Effects of source and content of ash in poultry litter used in diets for beef cattle

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BROSH ◽  
Y. AHARONI ◽  
D. LEVY ◽  
Z. HOLZER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Maize Grain

Two experiments were carried out in order to study the effect of the ash content of poultry litter (PL) on its nutritional value. In Expt 1, broiler PL was incorporated in the proportions of 30 and 45% into diets based on wheat straw supplemented with 20% maize grain. The PL was either fresh (containing 19% ash) or had been heated in a stack (giving 26% ash). There were also two additional diets containing 45% fresh PL to which either ground limestone or wood ash had been added to provide the same ash content as the diets containing 45% stored, high ash PL. An in vivo digestibility and nitrogen balance trial was carried out. Storing the PL, which resulted in heating and an increase in ash content, reduced dry matter intake significantly. The largest and most significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein can be ascribed to the freshness of the PL. Stored, heated PL had a highly negative effect on crude protein digestibility and on nitrogen retention. No negative effect of adding extrinsic ash was recorded. In Expt 2, the nutritional value of layer PL (LPL), compared with that of broiler PL (BPL), was examined using ten beef cows before and after calving. The diet was composed of 45% PL, 35% wheat straw (WS) and 20% maize grain. Daily dry matter intakes were 12·7 and 16·2 g/kg liveweight (LW) before calving and 15·5 and 22·8 g/kg LW after calving, for cows fed LPL and BPL, respectively. Owing to the combined effect of the lower dry matter intake, lower gross energy content and lower digestibility of LPL, the digestible energy intake of BPL diets was almost three-fold, and nitrogen absorption (g/kg LW0·75) on the BPL was 2·4-fold higher than on the LPL diets. Because the ash intake of both diets was similar, it is suggested that the main inhibiting factor of intake after calving was the rumen's ability to mobilize the large amounts of ash-rich complexes of ash and organic matter to the reticular omasal orifice and, consequently, out of the rumen.

Problems involved in the utilization of alkali-treated fibrous roughages 1. The effects of level of roughage and protein in the diet and neutralization of residual alkali

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Drori ◽  
Y. Folman
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Levels

ABSTRACTWheat straw treated with 35 g NaOH per kg was offered to male calves at three levels: 300 (A), 500 (B), and 700 (C) g/kg diet, in a metabolism trial and in a feeding trial. In the former the wheat straw was offered either neutralized with HC1 (N) or unneutralized (U), in six subtreatments (AN, BN, CN, AU, BU and CU) in a 3 × 2 factorial design to a total of 24 calves. Dry-matter intake per kg W0·73was 123, 108, 104, 122, 105 and 91 g/day, and the digestibility of the organic matter of the straw was 0·388, 0·616, 0·629, 0·385, 0·528 and 0·544 respectively. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein of the straw was negative. Nitrogen retention per kg W0·73was 0·91, 0·58, 0·52, 0·97, 0·57 and 0·50 g/day, respectively.In the feeding trial, unneutralized, NaOH-treated wheat straw was offered to a total of 84 calves for 100 days at the above three levels with two protein levels: standard, 120 g/kg (S) and high, 140 g/kg (H), in six subtreatments (AS, BS, CS, AH, BH and CH) in a 3 × 2 factorial design. The concentrates were pelleted. From day 101 to slaughter all the calves were offered one finishing diet.Level of protein had no effect on performance. Increasing the levels of straw in the first 100 days sharply reduced average daily gains; these were 1 074, 825 and 583 g, respectively. However, the respective average daily gains on the finishing diet were 1 131, 1 272 and 1 316 g, indicating a considerable amount of compensatory growth.

