Influence of pasture and concentrates in the diet of grazing dairy cows on the fatty acid composition of milk

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Richard Stockdale ◽  
Glen P Walker ◽  
William J Wales ◽  
Dawn E Dalley ◽  
Anne Birkett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

In five short-term experiments conducted in Victoria in 1997 and 1998, grazing dairy cows were given either pasture alone or pasture supplemented with high-energy concentrates, and the fatty acid profiles of milk fat were measured. We established the effects of these feeds on some aspects of milk fat of importance for human nutrition, but we specifically focused on the hypothesis that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations in milk fat increase as pasture intake increases, and decrease as more concentrates are fed. In agreement with previous research, feeding fresh pasture alone resulted in high concentrations (1·0–1·8 g/100 g milk fat) of CLA. When the effect of level of pasture consumption on CLA content was examined, a significant positive relationship (r2=0·35; P<0·05) was obtained. When cereal grain concentrates were used to supplement pasture intake, the CLA content of milk fat generally declined (P<0·05), except where the amount of concentrates given led to a marked reduction in total milk fat concentration. The use of cereal grain concentrates also generally resulted in significant (P<0·05) increases in medium-chain saturated fatty acids, but always reduced the contribution of butyric acid to milk fat, from 4·5 to 3·9 g/100 g milk fat, on average.

Effect of cereal grain and fibre supplements on the fatty acid composition of milk fat of grazing dairy cows in early lactation

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakra Wijesundera ◽  
Zhiping Shen ◽  
William J Wales ◽  
Dawn E Dalley
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of cereal grain and fibre (hay or straw) supplements on the fatty acid composition of milk fat of grazing dairy cows in early lactation. In both experiments, grain supplements significantly increased (P<0·05) the proportion of the endogenously synthesized 10[ratio ]0–16[ratio ]0 fatty acids. Of the C18 acids, the proportion of 18[ratio ]0 and 18[ratio ]3 was significantly decreased (P<0·05) by grain supplementation, while that of 18[ratio ]2 was significantly increased (P<0·05). Irrespective of diet, 18[ratio ]1 trans-11 was the most dominant trans 18[ratio ]1 isomer in milk fat. In the first experiment, the proportions of the 18[ratio ]1 trans-11 isomer and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 18[ratio ]2 cis-9, trans-11) were highest for the pasture-only diets, and significantly (P<0·05) decreased with grain supplementation. The opposite result was observed in the second experiment, conducted in a different dairy region, suggesting that factors such as the quality of pasture on offer and the physiological state of the cow could affect the content of CLA and trans fatty acids in milk fat. In both experiments, there was a significant positive linear relationship between CLA and 18[ratio ]1 trans-11. Fibre supplements had little effect on the fatty acid composition of the milk.

Evaluating the economics of concentrate feeding decisions in grazing dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. M. Ho ◽  
J. W. Heard ◽  
W. J. Wales ◽  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
P. T. Doyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Marginal Revenue ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Farm Profit

Purchased concentrates are a significant variable cost of a dairy business. Farm economic theory states that feeding supplements will enable a dairy farmer to improve profit as long as the marginal revenue received from the milk produced exceeds the marginal cost of the supplement. To do this, the quantities of milk, milk protein and milk fat produced from a unit of concentrate added to the diet are needed. Recent research has compiled results from short-term concentrate feeding experiments conducted in Victoria over a 30-year period. Using these data, relationships for the response of milk production to cereal grain supplements in dairy cows grazing temperate pastures have been developed and shown to be a better predictor than previous relationships. These response functions were used in the present study to investigate the economics of tactical (short-term; weekly, monthly or seasonally) and strategic (medium- to longer-term) supplementary feeding decisions in a pasture-based system, including, specifically, how much concentrate should be fed in a particular farm situation, given a certain feed cost and milk price. In the present paper, the relevant production economics method is explained and applied to determine the amount of supplement to feed that will maximise the margin of total extra milk income minus the total cost of supplement, thereby adding the most to farm profit. Currently, when dairy farmers make decisions about how much more supplement to feed their herd, they are making implicit judgements about the extra milk, and other potential benefits, that they expect to result as well as what the milk will be worth. More finely tuned decisions about feeding supplements based on comparing marginal cost and marginal revenue would add more to farm profit than decisions based on other common criteria, such as feeding supplement for maximum milk production. While some farmers may already be feeding supplements close to the point where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, the formal method of marginal analysis reported here makes explicit what is done implicitly at present and tests farmers’ intuitive decision-making. More detailed information about the responses to supplements and the costs and benefits of feeding supplements under particular circumstances at different times through the lactation has the potential to enable better, more profitable decisions to be made about feeding cows and managing the whole farm.

