEHYDE ON APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF RUMEN DIGESTA AND BACTERIA

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Total N ◽  
Casein Protein

Four rumen-fistulated young Holstein steers (189 kg average weight) were used in a latin square design. The steers were fed four semipurified pelleted diets, containing either 19% rapeseed meal (RSM) or 7.5% casein protein untreated or formaldehyde (FA)-treated (0.7 g FA/100 g protein), at frequent intervals. FA treatment of RSM or casein tended to reduce the ammonia production in the rumen of steers receiving the experimental diets and showed little effect on apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) or nitrogen (N) retention. FA treatment of casein but not of RSM increased (P < 0.05) the flow of total N, non-ammonia N (NAN) and digesta from the rumen. The bacterial N in the rumen digesta varied from 40–61% of the dietary N for the steers fed the experimental diets. FA treatment significantly increased total amino acid concentrations (P < 0.01) in the rumen digesta of steers fed the FA-casein diet and resulted in a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) increase for FA-RSM steers compared with those given untreated diets. Treatment of casein with FA reduced the catabolism of essential amino acids which resulted in larger quantities of these amino acids being transported out of the rumen as compared to the untreated casein diet. However, FA treatment of RSM protein did not promote a significant increase in the quantities of amino acids leaving the rumen of steers receiving the FA-RSM diet compared with those on the RSM diet.

scholarly journals Amino acid changes during the early stages of tomato wilt disease (Verticillium albo-atrum)

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations ◽  
Verticillium Albo Atrum

Soil-borne pathogens such as Verticillium species, invade into the roots of many herbaceous and woody hosts.  The xylem environment supplies these pathogens with a continuous flow of nitrogen-rich nutrition. Detailed quantitative increases in amino acids in the stems, petioles, leaflets and roots of young tomato plants infected with Verticillium. albo-atrum the causal agent of wilt disease, are described in this paper for the first time. Results focus in particular on the vascular environment prior to the emergence of visual symptoms. Total amino acid concentrations in infected stems and petioles increased substantially at 144 and 216 h after inoculation. This effect was evident in leaflets at 216 h after inoculation. By 216 h most amino acid concentrations were substantially increased in stems, petioles and leaflets of infected plants relative to healthy controls. Earlier at 144 h in stems substantial increases were recorded for aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine and ethanolamine. A similar picture emerged for petioles with the addition of increases in proline but not glycine. Amino acids increasing substantially in infected leaflets at 216 h were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and ethanolamine. In the infected roots there was relatively little difference in amino acid concentrations relative to healthy controls with the particular exceptions of proline and ethanolamine. By 18 days (432h), when visual symptoms were well advanced marked increases in amino acid concentrations were found for threonine, serine, α-alanine, valine, methionine, iso-leucine, leucine, tyrosine, ethanolamine, ornithine, lysine, histidine and arginine.

scholarly journals Digestion of proteins of varying degradability in sheep. 3. Apparent and true digestibility in the small intestine and ileal endogenous flow of N and amino acids.

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. van Bruchem ◽  
L.J.G.M. Bongers ◽  
J.D. van Walsem ◽  
W. Onck ◽  
P.W.M. van Adrichem
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Potato Protein ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Infusion Tube

Sugarbeet pulp, citrus pulp, sugarbeet molasses and minerals and vitamins were mixed with different amounts of groundnut expeller, potato protein, peas or dried brewers' grains to give 6 concentrates with protein solubility from 7 to 51%. The concentrates (600 g daily) were given with rye grass (300 g daily) to 2 Texel wethers with an infusion tube into the abomasum and with cannulae in the cranial duodenum and terminal ileum. Apparent digestibility of amino acid nitrogen in the small intestine was 57.0 to 73.2% and increased with increasing amounts of protein entering the small intestine. Mean true digestibility in the small intestine was 90.3%. Apparent and true digestibilities of individual amino acids varied considerably. Of protein leaving the small intestine 75% was endogenous (non-ammonia N 321 mg/kg0.75 daily). (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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