Does sex composition of offspring relate to fertility in urban areas? The case of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Moussa Bougma ◽  
Vissého Adjiwanou ◽  
Jean-François Kobiané
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sex Composition ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Future Fertility ◽  
Additional Demand ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Demand For Children ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract With the onset of the demographic transition in sub-Saharan Africa, couples’ desired number of children and the sex composition of offspring may become conflicted, with potential effects on future fertility. While intuitively expected, this effect has not been observed in studies in sub-Saharan Africa, where the level of fertility is higher than in other African regions. In this study, the hypothesis of a conflicted situation was examined by assessing the effect of sex composition of offspring on women’s intentions regarding additional children and their use of modern contraceptives. A mixed-method analysis was performed using quantitative data regarding 2567 women aged 35–49 years drawn from a 2012 Demtrend retrospective longitudinal population survey, supplemented by qualitative data collected through 23 in-depth interviews of men and women in Ouagadougou. Results showed that the absence of one sex (boy or girl) in the existing offspring was associated with additional demand for children and lower contraceptive use. These results suggest that a desire for a combination of both girls and boys may be the driving factor contributing to larger family size; that is, continued fertility may not be determined by son preference, but rather by overall composition of offspring, when existing children are all girls or all boys. This could explain the stalling of the fertility decline observed in recent years in Ouagadougou.

scholarly journals Improving Utilisation and awareness of Family Planning services in Adults of Reproductive age through Community Sensitization in Police Wing Village, Jinja District.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Rodgers Isiko
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Project Implementation ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Family Planning Methods

Background Family planning refers to a conscious effort by a couple to space the number of children they have through the use of contraceptive methods. According to WHO, an estimated 225 million women in developing countries, 24.2% of women of reproductive age have an unmet need for contraception. However, contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa is low at only 21%. The total fertility rate remains high for many countries in the region (4.6 in Kenya and Rwanda, 5.4 in Tanzania, 6.2 in Uganda, and 6.4 for Burundi). Methodology This was a community-based project implementation on increasing awareness and utilization of family planning methods in Police Wing village, Jinja district. Consent was gotten from the VHT, LC1, and DHO before mobilizing people to gather at the VHT’s home and her neighbour’s compound where we carried out the different educational sessions. Different team members got different roles to play as regards the health education session. One week later, we evaluated the progress of our project implementation through the administration of questionnaires to the same people we health educated. The questionnaire assessed the level of utilization, awareness, myths, misconception, and demography of the participants. Results 28% had heard about at least three family planning methods and 24.1% had at one time used family planning while 75.9% of the participants admitted not to have used it. The post-session assessment showed an increase from 28% to 93% in knowledge regarding the available methods of FP and an increase in the utilization of FP from 28% to 42%.   Conclusion and recommendations Addressing the myths and misconceptions about FP by exposing them as a fallacy would help increase the uptake as evidenced by the will of the community to take up the different methods. Organize frequent health talks about FP in the community.

scholarly journals Contraceptive Use, Access to Methods, and Program Efforts in Urban Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Intrauterine Device ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Large Sets ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
National Family Planning ◽  
Sub Saharan

This article uses two large sets of internationally comparable national surveys to analyze urban patterns of contraceptive use, access to methods, and fertility. Urban areas show higher use of contraception and lower fertility rates than rural areas, with substantial differences in the method mix. Urban women tend more toward the long-term methods of the intrauterine device (IUD), implant, and sterilization and less toward short-term, resupply methods. The overall use increases with education and with higher wealth quintiles. By regions, contraceptive use is unbalanced between urban and rural sectors especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where the overall levels of use are lowest. Overall, the urban fertility rate is only 70% of the rural rate. Across countries, the fertility rate correlates negatively with contraceptive use. National family planning programs tend to raise contraceptive use and to improve access to the methods. About half of the unmarried, sexually active women use contraception, with great diversity in which method is preferred. This holds for all married women as well: regions and countries show quite different patterns of use. Therefore, planners and donors should focus on the circumstances in individual countries.

scholarly journals Influence of Religion and Religiosity on Fertility and Contraceptive Use in Continental Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Turner
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Qualitative Studies ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Indigenous Religions ◽  
Depth Interviews

