Minor milk constituents are affected by protein concentration and forage digestibility in the feed ration

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torben Larsen ◽  
Lene Alstrup ◽  
Martin Riis Weisbjerg
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Predictive Parameters ◽  
Forage Digestibility ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Free Glucose

The present study was conducted in order to investigate if selected minor milk components would be indicative for the nutritional situation of the cow. Forty-eight dairy cows were offered a high digestible ration vs. a lower digestible ration combined with 2 protein levels in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Milk glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, cholesterol, triacylglycerides (TAG), uric acid and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were measured and correlated mutually and towards other milking parameters (yield, h since last milking, days in milk (DIM), urea, etc). The variation range of the suggested variables were broad, a fact that may support their utilisation as predictive parameters. The content of milk metabolites was significantly affected by the change in rations as milk glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, uric acid, and the ratio cholesterol: triacylglycerides increased with higher energy intake while BHBA and TAG decreased. The content of some of the milk metabolites changed during 24 h day/night periods: BHBA, cholesterol, uric acid and TAG increased whereas free glucose decreased in the night period. Certain associations between milk metabolites and calculated energy parameters like ECM, body condition score (BCS), and body weight gain were found, however, these associations were to some extent explained by an interaction with DIM, just as changes in milk metabolites during a 24 h period seems to interfere. It is concluded that the practical use of the suggested milk variables should be based on more than one metabolite and that stage of lactation and possibly time of the day where the milk is collected should be incorporated in predictive models.

EFFECT OF THE COW'S BODY CONDITION AND STAGE OF LACTATION ON DEVELOPMENT OF MILK RANCIDITY1

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 339-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ortiz ◽  
E. M. Kesler ◽  
G. H. Watrous ◽  
W. H. Cloninger
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Skeletal Size ◽  
Milk Flow ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
The Times

An objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between body condition of the dairy cow and susceptibility of milk to rancidity. Initial milk samples were obtained from 166 cows in Spring, 1969, and all animals were retested after an interval of two months. Additional observations included the effects of stage of lactation, level of milk production, and herd effects. Each cow was evaluated for body condition, at the times when milk samples were obtained, by a method based on measures of weight and skeletal size and by a subjective scoring system. Spontaneous rancidity of the milk fat was allowed to develop upon storage for 48 hr; and induced rancidity was brought about by controlled agitation. As measured by acid degree values (ADV) the treatments imposed on the milk samples were successful in simulating development of spontaneous and induced lipolysis of the milk fat. However, the magnitude of the ADV was not related to body condition score. It is concluded that in well-fed herds, such as those used in this experiment, body condition of the cow does not influence the susceptibility of her milk to rancidity. These data may not apply under conditions of poor feeding and management. Advancing stage of lactation was associated with increases in both spontaneous and induced rancidity. This was indicated by positive correlations between days in milk and ADV, and by significantly higher values in the second sampling period than in the first. There was a negative correlation between the amount of milk produced and ADV. This may have been related to the decline in milk flow which accompanied advancing lactation. An unexplained herd difference existed with respect to the susceptibility of milk to induced rancidity.

scholarly journals Influence of rumen bypass fat fed with total mixed ration on growth performance in Nili-Ravi buffalo calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 2437
Author(s):  
S. AHMED ◽  
M. AAMIR ◽  
M. N. UL-HAQUE ◽  
N. AHMAD ◽  
I.B. MARGHAZANI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Bypass Fat

This study was conducted to know the influence of rumen bypass fat supplement on growth performance of Nili-Ravi mal buffalo calves. Nili Ravi buffalo male calves (n=12) were randlomly selected and divided into two groups i.e., A and B based on two different levels of age. These groups (A and B) were further divided into two respective subgroups i.e., A1, A2 and B1, B2. Sub groups A1 and BI served as control (without supplement) whilst subgroups A2 and B2 were fed RBF supplement (at the rate of 2.35% of dry matter intake) with basel diet with total mixed ration. Results showed no statistical difference (P>0.05) in dry matter intake, body weight gain and body condition score on rumen bypass fat supplementation. In blood metabolites, rumen bypass fat supplementation increased (P<0.05) blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels, however, it reduced (P<0.05) blood glucose level in Nili-Ravi buffalo male calves. This study suggests that supplementation of rumen bypass fat at the rate of 2.35% per day in TMR possess no impact on growth performance parameters in Nili Ravi buffalo male calves.

scholarly journals Effects of parity order on performance, metabolic, and hormonal parameters of grazing beef cows during pre-calving and lactation periods

