Family structure and educational achievement

1971 ◽  
Vol 3 (S3) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Oldman ◽  
Bill Bytheway ◽  
Gordon Horobin

This paper attempts a new look at an old problem. Throughout this century there have been many reports showing that certain characteristics of family structure are associated with the individual's performance in evaluative situations, be these IQ tests, tests of achievement, school and university examinations and even occupational success (for an excellent summary, see Anastasi, 1956). It is well known, for example, that children from large families tend not to do so well in such situations as children from small families, and that this phenomenon appears to be, in some degree, independent of socio-economic differences. This we can illustrate with our own data (Text-fig. 1) in which we see a steady decline in score on a nonverbal group test of intelligence as the size of the family increases. Less clear is whether other features of family composition, such as the spacing between siblings, the sex composition of the sibship and the ordinal position of the individual within the sibship, also affect achievement. (There is no lack of reports but, as we shall show, the evidence they provide is conflicting.)

Author(s):  
Zoé Faubert ◽  
Georgette Goupil

ABSTRACTWith the increase in life expectancy, many people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are living in the family home with their parents. This research focuses on the experience of 17 fathers of adults with ID. These fathers answered a questionnaire including open and closed questions. During the individual interview, fathers described their motivations to cohabit with their son or daughter, cohabitation benefits and constraints, housing options considered and planning for the future. Results indicate that fathers chose this cohabitation. However, they experience anxiety because they do not know who will support the adult with ID when they can no longer do so. Postparental planning considerations include legal concerns and informal discussions with siblings or the extended family. These results describe a complex parental situation in which there is interaction between their emotions, their attachment to the adult with ID and their previous experiences with residential, social or rehabilitation services.


2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giselle Martins VENANCIO

Objetiva-se, neste artigo, compreender as formas de atuação dos diversos grupos sociais que debateram, nos primeiros anos do século XX no Brasil, a questão da regulamentação do trabalho feminino com vistas a demonstrar, principalmente, de que maneira o Estado brasileiro atuou, durante os anos 10, 20 e 30, em relação ao processo de regulamentação das leis trabalhistas, mais especificamente em relação à normatização do trabalho feminino. Ao analisar como o Estado se comportou diante do trabalho industrial feminino, buscamos fazê-lo de modo a caracterizar esse Estado enquanto um campo de forças políticas diversas. Como campo de tensão, o Estado republicano brasileiro foi ao mesmo tempo, palco de disputas políticas de vários grupos sociais e local de neutralização desses conflitos através da criação de normas que deveriam ser obedecidas por todos. As leis trabalhistas, criadas principalmente durante os anos 30, funcionaram como uma estratégia que, em nome da sua pretensa imparcialidade, permitia a tentativa de neutralização dos conflitos sociais. Em relação ao trabalho feminino, tal regulamentação, apesar de defender a mulher da superexploração a que estava submetida na fábrica, manteve-se nos limites da defesa de um tipo de família baseada na divisão “natural” dos papéis sociais, resultando de um debate que vinha se organizando desde o início do século sobre os papéis masculino e feminino e sua ação no interior da família. Abstract The goal of this article is to understand the behaviour of the different social groups which discussed, during the first few years of the XX century in Brazil, the regulation of the female labour, trying to demonstrate, mainly, how the Brazilian state acted, during the 10s, 20s and 30s, in relation to the labour laws regulation, and more specifically in relation to the regulation of the female labour. While analysing how this State has behaved facing the female industrial labour, we try to do so as to characterize this state as a camp with different political forces. As a field of tensions, the republican Brazilian state was at the same time a stage of political disputes by different social groups and a place of neutralization of such conflicts, by the creation of norms which should be followed by everybody. The labour laws, which were created mainly during the 1930s, worked as a strategy in which, due to its impartiality, allowed the search for the neutralization of the social conflicts. In relation to the female labour, that regulation, even though it defended the women from the exploration to which they were submitted in the factories, maintained itself inside the limits of defending the family based on the “natural” division of the social roles, resulting from a debate which had been going on since the beginning of the century about the male and female roles and their key actions inside the family structure.


1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.D. Steinhauer ◽  
G.W. Tisdall

For almost thirty years after the development of family therapy, the concurrent use of family and individual psychotherapy was seen as incompatible by leading proponents of each modality. Although recently the literature has revealed an increased willingness to utilize family and individual therapies concurrently, the decision for or against any such combination has been left largely to the intuition or bias of the individual clinician. This paper suggests the concurrent use of family and individual psychotherapies when disturbances of family structure and interaction co-exist with, reinforce, and are maintained by largely ego-syntonic internalized psychopathology (that is, the character defences of individual family members). It provides a rationale for integrating the concurrent therapies, and uses clinical examples to illustrate how each can potentiate the other. There is a discussion of indications and contraindications for the integrated use of concurrent family and individual therapy. From their attempts to apply these principles, the authors conclude that the experience for the family, the individual and the therapists is that the selective and integrated use of concurrent family and individual therapies can achieve more than can either therapy alone — the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.


Author(s):  
Sergey V. Pershin ◽  
Tatyana A. Pershina

Introduction. The priority direction of the study of Finno-Ugric peoples is to determine the forms of family, the most characteristic for different stages of historical development. The article presents the results of studying the historiography of the problem of transformation of the family structure of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach, the implementation of which provides a comprehensive analysis of the family structure. The solution of research problems was provided by complementary theoretical (analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the studied problem, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (study and generalization of scientific literature) methods. Result. Since the second half of the XX century the structural elements of the family have repeatedly become the object of research by scientists (historians, demographers, ethnologists and sociologists). Due to the introduction of mass sources into scientific circulation, scientists have identified the dominant types of kinship relations, population, marriage and generational composition of the majority of Finno-Ugric peoples. Separate scientific schools managed to achieve more: on the basis of allocation of the general and special, to establish the basic regularities of transformation of structural elements, to estimate degree of influence of structurally forming factors at different stages of historical development. Discussion and Conclusion. The main conclusions are presented in the article create a theoretical and methodological basis for further study of the family composition of the Finno-Ugric peoples. As a priority task for scientists representing different research areas, but united by a common purpose to study structural elements of the Finno-Ugric family, are: 1) unification of methods of processing data related to family composition; 2) project implementation methodology; 3) conduct comparative studies on the family of Finno-Ugric peoples.