scholarly journals The effects of supplementation with sunflower and soybean oils on the fatty acid profile of milk fat from grazing dairy cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oldemiro A. Rego ◽  
Henrique J.D. Rosa ◽  
Paula V. Portugal ◽  
Tiago Franco ◽  
Carlos M. Vouzela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Soybean Oils ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

scholarly journals Short-Term Effect of Daily Herbage Allowance Restriction on Pasture Condition and the Performance of Grazing Dairy Cows during Autumn

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica M. Merino ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
M. Jordana Rivero ◽  
Rubén G. Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of daily herbage allowance (DHA, defined as the product of pre-grazing herbage mass and offered area per animal) on pasture conditions and milk production of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Forty-four early lactation dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design that tested two levels of DHA (17 and 25 kg DM/cow.day) and two levels of maize silage supplementation (MSS, 4.5 and 9 kg DM/cow.day) over a 77-day period. Low DHA decreased the post-grazing herbage mass from 1546 to 1430 kg DM/ha and the compressed sward height from 5 to 4.4 cm, while the grazing efficiency remained unaffected. Low DHA induced a faster herbage mass reduction, while the sward-height and pasture characteristics did not differ from the high DHA regime. Low DHA decreased the tiller production rates and daily lamina growth, while the leaf-production rate was not affected by the DHA. Daily increases of herbage mass were greater in the high DHA than in the low DHA treatments. Individual milk production and milk protein concentration decreased at a low DHA compared to high DHA, while the milk fat concentration was greater and the milk output per hectare increased by 1510 kg. Neither the MSS level nor the interaction DHA by the MSS level had any effect on the sward characteristics or the productivity of the cows. From these results, it is suggested that, in a high-quality pasture, using 17 kg DM/cow.day was appropriate for improving both herbage utilization and milk production per hectare while maintaining the short-term conditions of a pasture grazed by dairy cows in the autumn.

scholarly journals Milk Fatty-Acid Profile after Feeding Increasing Doses of a Mixture of Soybean and Linseed Oils to Pasture Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Elisabet Antonacci ◽  
Gerardo Antonio Gagliostro
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Oil Blend ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