The global human population has been increasing at an alarming rate over the last 100 years and is projected by the United Nations (UN) to continue to increase and reach 10 billion by 2057, despite a declining growth rate. Although some countries and regions, primarily Japan and Europe, have stabilised or declining populations, Sub-Saharan Africa is dramatically growing at an annual rate of 2.7% as of 2019, and is projected to sustain a rapid population growth up to 2100. Addressing the subject of population growth and overpopulation is an important but unfortunately neglected task. The consequences of a large, growing human population are already having distressing impacts on the planet, both on the natural environment and on humans, especially women and children. Until recently, there have been few studies on the effects of religion and religiosity on fertility and contraceptive use, and these factors are often overlooked as possible determinants. The aim of this review is to explore and seek to clarify the role of religion and religiosity on fertility and contraceptive use in continental Sub-Saharan African countries. The review of quantitative publications supported by insights and opinions from actual quotes of respondents from qualitative studies shows that followers of African Indigenous Religions and Islam have higher fertility rates than followers of Christianity. Across Christian denominations, Catholics generally had higher fertility than Protestants although the difference is small. Followers of the Apostolic Church exhibited the highest fertility among Christian groups. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews from the qualitative studies found that religious beliefs were frequently cited as a barrier to contraceptive uptake. The findings clearly suggest that religion influences fertility and contraceptive use, although countries differ in this respect. Few studies mentioned religiosity; existing results show a positive relationship across Sub-Saharan Africa between degree of religiosity and fertility, and a negative relationship with contraceptive use. These relationships are stronger in Islamic and Indigenous religions compared with Christianity. Religious leaders across all religions were found to be highly influential and many participants were inclined to follow the recommendations of religious leaders regarding fertility and contraceptive use. The implication of this finding is that educating religious leaders about rights-based family planning and its benefits should be part of a comprehensive strategy to increase contraceptive uptake and reduce fertility. With knowledge of its benefits, religious leaders could spread accurate messages about family planning to their followers and promote higher contraceptive use and low fertility. In addition, other important socioeconomic and cultural factors influence fertility and contraceptive use. Education, economy and access to family planning have a negative relationship with religiosity, but the strength of this relationship varies depending on religion, residence and region, with Muslims generally reported as the most disadvantaged in terms of education and wealth across Sub-Saharan Africa. Polygyny, gender attitudes, social status and misconceptions about family planning were additional influences on fertility and contraceptive use mentioned in focus group discussions and in-depth interviews from the qualitative studies. Religion and religiosity have an important role to play in relation to fertility and contraceptive use, but they also depend on other factors, their interactions and their relative influences. They have variable relationships to education, economy, gender equality, residence (rural/urban) and access to family planning, due to the different levels of these factors among and within countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The review suggests that with a more religiously open stance towards family planning, population policies can be more easily implemented. Religion and religiosity need to be considered in surveys and studies on fertility and contraceptive use to inform and help policymakers, economic planners, program managers, researchers and survey specialists. In addition, this has the potential to improve environmental conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals The Polygyny-Fertility Hypothesis: New Evidences from Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Turnwait O. Michael ◽  
Alfred S. Ekpenyong
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Population Policies ◽  
Ideal Number ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Sub Saharan

Contraceptive use and an ideal number of children are among the factors that significantly influence the fertility of a country. Sub-Saharan Africa in general and Nigeria in particular are noted for polygynous marriages. The relationship between polygyny and fertility is well documented in literature. However, the influence of polygyny on fertility in Nigeria is yet to receive adequate academic attention. This paper sets out to re-examine the polygyny-fertility hypothesis. Data were sourced from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, which was a nationally representative survey of women of reproductive age (15-49). The survey interviewed women on fertility, family planning, marriage history, and maternal and child health. The 26,403 married women that provided responses on questions concerning marital unions and fertility behavior constitute the sample for the study. The findings show that although marriage type has no significant effect on the fertility of married women, rank among wives in polygynous unions significantly influence fertility with the first wife being more prolific than subsequent wives. Population policies aimed at reducing high fertility should factor in the role of polygyny and competition among wives for higher number of children.

Managing African Urbanization in the Context of Environmental Change

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaib Lwasa
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Urbanization Rate ◽  
Development And Management

Africa’s urbanization rate has increased steadily over the past three decades and is reported to be faster than in any other region in the world . It is estimated that by 2030, over half of the African population will be living in urban areas . But the nature of Africa’s urbanization and subsequent form of cities is yet to be critically analyzed in the context of city authorities’ readiness to address the challenges . Evidence is also suggesting that urbanization in African countries is increasingly associated with the high economic growth that has been observed in the last two decades . Both underlying and proximate drivers are responsible for the urbanization, and these include population dynamics, economic growth, legislative designation, increasing densities in rural centers, as well as the growth of mega cities such as Lagos, Cairo and Kinshasa, that are extending to form urban corridors . With the opportunities of urbanization in Sub–Saharan Africa, there are also challenges in the development and management of these cities . Those challenges include provision of social services, sustainable economic development, housing development, urban governance, spatial development guidance and environmental management, climate change adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction . The challenge involves dealing with the development and infrastructure deficit, in addition to required adaption to and mitigation of climate change . This paper examines the current state of urban management in Africa .

scholarly journals Mapping 20 Years of Urban Expansion in 45 Urban Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Yann Forget ◽  
Michal Shimoni ◽  
Marius Gilbert ◽  
Catherine Linard
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Mapping Approach ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