A note on the apparent digestibility of energy and protein in dried poultry excreta

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lowman ◽  
D. W. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Detailed Work

SUMMARYThe nutritional value of dried poultry excreta was investigated by determining the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, energy and copper in five diets containing 0 to 100% of this feed. Dried poultry excreta supplied 20·21% apparently digestible crude protein and approximately 1·57 or 1·74 Mcal of metabolizable energy per kg dry matter.The copper in dried poultry excreta was found to be less digestible than the copper in barley. It is concluded that, as far as copper levels are concerned, dried poultry excreta are safe for ruminants, and are a source ofcheap protein. More detailed work is needed to determine the metabolizable energy of the material accurately.

scholarly journals Effects of Cultured Yeast Supplementation on Growing Kids Fed With Napier Grass-Concentrate Ration

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mark Abela ◽  
◽  
Lolito Bestil ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Ruminal Fluid

An In vivo experiment was conducted to assess the effects of live yeast supplementation on the performance of six-month-old young goats. Specifically, it investigated the effects of cultured yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation of the dry matter intake, growth performance, fluctuation in ruminal fluid pH and rumen bacterial count, as well as on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein of the napier grass-concentrate ration. The addition of cultured yeast at two grams/ 10 mL distilled water generally increased dry matter intake and weight gain of the young goats, but did not significantly affected bacterial count and ruminal fluid pH. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein of the napier grass-concentrate ration increased with the addition of cultured yeast. Yeast supplementation of one gram/ 10 mL distilled water enhaced nutrient intake and utilization of the napier grass-concentrate ration.

scholarly journals Digestive parameters during gestation of Holstein heifers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica Marcela Vieira Pereira ◽  
Marcos Inácio Marcondes ◽  
Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽  
Joel Caton ◽  
Anna Luiza Lacerda Sguizzato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids

AbstractOur objective was to estimate nutrient intake, ruminal flow, total apparent and ruminal digestibility, rates of passage and digestion, ruminal and omasal pH, blood metabolite concentrations, and body measurements during gestation of Holstein heifers. Eleven pregnant Holstein heifers, 8 of which fitted with a rumen cannula (450 ± 27.6 kg of body weight and 20 ± 3.5 months of initial age) were used. All heifers received the same diet composed of corn silage, soybean meal, corn meal, minerals and vitamins, with a corn silage:concentrate ratio of 50:50 (on a dry matter basis), aiming an average daily gain of approximately 1.0 kg. The sampling periods were established according to the days of gestation: 145, 200, and 255 with a duration of 10 days per period. Total fecal samples were collected to estimate dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Blood samples were collected to analyze metabolites (non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, urea, and glucose). Data were analyzed as a repeated measurements scheme, using MIXED procedure, with differences declared when P < 0.05. Dry matter intake expressed in kg/day increased from d-145 to d-200, and remaining stable until d-255 of gestation. The same results were observed for organic matter and crude protein intake, increasing 15.0 and 35.8% respectively. In contrast, when dry matter intake was evaluated as % body weight, we observed a decrease of 16.7% from d-200 to d-255. Days of gestation did not influence ruminal flow of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber. We observed an increase in the ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber by 20.5%. The apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein changed over days of gestation, with an increase of 11.9, 8.5, and 9.8%, respectively, when comparing d-145 with d-200. The rate of digestion of neutral detergent fiber increased from 2.0 to 3.5% h-1. Glucose levels decreased, while β-hydroxybutirate and non-esterified fatty acids increased from d-145 to d-255. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a reduction in dry matter intake in % body weight due to pregnancy. It also shows an increase in total apparent digestibility through gestation, which imply a greater efficiency of use of nutrients by pregnant animals. Thus, further research is still needed to consolidate such results and to elucidate the mechanism about nutrient usage during the final third of gestation in heifers.

INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF FABABEAN CROP RESIDUE BY SHEEP

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. THORLACIUS ◽  
E. COXWORTH ◽  
D. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Medium Quality

Voluntary dry matter intake and digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and energy of fababean crop residue by sheep were greater (P < 0.05) than those of wheat straw, but were not significantly different from those of medium quality alfalfa-brome hay. The results indicated that the nutritive value of fababean crop residue was greater than that of wheat straw.

scholarly journals Effect of substituting maize grain with cobs treated with a combination of urea and wood ash on sheep performance and rumen parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-352
Author(s):  
A. Abdulazeez ◽  
C. M. Tsopito ◽  
O. R. Madibela
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Maize Cobs