HUMANITARIUM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Iryna Zozulia ◽  
Yaroslava Vasylkevych

The article presents theoretical substantiation and empirical research of the problem of the influence of the family structure on the development of creativity of children of preschool age. The relationship between creativity and family type, number of children in the family, birth order, and intervals between births is analyzed. Peculiarities of influence of family structure (by the number of children) for the development of creativity of children of preschool age are researched. The absence of significant differences in partial (productivity, flexibility, originality) and a general indicator of verbal creativity of children with one child, small and large families has been experimentally established. Research of figurative creativity allowed to identify significant differences in partial indicators of productivity and originality, and the general indicator of figurative creativity: the highest arithmetic mean values are determined in the group of children from small families, and the lowest - in the group of children from large families. In children brought up in single children families, the highest arithmetic mean value is revealed by the partial indicator of the name, and the lowest - in children from large families. In children of preschool age from single, small, and large families no significant differences by partial indicators of the development and resistance to the closure were found. The heterogeneity of verbal and figurative creativity structure is determined in children of preschool age in all types of families. Significant differences were found in the general indicators of creativity: the highest arithmetic mean value was determined in the group of children from small families, and the lowest - in children from large families. Conclusions are made that children from small families are the most creative, and children from large families - the least.


1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gil Rushton

Nocturnal enuresis is a symptom of environmental, physical, and psychosocial factors. In addition to a physical examination, the initial workup of the enuretic child should include a careful voiding, psychosocial, and family history. Studies have shown that the parents of enuretic children often have a history of enuresis. An increased incidence of enuresis has also been demonstrated in children from large families and lower socioeconomic groups. Daytime voiding symptoms (e.g., frequency, urgency, or enuresis) suggest the possibility of underlying voiding dysfunction. A complete urinalysis and urine culture also should be performed to exclude urinary infection and certain metabolic or nephrologic disorders. Finally, it is important that the treating physician understand the attitudes of both the child and the family concerning enuresis. Parents who feel that the child is at fault need to be educated and reassured. A careful, complete evaluation will allow the physician to tailor treatment to the individual child and family.


PMLA ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda E. Boose

Although sixteenth-century daughters were evidently an economic burden on their fathers, Shakespeare consistently depicts fathers whose love for their daughters is so possessive that it endangers the family unit. To delineate the tensions of this bond at its liminal moment, Shakespeare evokes the altar tableau of the marriage service. This paradigmatic substructure illuminates the central conflict in the father-daughter relationship: the father who resists the ritual's demands to give his daughter to a rival male destroys both his paternal authority and his family's generative future; yet the daughter who escapes without undergoing ritual severance violates the family structure and thus becomes both guiltlessly agentive in ruining her original family and tragically incapable of creating a new one. The marriage ceremony is designed to resolve this paradox. In Shakespeare's dramas, submission to this rite ensures the only possibility of freedom for the individual and of continuity for the family.


2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Seixas Magalhães ◽  
Terezinha Féres-Carneiro

Underlying the constitution of the “family body” we find the generational past, transmitted and appropriated by successive generations. The family psyche, like the individual psyche, needs to be embedded in a body, which can be thought of as a family habitat, topically represented by the family's house or home. The house operates as a container for intersubjective contents of the family structure, in which family memories, affects, and ideals are deposited. The sense of belonging is constructed through what is lived, shared, and narrated within the family group. In this home environment, generational boundaries can be understood as walls of transmission; these allow the psychic support of the “family body”, operate as a symbolic filter, and therefore enable the individuation processes of family members. In this study, we discuss a family psychotherapy case, in which seven women—members of four cohabiting generations—were treated. This “house of the seven women” suffered from the fading of generational boundaries, evidenced by the women's difficult coexistence in a home marked by non-elaborated or unexpressed traumatic memories. This case was treated by the family psychotherapy unit of the Service of Applied Psychology (SPA) of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro.


1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1235-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Nishat ◽  
Nighat Bilgrami

Remittances are basically a self-enforcing contractual arrangement betwc the individual migrant and the family. This idea of working abroad looks like tha may be a Pareto-superior strategy for the household when a member migra elsewhere either as a means of risk sharing or as an investment in excess to hig] earning streams. Remittances may then be seen as a device for redistributing gai with relative shares determined in an implicit arrangement struck between 1 migrant and the remaining family. The migrant adheres to the contractl arrangements as long as it is in his interest to do so. This interest may be eitl altruistic or more self-seeking, such as concern for inheritance or the right to retu home ulitmately in dignity.


2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah El-Rachidi ◽  
Joseph M. Larochelle ◽  
Jill A. Morgan

Pediatric medication nonadherence is a major problem in the United States health care system. Age of the child, lack of understanding about the disease or treatment, culture, socioeconomic status, family structure, schedule of medications, and taste can all contribute to this problem. Strategies that target interventions to the individual patient and family can be most effective. Pharmacists are at the forefront of patient care and can help children become more adherent to their medications through counseling and building a trusting relationship with the family. This article highlights some common problems to adherence and some solutions to increase adherence.


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