By 2050, half of the net increase in the world’s population is expected to reside in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), driving high urbanization rates and drastic land cover changes. However, the data-scarce environment of SSA limits our understanding of the urban dynamics in the region. In this context, Earth Observation (EO) is an opportunity to gather accurate and up-to-date spatial information on urban extents. During the last decade, the adoption of open-access policies by major EO programs (CBERS, Landsat, Sentinel) has allowed the production of several global high resolution (10–30 m) maps of human settlements. However, mapping accuracies in SSA are usually lower, limited by the lack of reference datasets to support the training and the validation of the classification models. Here we propose a mapping approach based on multi-sensor satellite imagery (Landsat, Sentinel-1, Envisat, ERS) and volunteered geographic information (OpenStreetMap) to solve the challenges of urban remote sensing in SSA. The proposed mapping approach is assessed in 17 case studies for an average F1-score of 0.93, and applied in 45 urban areas of SSA to produce a dataset of urban expansion from 1995 to 2015. Across the case studies, built-up areas averaged a compound annual growth rate of 5.5% between 1995 and 2015. The comparison with local population dynamics reveals the heterogeneity of urban dynamics in SSA. Overall, population densities in built-up areas are decreasing. However, the impact of population growth on urban expansion differs depending on the size of the urban area and its income class.

Factors Influencing Contraceptive Use in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah R. Blackstone ◽  
Ucheoma Nwaozuru ◽  
Juliet Iwelunmor
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Contraceptive Side Effects ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Use ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Sub Saharan

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature regarding factors influencing contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa between 2005 and 2015. A total of 58 studies from twelve Sub-Saharan African countries were reviewed. Keywords were grouped using the PEN-3 cultural model. Negative factors prohibiting or reducing contraceptive use were women’s misconceptions of contraceptive side–effects, male partner disapproval, and social/cultural norms surrounding fertility. Positive factors included education, employment, and communication with male partner. Increasing modern contraceptive use in Sub-Saharan Africa is a multi-faceted problem that will require community and systems wide interventions that aim to counteract negative perceptions and misinformation.

The Urban Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities

10.1068/c3p ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Kessides
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
National Development ◽  
Favourable Outcome ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Urban Transition ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Sub Saharan

In this paper I ask how the ongoing processes of urban and local government development in Sub-Saharan Africa can and should benefit the countries, and what conditions must be met to achieve this favourable outcome. The region faces close to a doubling of the urban population in fifteen years. This urban transition poses an opportunity as well as a management challenge. Urban areas represent underutilised resources that concentrate much of the countries' physical, financial, and intellectual capital. Therefore it is critical to understand how they can better serve the national growth and poverty reduction agendas. The paper challenges several common ‘myths’ that cloud discourse about urban development in Africa. I also take a hard look at what the urban transition can offer national development, and what support cities and local governments require to achieve these results. I argue that, rather than devoting more attention to debating the urban contribution to development in Africa, real energy needs to be spent unblocking it.

Migration as a Risk Factor for HIV Infection among Youths in Sub-Saharan Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 648 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica A. Magadi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv

Of the estimated 10 million youths living with HIV worldwide, 63 percent live in sub-Saharan Africa. This article focuses on migration as a risk factor of HIV infection among the youths in sub-Saharan Africa. The study is based on multilevel modeling, applied to the youth sample of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), conducted from 2003 to 2008 in nineteen countries. The analysis takes into account country-level and regional-level variations. The results suggest that across countries in sub-Saharan Africa, migrants have on average about 50 percent higher odds of HIV infection than nonmigrants. The higher risk among migrants is to a large extent explained by differences in demographic and socioeconomic factors. In particular, migrants are more likely to be older, to have been married, or to live in urban areas, all of which are associated with higher risks of HIV infection. The higher risk among youths who have been married is particularly pronounced among young female migrants.

scholarly journals Komposisi jenis kelamin anak, program Keluarga Berencana dan fertilitas

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Mugia Bayu Raharja ◽  
Robani Catursaptani ◽  
Rahmadewi Rahmadewi
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Sex Composition ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Sex Preference ◽  
The Family ◽  
Living Children ◽  
The Relationship

The number and sex composition of children are important for some married couples in Indonesia. Having sons in the family is considered as a must since they are argued to be the successor of the family lineage. The presence of daughters is expected to help with household chores and care for their elderly parents. The sex preference for children by the married couples can affect their number of children. This study aims to assess the relationship between the number and sex composition of children, contraceptive use, and the desire to have more children among women in Indonesia. The study employed the data from the 2017 Indonesian Demography and Health Survey (IDHS), with the unit of analysis of currently married women aged 15-49 who have at least one living children. The results show that women with two or more children of the same sex had a higher tendency to have additional children and no use of contraceptives. The Family Planning program's campaign of similar values shared between son and daughter is still hardly accepted, hence, sex preference still exists. It is necessary to reformulate an effective concept for proper socialization of these values as an effort to control the fertility rate in Indonesia.

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