Social influences on female athletic performance

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
World Record ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
World Records

The differences between male and female performance in athletic track events at which both compete are compared. It is found that the difference between male and female performance as measured by world records is declining in all events and declining most rapidly in those events in which the differences at the present time are largest. Analysis of national track records for these same events shows considerable differences between different countries in average male/female differentials and the differences between males and females for some events in some countries is much smaller than world record differences.It is concluded that social factors such as differing degrees of encouragement and differing levels of expectation are important factors in limiting female athletic performance.

Social factors influencing female swimming performance

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Physiological Constraints ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
World Records

The differences between male and female performance in free style swimming events are compared. It is found that the differences between male and female performance, as measured by world records, is declining in all events and declining most rapidly in those events in which the differences at the present time are largest. Analysis of national records for these events shows important differences between different countries in average male/female differentials.A different set of physical and physiological constraints operate on swimming compared to track performance, but they would seem to be less important in influencing male/female differences. Social factors also seem to be less important in swimming than in track athletics in perpetuating performance differences but are nevertheless still operative.

scholarly journals Suicide Notes: Exaggerations by Males and Females

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Purbo Kusumastuti ◽  
Aulia Apriana ◽  
Yazid Basthomi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Suicide Notes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Subjects

Touching into the gender differences between males and females in expressing the use of exaggeration expressions, this study analyzes the relevant data using the LIWC tool, the HIP method, and the deficit and difference theories. This study found that in relation to the gender stereotypes, both males and females speak differently, yet also demonstrate similarities. Both the male and female subjects express emotions equally in the language production; yet, the negative emotions are dominated by the males, and the positive emotions are dominated by the females. The difference of emotion productions influences the differences in the males’ production of exaggeration expressions, such as empty adjectives, italic expressions, and hyperbole by the female subjects.  

scholarly journals Sprint and endurance power and ageing: an analysis of master athletic world records

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1657) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörn Rittweger ◽  
Pietro Enrico di Prampero ◽  
Nicola Maffulli ◽  
Marco V Narici
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Master Athletes ◽  
World Record ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
World Records

Human physical performance is notably reduced with ageing. Although the effects of ageing are often compounded by disuse, the study of master athletes provides an opportunity for investigating the effects of ageing per se . It is often held that sprinting is more affected than endurance performance. However, past analyses of master athletic world record data have yielded opposite observations. We argue here that our understanding of these data improves by considering how, biomechanically, metabolic power is related to athletic performance. In line with earlier studies, our analysis showed that running speed declines with age in a more pronounced way for endurance events than for sprinting events, confirming former studies. However, when assessing the metabolic power required to achieve the running world records, sprint and endurance events show a relatively uniform decline with age across the different events. This study has reconciled formerly conflicting scientific results and improves our understanding of the ageing process. However, it is unclear as to which are the governing mechanisms that cause the different systems in our body, responsible for sprinting and for endurance performance, to be affected by ageing in a remarkably uniform way.

Gender-based Susceptibility to Interpersonal Influences in Buying Fashion Products in Surabaya, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Evi Thelia Sari
Keyword(s):  
Jel Classification ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Interpersonal Influences ◽  
Fashion Products ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gender Based

Objective - As sales in the fashion industry continue to grow, consumer behaviour with respect to purchasing fashion products has also grown. This paper provides an overview of consumers' susceptibility to interpersonal influence (CSII) and examines whether there is the difference between male and female consumers with respect to buying fashion products in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methodology/Technique - The conceptual framework in this paper compares males and females in terms of their normative susceptibility to interpersonal influences (NSI) and informative susceptibility to interpersonal influences (ISI). The study uses a quantitative methodology with an independent sample t-test for analysis. The data is collected through the distribution of questionnaires to 200 respondents, being 100 males and 100 females, falling between the ages of 17 and 45 years old. Further, all respondents live in Surabaya, Indonesia. Findings – There study results show that thre is no difference in normative susceptibility to interpersonal influences (NSI) between males and females however, there is a difference in informative susceptibility to interpersonal influences (ISI) between male and female, with respect to purchasing fashion products. Novelty - This study provides an insight into the similarity in normative susceptibility to interpersonal influences and differences in informative susceptibility to interpersonal influences (ISI) between males and females. This information may be useful for fashion manufacturers, vendors and other interested stakeholders. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Gender-based Marketing; Consumers' Susceptibility to Interpersonal Influences; Purchasing Behavior; Fashion Products. JEL Classification: M30, M31.

On the duration of larval and nymphal quiescence in male and female Ixodid ticks

1966 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
B. Feldman-Muhsam ◽  
H. V. Muhsam
Keyword(s):  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference

Differences between sexes in the duration of larval and nymphal quiescence in Ixodid ticks were investigated in Israel in the laboratory. In H. dromedarii Koch the larval quiescence of the male was, on average about 4 hours longer than that of the female, but in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latr.) no significant difference was found. In five species a statistically significant difference in the length of nymphal quiescence was found between males and females; in three of them, R. sanguineus, R. secundus Fel.-Muh. and H. dromedarii, that of the male exceeded that of the female by 1/2 to 1 1/2 days and in the other two, H. marginatum Koch and H. excavatum Koch, the opposite was found, the difference being 1·3 and 3·7 days, respectively.