Effect of treating maize cobs with a combination of urea and wood ash (WA) on chemical composition, in vitro gas production, and in sacco degradability were examined in a previous study. The treatments were: (100U) =100% urea +0% wood ash, (75U25WA) = 75% urea +25% wood ash, (50U50WA) = 50% urea +50% wood ash, (25U75WA) =25 % urea + 75% wood ash and (0U0WA) = Untreated maize cobs. It was concluded in the study that, treatment 25U75WA gave better results in terms of all the parameters measured. This study aimed at determining the effect of feeding Twana sheep diets whose grain was substituted with maize cobs treated with 25%U and 75%WA on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen utilization, rumen NH3, pH and performance. Tswana sheep were fed experimental diet whose maize grain was substituted with graded levels of 25U75WA in the dietary ingredients and the treatments were: 100M = 100% maize grain, 66M34C = 66% maize grain plus 34% treated maize cobs, 34M66C = 34% maize grain plus 66% treated maize cobs and 100C = 100% treated maize cobs in a 4×4 Latin Square Design (4 animals were rotated in 4 periods for all the treatments). Treatment 34M66C had crude protein intake (CPI), dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI) and neutral detergent fibre intake (NDFI) of 0.1334, 0.9500, 0.8921 and 0.4800 kg/d respectively (P<0.05) while the crude protein digestibility (CPD), dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and neutral detergentfibre digestibility (NDFD) were 79.57, 68.02, 66.26, and 57.8% respectively (P<0.05). All the treatments had similar (P>0.05) rumen NH3 ranging from 23.55 – 24.00 mg/ml while rumen pH were different (P<0.05) and ranged from 6.117 – 6.937 however treatment 100M had lower pH. Treatment 100M and 34M66C had average daily gain (ADG) of 0.1150 and 0.1417 kg/d, respectively (P<0.05), however, treatment 100M had lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 5.217 compared to 7.059 (P<0.05) for 34M66C. It was concluded that farmers should include 34M66C in the diet of Tswana sheep for optimum performance and also reduce the cost of feed.     Effet du traitement des épis de maïs avec une combinaison d'urée et de cendres de bois (CB) sur la composition chimique, la production de gaz in vitro et dans la dégradabilité de SACCO ont été examinées dans une étude précédente. Les traitements étaient: (100u) = 100% urée + 0% de cendre de bois, (75U25CB) = 75% d'urée + 25% de cendres de bois, (50u50wa) = 50% d'urée + 50% de cendre de bois, (25U75CB) = 25% d'urée + 75% de cendres bois et (0U0CB) = épis de maïs non traité. Il a été conclu dans l'étude que, le traitement 25U75CB a donné de meilleurs résultats en termes de tous les paramètres mesurés. Cette étude visait à déterminer l'effet de l'alimentation des régimes de moutons Twana dont le grain a été substitué aux épis de maïs traité avec 25% U et 75% de CB sur l'apport nutritionnel, la digestibilité, l'utilisation de l'azote, le rumen NH3, la performance de la pharmacie. Les moutons de Tswana ont été nourris à une alimentation expérimentale dont le grain de maïs était substitué par des niveaux de grade de 25U75WA dans les ingrédients alimentaires et les traitements étaient les suivants: 100m = 100% de grain de maïs, 66 m34c = 66% de grain de maïs de maïs plus 34% d'épis de maïs traité, 34m66c = 34% de maïs Grain Plus 66% COBS de maïs traité et 100c = 100% cobs de maïs traités dans un design carré latin 4 × 4 (4 animaux ont été tournés en 4 périodes pour tous les traitements). Traitement 34M66C avait une consommation de protéines brutes (CPB), une consommation de matière sèche (CMS), une consommation de matière organique (CMO) et une consommation de fibres de détergents neutres de 0,1334, 0,9500, 0,8921 et 0,4800 kg / j respectivement (p <0,05) tandis que le Digestibilité des protéines brutes (DPB), digestibilité de la matière sèche (DMS), digestibilité de la matière organique (DMO) et digestibilité de fibres de détergent neutres (DFDN) étaient de 79,57, 68,02, 66,26 et 57,8% respectivement (p <0,05). Tous les traitements avaient des analgésiques similaires (p> 0,05) Rumen NH3 allant de 23,55 à 24,00 mg / ml tandis que le pH de rumen était différent (p <0,05) et allait de 6,117 - 6,937Cependant, le traitement 100M avait un pH inférieur. Traitement 100m et 34m66C avaient un gain quotidien moyen (GQM) de 0,1150 et 0,1417 kg / j, respectivement (p <0,05), cependant, le traitement 100M avait un rapport de conversion d'alimentation inférieur (CAI) de 5,217 par rapport à 7,059 (p <0,05) pour 34 m66c. Il a été conclu que les agriculteurs comprennent 34 m66c dans le régime alimentaire des moutons de Tswana pour des performances optimales et réduisent également le coût des aliments pour animaux.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Vetch Varieties/Genotypes for Their Agronomic Performance and Nutritive Value in Selected Midland of East Guji Zone, Adola, Southern Oromia and Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Teshale Jabessa ◽  
Zinash Amare ◽  
Genet Dejene
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fresh Biomass ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin

A study was conducted to identify adaptability, high biomass and dry matter and grain yielder of vetch varieties/genotypes at Bore Agricultural Research Center Adola sub-site. The three vetch varieties/genotypes tested were Vicia dasycarpa, Lalisa and 5187. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was employed to evaluate the variety. The result revealed that date of 50% flowering, date of maturity, pod length per plant and plant height was significantly different (at p<0.05) between treatments. The early flowered genotype was 5187 (62 days) and late flowered variety was recorded from Vicia dasycarpa (79.9 days). The highest value of plant height was measured from Lalisa variety, while the shortest plant height was recorded from 5187 genotypes (67.7 cm). Date of 50% emergency, pod per plant, fresh biomass yield and grain yield and chemical composition dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent (NDF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total ash content (TASH) and organic matter (OM) did not show significant difference between treatments at (P>0.05). Numerically had different values. Both the highest fresh biomass yield and grain yield was obtained from Lalisa variety (2.9 t/ha) and 22.7 qt/ha respectively. The lowest value of biomass and grain yielder was produced from 5187 accessions (1.9 t/ha) and Vicia dasycarpa 11.3 qt/ha. Lalisa variety was highest in organic matter (OM), total ash content (TASH), crude protein (CP) and less in neutral detergent (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) content while, Vicia dayscarpa was highest in crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent (NDF) and less in organic matter (OM), content total ash content (TASH) and crude protein (CP) content, 5187 genotype had the highest in dry matter (DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and less in crude protein (CP) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) content than the rest accessions. The result of this study implied that Lalisa variety was well adapted and being productive regarding the plant height, biomass yield and seed yield. Lalisa variety, which is hopeful to fill the gap of low quantity ruminant feed supply of the community in the study area. Based on its adaptable, high biomass, high plant height, high grain yield, good CP and OM Lalisa is recommended for further promotion in the midland of East Guji zone.

scholarly journals Performance of Growing Lambs as Influenced by Liquid Acid Whey Supplementation

2013 ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Angie Poliquit ◽  
Serena Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Liquid Acid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Acid Whey

Twelve male growing lambs were used in a randomized complete block design to determine the effects of feeding liquid acid whey (LAW) on the performance of the animal, its dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, weight gain and ruminal pH. Animals received a diet consisting of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schumacher). Treatments were Napier grass plus concentrate, Napier grass plus LAW and Napier grass plus concentrate plus LAW. Individual dry matter intake (DMI), biweekly weight gain (WG) and ruminal pH were measured. Diet digestibility was determined using the total collection method. Results showed that LAW increased (p<0.05) WG and diet digestibility (dry matter, organic matter and crude protein). Liquid acid whey had an average digestibility of 54.41% for dry matter, 83.94% for organic matter and 87.56% for crude protein. Ruminal pH two hours after feeding was stable for animals with LAW alone. However, DMI was similar (p>0.05) among treatments. It can be concluded that including LAW in the diet significantly improved WG, diet digestibility and ruminal pH without affecting DMI.

