MATERNAL SMOKING AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION SYMPTOMS AMONG YOUNG CHILDREN IN NEPAL: MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS

SummaryThe association between maternal smoking and adverse child health outcomes has not been systematically explored in less developed countries, especially in Nepal where over a quarter of women of reproductive age smoke tobacco products. This study aims to quantify the effect of maternal smoking on acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms among children aged below five years, using the 2001 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. It is hypothesized that children born to mothers who smoke frequently are at higher risk of developing ARI symptoms. Four-level random intercept logistic regression models were used to disentangle the independent effect of maternal smoking on children's ARI symptoms, controlling for potential biological, socioeconomic, seasonal and spatial variables. Maternal smoking status had a significant effect on children's ARI symptoms; the effects were significantly higher (adjusted OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.02–1.96) among those born to mothers who smoked more frequently than their counterparts. Furthermore, a strong spatial pattern was evident in the prevalence of ARI symptoms, after adjusting for maternal smoking and relevant control variables. The findings underscore the importance of designing exclusive public health intervention measures to prevent tobacco smoking within households, for example through awareness campaigns highlighting the adverse effect of maternal smoking on child health.

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Reimbursement Contracts: Application of Civil Law Mechanisms under Pandemic Restrictions

University Scientific Notes ◽

10.37491/unz.75-76.5 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 47-56

Author(s):

Oksana KIRIIAK

Keyword(s):

Medical Care ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Civil Law ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Global Spread ◽

Key Participants ◽

Quality Medical Care

The article contextualizes and assesses the peculiarities of using the mechanism of civil law reimbursement of medical expenses in the context of the global spread of acute respiratory infection COVID-19 caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, as well as the theoretical possibility of such coverage of financial costs and revenues through the enforcement of reimbursement contracts, by analogy with the currently widespread state program «Affordable Medicines of Ukraine». The author analyses the achievements of many domestic and foreign researchers who have covered various aspects of reimbursement in their writings, including the extrapolation algorithms of such traditional institutions of civil law as the fulfilment of obligations for the third parties, compensation, etc. For the completeness of the scientific search, the article also contains an analysis of statistical indicators of the effectiveness of reimbursement contracts in our country, based on information from open official sources of the National Health Service of Ukraine. As a result of the comparison, the author concluded that the well-thought-out organization of high-quality medical care, followed by reimbursement of the full or partial cost of services received or medicines purchased under reimbursement agreements allows to comprehensively and effectively solve most problems in this area in such a way as to protect the interests of patients, doctors, and pharmaceutical companies as the key participants in such legal relations. It is also emphasized that the system of legal regulation and medical provision of access to medicines and procedures in most developed countries is considered as an integral part of public administration, the need to improve which is always an urgent challenge for every law enforcement, especially in the context of the global spread of acute respiratory infection COVID-19 caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the well-thought-out organization of quality medical care, followed by reimbursement of the full or partial cost of services received or drugs purchased in the context of reimbursement agreements allows comprehensive and effective solutions to most problems in this area to protect the interests of patients, doctors and pharmaceutical companies as key participants in such legal relations.

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A multilevel analysis of the social determinants associated with symptoms of acute respiratory infection among preschool age children in Pakistan: A population-based survey

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0260658 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0260658

Author(s):

Oluwafunmilade Deji-Abiodun ◽

David Ferrandiz-Mont ◽

Vinod Mishra ◽

Chi Chiao

Keyword(s):

Child Health ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Social Factors ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Preschool Age ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Social ◽

Preschool Age Children

Background As advocated by WHO in “Closing the Health Gap in a Generation”, dramatic differences in child health are closely linked to degrees of social disadvantage, both within and between communities. Nevertheless, research has not examined whether child health inequalities include, but are not confined to, worse acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms among the socioeconomic disadvantaged in Pakistan. In addition to such disadvantages as the child’s gender, maternal education, and household poverty, the present study also examined the linkages between the community environment and ARI symptoms among Pakistan children under five. Furthermore, we have assessed gender contingencies related to the aforementioned associations. Methods Using data from the nationally representative 2017–2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, a total of 11,908 surviving preschool age children (0–59 months old) living in 561 communities were analyzed. We employed two-level multilevel logistic regressions to model the relationship between ARI symptoms and individual-level and community-level social factors. Results The social factors at individual and community levels were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of the child suffering from ARI symptoms. A particularly higher risk was observed among girls who resided in urban areas (AOR = 1.42; p<0.01) and who had a birth order of three or greater. Discussions Our results underscore the need for socioeconomic interventions in Pakistan that are targeted at densely populated households and communities within urban areas, with a particular emphasis on out-migration, in order to improve unequal economic underdevelopment. This could be done by targeting improvements in socio-economic structures, including maternal education.

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Literature Review: The relationship of the physical quality of the environment in the dwelling to the incidence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI)

Media Gizi Kesmas ◽

10.20473/mgk.v10i1.2021.118-137 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 118

Author(s):

Rismaya Fika Nur Aryanti

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Literature Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Physical Quality ◽

Natural Lighting ◽

The Relationship

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a disease transmitted by viruses. This health problem persists from year to year, starting from developing countries to developed countries there are still morbidity and mortality rates due to ARI. One of the factors that can affect human health is environmental factors which include occupancy density, ventilation area, natural lighting, humidity, temperature, conditions and types of walls, and floors.Purpose: This literature study aims to analyze the relationship between the physical quality of the occupancy and the occurrence of acute respiratory infections (ARI).Reviews: The results of the journal search were found as many as 17 journals that met the inclusion criteria set by the researcher. Most of the research found used a cross sectional study design, but some studies also used case control and cohort study designs. Several different results were found for each study, but still showed similarities, namely the incidence of ARI in each study.Conclusion: The journal review that has been conducted can conclude that there is a relationship between the area of ventilation, humidity, temperature, natural lighting, occupancy density, conditions and types of walls, as well as conditions and types of floors. There are differences from each of the research results, but there are still similarities which state that there is a relationship between the physical quality of the environment at home and the incidence of ARI.

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