The objective was to determine the effect of increasing intake of a mixture (75:25) of soybean (SO) and linseed  (LO) oils on milk production and composition and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in grazing dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows were assigned to 4 treatments in a completely randomized design with three weeks of adaptation to oil doses and one week of experimental measurements. On a dry matter (DM) basis, cows were fed pasture (63%), energy concentrate (37%) and the SO-LO oil mixture at zero (T0), 2% (T2%), 4% (T4%) and 6% (T6%) of total DM intake equivalent to 0, 0.36, 0.72 and 1.08 kg cow-1 day-1 of the oil mixture. The oil blend was manually mixed to the concentrate (7.04 kg DM cow-1 day-1) and supplied by halves during each milking time without refusals. Pasture (P = 0.49) and total DM intakes (P = 0.31) were similar between treatments averaging 11.27 and 18.85 kg DM cow-1 day-1 respectively. Milk production (22.71 kg cow-1 day-1) was not affected (P = 0.46). Milk fat content decreased linearly (P < 0.05) from 3.20 (T0) to 2.67 g 100 g-1 (T6%) without effects (P = 0.73) on fat or fat corrected milk (4%FCM) yields. Milk protein concentration (P < 0.56) or yields (P < 0.11 were not affected. Lactose content tended (P < 0.08) to be higher in oil supplemented cows and milk urea nitrogen was not affected (P = 0.14). The basal (T0%) concentration (g 100 g-1 FA) of total hypercholesterolemic FA (C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0) of milk averaged 38.93 and decreased linearly (P < 0.0001) with oil intake to 37.81 (T2%), 31.59 (T4%) and 29.18 (T6%). Levels of elaidic (trans-9 C18:1) and trans-10 C18:1 FA resulted low in the basal (T0%) milk (0.21 and 0.20 g 100 g-1 FA respectively) but increased linearly (P < 0.0001) after oil intake reaching the maximum values at T6% (0.73 and 2.23 g 100 g-1 FA respectively). Milk concentration (g 100 g-1 FA) of vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1, VA) averaged 3.63 in T0% and increased linearly (P < 0.0001) with oil intake reaching 4.97, 7.05 and 8.38 in T2%, T4% and T6%, respectively. Basal concentration of rumenic acid (cis-9. trans-11 C18:2, RA) was 2.28 g 100 g-1 FA and increased linearly (P < 0.0001) with increased oil dose resulting in maximal plateau in T4% (3.88) and T6% (3.89). The basal  atherogenic index (AI) of milk was 1.87 and linearly decreased (P < 0.01) to 1.64 (T2%), 1.18 (T4%) and 0.95 (T6%) after oil intake. The basal n-6/n-3 ratio (3.57) did not differ (P > 0.05) from T2% (3.37) but was higher (P < 0.05) in T4% (4.41) and T6% (4.63) remaining under the recommended value of 5:1. Taken together the results suggest that feeding a blend (75:25; SO:LO) of SO an LO oils at 4% of total DM intake to grazing dairy cows maximize the milk RA content with a concomitant decrease in the hypercholesterolemic FA of milk maintaining a healthy n− 6/n−3 ratio with low levels of the detrimental trans-9 C18:1 and trans-10 C18:1.

Influence of different systems for feeding supplements to grazing dairy cows on milk fatty acid composition

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghazal Akbaridoust ◽  
Tim Plozza ◽  
Victor C Trenerry ◽  
William J Wales ◽  
Martin J Auldist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Corn Grain

This study investigated the effects of different strategies for feeding supplements to grazing dairy cows on the proportions of fatty acids in milk. Two hundred and sixteen cows were fed supplementary grain and forage according to one of 3 different strategies; (1) Control: cows grazed perennial ryegrass pasture (14 kg dry matter/d) supplemented with milled barley grain fed in the milking parlour and pasture silage offered in the paddock; (2) Partial mixed ration 1 (PMR1): same pasture allotment and supplement as Control strategy, but the supplements presented as a mixed ration after each milking in feedpad, and; (3) Partial mixed ration 2 (PMR2): same pasture allotment, supplemented with a mixed ration of milled barley grain, alfalfa hay, corn silage and crushed corn grain fed in a feedpad. Within each strategy, cows were assigned to receive either 6, 8, 10 or 12 kg dry matter supplement/cow per d. Milk fatty acid proportions from cows fed Control and PMR1 strategies were similar and different from those fed PMR2, particularly at 10 to 12 kg dry matter supplement/cow per d. The reduction in milk fat yield and concentration in cows fed high amounts of supplement as Control and PMR1 was coincident with 4 × increase in 10t-18:1 proportion. The composition of the partial mixed ration (PMR) and the amount offered affected milk fatty acid proportions and milk fat content, however, the method of supplementation did not.

scholarly journals Identification of Genomic Regions Associated with Concentrations of Milk Fat, Protein, Urea and Efficiency of Crude Protein Utilization in Grazing Dairy Cows