Determining the Best Track Performances of All Time Using a Conceptual Population Model for Athletics Records

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec G. Stephenson ◽  
Jonathan A. Tawn
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Value Theory ◽  
Population Model ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
World Record ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Exponential Trend ◽  
Track Athletes ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Male Performance

AbstractWhat is the best male and female athletics performance in history? We seek to answer this question for Olympic distance track events by simultaneously modelling race performances over all Olympic distances and all times. Our model uses techniques from a branch of statistics called extreme value theory, and incorporates information on improvements over time using an exponential trend in addition to a process which identifies the changing ability of the population of athletes across all distances. We conclude that the best male performance of all time is the 1968 world record of Lee Evans in the 400 m, and that the best female performance of all time is the current 1988 world record of Florence Griffith-Joyner in the 100 m. More generally, our approach provides a basis for deriving a ranking of track athletes over any distance and at any point over the last 100 years.

Geno-transcriptomic dissection of proteinuria in the uninephrectomized rat uncovers a molecular complexity with sexual dimorphism

2010 ◽  
Vol 42A (4) ◽  
pp. 301-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoram Yagil ◽  
Martin Hessner ◽  
Herbert Schulz ◽  
Claudia Gosele ◽  
Larissa Lebedev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Focal And Segmental Glomerulosclerosis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Matrix Deposition ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Molecular Complexity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Investigation of proteinuria, whose pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, is confounded by differences in the phenotype between males and females. We initiated a sex-specific geno-transcriptomic dissection of proteinuria in uninephrectomized male and female Sabra rats that spontaneously develop focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, testing the hypothesis that different mechanisms might underlie the pathophysiology of proteinuria between the sexes. In the genomic arm, we scanned the genome of 136 male and 111 female uninephrectomized F2 populations derived from crosses between SBH/y and SBN/y. In males, we identified proteinuria-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on RNO2 and 20 and protective QTLs on RNO6 and 9. In females, we detected proteinuria-related QTLs on RNO11, 13, and 20. The only QTL overlap between the sexes was on RNO20. Using consomic strains, we confirmed the functional significance of this QTL in both sexes. In the transcriptomic arm, we searched on a genomewide scale for genes that were differentially expressed in kidneys of SBH/y and SBN/y with and without uninephrectomy. These studies identified within each sex differentially expressed genes of relevance to proteinuria. Integrating genomics with transcriptomics, we identified differentially expressed genes that mapped within the boundaries of the proteinuria-related QTLs, singling out 24 transcripts in males and 30 in females, only 4 of which ( Tubb5, Ubd, Psmb8, and C2) were common to both sexes. Data mining revealed that these transcripts are involved in multiple molecular mechanisms, including immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, matrix deposition, and protease activity, with no single molecular pathway predominating in either sex. These results suggest that the pathophysiology of proteinuria is highly complex and that some of the underlying mechanisms are shared between the sexes, while others are sex specific and may account for the difference in the proteinuric phenotype between males and females.

Sex differences in athletic potential

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (S7) ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A.E. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Sporting Performance

SummaryAttention is drawn to fresh data available on female sporting performance and the narrowing gap between male and female performance in many sports. The author discusses attempts made to compare athletic potential in males and females and postulates the existence of a factor called athletic predisposition. The differences in performance amongst males and females possessing this factor are much smaller than in the population at large.

scholarly journals Male and female breast cancer: the two faces of the same genetic susceptibility coin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Nunes Silva ◽  
Bruno Costa Gomes ◽  
Saudade André ◽  
Ana Félix ◽  
António Sebastião Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Female Breast Cancer ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Cohort ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Repair Genes ◽  
Prognostic And Predictive Markers

Abstract Background Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women. In contrast, male BC is about 100 times less common than in women, being considered a rare disease. Male BC may be a distinctive subtype of BC and available data seems to indicate that male BC has a higher dependence on genetic variants than female BC. Nevertheless, the same prognostic and predictive markers are used to determine optimal management strategies for both male and female BC. Several studies have assessed the role of genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair genes in female BC susceptibility. However, data on male BC is scarce. Thus, the current study aimed to assess the role of SNPs in XRCC1, MUTYH and TP53 genes in a male cohort of BC, and, in addition, compare the male data with matched results previously genotyped in female BC patients. Methods The male BC cohort was genotyped through Real-Time PCR using TaqMan Assays for several SNPs previously analysed in Portuguese female BC patients. Results The results obtained indicate significant differences in BC susceptibility between males and females for the XRCC1 rs1799782, MUTYH rs3219489 and TP53 rs1042522 and rs8064946 variants. Conclusions In males, XRCC1 and TP53 variants, when in heterozygosity, seem to be related with lower susceptibility for BC, contrasting with higher susceptibility for a MUTYH variant in females. These findings may help to explain the difference in incidence of BC between the two sexes.

Community Perspectives on Social Influences on Suicide Within a Native American Reservation

2021 ◽  
pp. 104973232110456
Author(s):  
Mary Cwik ◽  
S. Benjamin Doty ◽  
Alexandra Hinton ◽  
Novalene Goklish ◽  
Jerreed Ivanich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Tribal Communities ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Disproportionate Burden ◽  
Related Mortality

Relative to the general population, Native Americans (NA) bear a disproportionate burden of suicide-related mortality rates. NA males and females aged 15 to 24 years experience suicide rates nearly 3 times than the U.S. all races rates in this age group. Although efforts have been made to understand and reduce suicide in tribal communities, a large portion has focused on individual characteristics with less attention given to social factors that may also inform suicide. This article aims to build on a local conceptual model of NA youth suicide by examining additional potential social factors through qualitative interviews. Findings from the thematic analysis resulted in the identification of seven perceived social influences: contagion, violence and abuse, discrimination and bullying, negative expectations, spirituality, social support, and cultural strengths. Public health approaches to reduce suicide should consider local social factors that resonate with tribal communities to build resilience.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document