scholarly journals Pengaruh perbedaan level pupuk urin terfermentasi pada media tanam hidroponik terhadap komposisi dan kecernaan nutrien fodder sorgum

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Harwanto Harwanto ◽  
Eko Hendarto ◽  
Bahrun Bahrun ◽  
Joni Johanda Putra ◽  
Nur Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Range Test

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to determine the nutritional value and nutrient digestibility by in vitro of fodder sorghum (<em>Sorghum bicolor</em> (L.) Moench) from the effect of the addition of fermented urine fertilizer to the hydroponic media.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The research used sorghum Numbu varieties grown hydroponically in the fodder phase, which was carried out in June - September 2020. The research treatments consist of water medium (T1), fermented urine 12.5 mL/L (T2) and 25 mL/L media (T3) with 4 replications. The urine fertilizer used was derived from fermented Ongole Crossbreed cow urine for 21 days. Fodder sorghum planted for 15 days. The results of the fodder harvest were analyzed by proximate and in vitro nutrient digestibility. Observation nutritional value parameters consists of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), total nutrient digestible (TDN), dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD). Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA design, the significance by Duncan's Multiple Range Test.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results</strong><strong>: </strong>The results showed that the addition of fermented urine had no effect on the DM, OM, and EE, but had a significant effect (P &lt;0.05) on CP, CF, TDN and nutrient digestibility. The T2 and T3 treatments increased crude protein by 6.31% and 11.23% compared to T1. T3 treatment increased organic matter digestibility by 3.06% compared to T1.<strong></strong></p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It can be concluded that the crude protein and organic matter digestibility of sorghum fodder at 15 days harvest stage, increases with the addition of fermented cattle urine up to 25.0 ml/L hydroponic media.

The nutritive value of citrus pulp ensiled with wheat straw and poultry litter for sheep

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Migwi ◽  
J. R. Gallagher ◽  
R. J. van Barneveld
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Titrable Acidity ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

In experiment 1, 4 treatments were prepared consisting of a mixture of chopped wheat straw in different proportions, a fixed proportion of poultry litter and 0, 15, 30 and 45% citrus pulp on a dry matter basis. The mixtures were ensiled for 60 days at room temperature in polythene bags. Ensiling (time effect) resulted in an increase (P<0.001) in titrable acidity level and a decrease in pH in the silage. In titrable acidity, there was an interaction effect (P<0.001) between the levels of citrus pulp and the ensiling time, such that there was an increase (P<0.001) in titrable acidity and a decrease (P<0.001) in pH in the 4 treatments both before and after fermentation. However, compared with the premix, there was a large increase in titrable acidity in silage following fermentation. Ensiling resulted in complete elimination of all coliforms in spite of their presence in large numbers in the mixtures before ensiling. Although the total nitrogen content was not affected, ensiling resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in the proportion of soluble nitrogen. The potential degradability of the silage dry matter ranged from 487 to 582 g/kg and increased (P<0.05) with the level of citrus pulp. In experiment 2, the daily intake of dry matter, organic matter, digestible organic matter and the digestibility of organic matter increased significantly with levels of citrus pulp in the basal silage diet, but there was no difference (P>0.05) in dry matter intake between diets containing 0, 76 and 167 g/kg citrus pulp when the intake was expressed on the basis of metabolic body weight. However, there was a decrease (P<0.001) in intake of silage and diet dry matter, organic matter and digestible organic matter when the level of citrus pulp in the basal silage diet increased from 167 to 272 g/kg. Only animals on the basal silage diet containing 167 g/kg citrus pulp had a higher (P<0.05) and positive nitrogen balance of 1.0 g/day. It is concluded that wheat straw and poultry litter can be ensiled successfully with citrus pulp to produce silage that is safe and of high fermentation quality. This silage has a medium to high feeding value in sheep, provided that the level of citrus pulp in the diet is in the range of 150–200 g/kg.

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