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Hewa Bahithige Pavithra Chathurangi Ariyarathne ◽  
Martin Correa-Luna ◽  
Hugh Thomas Blair ◽  
Dorian John Garrick ◽  
Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Gene Ontology ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Single Locus ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Genomic Regions

The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with milk fat percentage (FP), crude protein percentage (CPP), urea concentration (MU) and efficiency of crude protein utilization (ECPU: ratio between crude protein yield in milk and dietary crude protein intake) using grazing, mixed-breed, dairy cows in New Zealand. Phenotypes from 634 Holstein Friesian, Jersey or crossbred cows were obtained from two herds at Massey University. A subset of 490 of these cows was genotyped using Bovine Illumina 50K SNP-chips. Two genome-wise association approaches were used, a single-locus model fitted to data from 490 cows and a single-step Bayes C model fitted to data from all 634 cows. The single-locus analysis was performed with the Efficient Mixed-Model Association eXpedited model as implemented in the SVS package. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with genome-wide association p-values ≤ 1.11 × 10−6 were considered as putative quantitative trait loci (QTL). The Bayes C analysis was performed with the JWAS package and 1-Mb genomic windows containing SNPs that explained > 0.37% of the genetic variance were considered as putative QTL. Candidate genes within 100 kb from the identified SNPs in single-locus GWAS or the 1-Mb windows were identified using gene ontology, as implemented in the Ensembl Genome Browser. The genes detected in association with FP (MGST1, DGAT1, CEBPD, SLC52A2, GPAT4, and ACOX3) and CPP (DGAT1, CSN1S1, GOSR2, HERC6, and IGF1R) were identified as candidates. Gene ontology revealed six novel candidate genes (GMDS, E2F7, SIAH1, SLC24A4, LGMN, and ASS1) significantly associated with MU whose functions were in protein catabolism, urea cycle, ion transportation and N excretion. One novel candidate gene was identified in association with ECPU (MAP3K1) that is involved in post-transcriptional modification of proteins. The findings should be validated using a larger population of New Zealand grazing dairy cows.

scholarly journals Characterization of Short-Term Heat Stress in Holstein Dairy Cows Using Altered Indicators of Metabolomics, Blood Parameters, Milk MicroRNA-216 and Characteristics

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 722
Author(s):  
Jang-Hoon Jo ◽  
Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽  
Dong-Qiao Peng ◽  
Hye-Ran Kim ◽  
Sang-Ho Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Holstein Dairy Cows

This study aims to characterize the influence of short-term heat stress (HS; 4 day) in early lactating Holstein dairy cows, in terms of triggering blood metabolomics and parameters, milk yield and composition, and milk microRNA expression. Eight cows (milk yield = 30 ± 1.5 kg/day, parity = 1.09 ± 0.05) were homogeneously housed in environmentally controlled chambers, assigned into two groups with respect to the temperature humidity index (THI) at two distinct levels: approximately ~71 (low-temperature, low-humidity; LTLH) and ~86 (high-temperature, high-humidity; HTHH). Average feed intake (FI) dropped about 10 kg in the HTHH group, compared with the LTLH group (p = 0.001), whereas water intake was only numerically higher (p = 0.183) in the HTHH group than in the LTLH group. Physiological parameters, including rectal temperature (p = 0.001) and heart rate (p = 0.038), were significantly higher in the HTHH group than in the LTLH group. Plasma cortisol and haptoglobin were higher (p < 0.05) in the HTHH group, compared to the LTLH group. Milk yield, milk fat yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM), and energy-corrected milk (ECM) were lower (p < 0.05) in the HTHH group than in the LTLH group. Higher relative expression of milk miRNA-216 was observed in the HTHH group (p < 0.05). Valine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, lactic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, 1,5-anhydro-D-sorbitol, myo-inositol, and urea were decreased (p < 0.05). These results suggest that early lactating cows are more vulnerable to short-term (4 day) high THI levels—that is, HTHH conditions—compared with LTLH, considering the enormous negative effects observed in measured blood metabolomics and parameters, milk yield and compositions, and milk miRNA-216 expression.

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