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Fellipe de Lana Ferreira ◽  
Luciana Navajas Rennó ◽  
Isabela Iria Rodrigues ◽  
Edenio Detmann ◽  
Mário Fonseca Paulino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Background Metabolic profile evaluation is a tool widely used in ruminant nutrition as metabolic cues that relate nutrition to physiology. Metabolic and hormonal traits change during pre-partum and lactation according to parity in dairy cows, but studies of beef cows under grazing are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate how metabolic and hormonal traits change over time, their relationship to performance, and determine if these factors differ according to the parity order of grazing beef cows. Thirty-six pregnant Nellore cows (12 nulliparous, 12 primiparous, and 12 multiparous) were used. The study started at 60 d prepartum until 203 d of lactation. Results The initial body weight (BW) and final BW were higher for multiparous cows (P > 0.05). An interaction occurred between parity and day (P < .0001) for body condition score. Nulliparous and primiparous body condition score were reduced from − 60 prepartum to 30 postpartum, then stabilized 60 postpartum (P < 0.05), while multiparous maintained body condition score from − 60 days until 60 days postpartum (P > 0.05). Calf BW, final BW, and average daily gain did not differ between parities (P > 0.05). Effect of day (P < 0.05) was detected for non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, progesterone, and insulin. An interaction was observed between parity and days for glucose, HDL, β-hydroxybutyrate, creatinine and IGF-1 (P < 0.05). Parity affected serum urea nitrogen, total proteins, albumin, and globulins (P < 0.05). Parity and day relative to calving did not impact total T3 and T4 (P > 0.05). Conclusions Hormonal and metabolic profile is strongly influenced by the stage of lactation. Time effects (pre-partum and lactation period) were more pronounced in nulliparous since they displayed more unbalanced metabolic and hormonal traits and lowered BCS pre- and postpartum.

scholarly journals Novel Encapsulated Calcium Butyrate Supplement Enhances On-Farm Dairy Calf Growth Performance and Body Conformation in a Pasture-Based Dairy Production System

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1380
Author(s):  
Aduli Enoch Othniel Malau-Aduli ◽  
Razaq Oladimeji Balogun ◽  
John Roger Otto ◽  
Sumita Verma ◽  
Maduka Wehella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dairy Calf ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Carry Over Effect

The effect of supplementing neonatal heifer calves with varying levels of ECAB on pre-weaning growth performance was investigated. Post-weaning growth was also measured, to determine any carry-over effect of pre-weaning supplementation of ECAB. Forty-eight heifer calves (7 ± 0.4 days old, average liveweight of 39.3 ± 5.3 kg) were utilized in a complete randomised experimental design, comprising 16 calves per pen, randomly allocated to one of the following three treatments: (1) Basal commercial calf starter mix without ECAB (Control); (2) control plus 4 kg/ton of ECAB (Low); and (3) control plus 6 kg/ton of ECAB (High). Calves were group-fed ad libitum for 77 days (11 weeks, pre-weaning period) with free choice access to water and 5.5 L of milk per head per day through an automated feeder. Calves were weighed weekly during the pre-weaning period, after which all calves were then weaned onto the same ryegrass pasture as one group. At approximately 9 months of age, calves were weighed to estimate post-weaning body weight gain. During the pre-weaning period, average daily dry matter feed intake was similar for 4 kg/ton and 6 kg/ton calves (649 g versus 688 g, respectively) and both were greater than that of the control calves (382 g). Average daily gain (ADG) was significantly higher for 4 kg/ton calves compared to 6 kg/ton calves or control calves (0.83 ± 0.03 kg, 0.74 ± 0.03 kg and 0.71 ± 0.03 kg, respectively; p = 0.0001). Similarly, 4 kg/ton calves had significantly increased chest girth (95.9 ± 0.7 cm), withers height (88.9 ± 0.5 cm), body length (82.9 ± 0.6 cm), and body condition score (1.99 ± 0.12) compared to 6 kg/ton calves (93.4 ± 0.7 cm, 87.4 ± 0.7, 81.5 ± 0.6 cm, and 1.67 ± 0.10, respectively) or control calves (92.9 ± 0.7 cm, 88.2 ± 0.5 cm, 80.1 ± 0.6 cm, and 1.30 ± 0.08, respectively). There was significant treatment × week interaction for all pre-weaning growth parameters. Breed differences were detected but there was no treatment × breed interaction. Post-weaning, 4 kg/t calves and 6 kg/t calves had significantly higher ADG compared to control calves (0.80 ± 0.03 kg, 0.85 ± 0.03 kg versus 0.70 ± 0.03 kg, respectively; p = 0.0047). It is concluded that under the conditions of this study, supplementing heifer calves with ECAB during pre-weaning period resulted in improved growth performance and there appears to be a post-weaning carry-over effect.

scholarly journals Using low-moisture molasses-based blocks to supplement Ca salts of soybean oil to forage-fed beef cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 933-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Poggi Brandão ◽  
Reinaldo F Cooke ◽  
Kelsey M Schubach ◽  
Eduardo A Colombo ◽  
Giovanna N Scatolin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Total N ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Condition Score

Abstract This experiment compared plasma fatty acid (FA) profile of forage-fed beef cows receiving a molasses-based supplement enriched with Ca salts of soybean oil [CSSO; 24.7% of dry matter (DM)] via a self-fed low-moisture block (LMB) or hand-fed granular concentrate daily (CONC). Thirty-six nonlactating, nonpregnant, multiparous beef cows were blocked by age (three blocks), ranked within blocks by body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS), and allocated to 1 of three drylot pens (27 × 10 m) per block. Nine pens with four cows each were enrolled in a replicated 3 × 2 Latin square design with two periods of 42 d, and a 21-d washout interval. On day 0, pens within each block were randomly assigned to receive one of the three treatments, in a manner that pens did not receive the same treatment in both periods (total n = 6 pens per treatment). Cows received hay (Cynodon dactylon), water, and a mineral–vitamin mix for ad libitum consumption during the study. Hay intake was recorded daily from days 0 to 42, and LMB intake was recorded from days 14 to 42 to allow cows to adapt to supplement with minimal interference from days 0 to 13. The CONC was offered at 0.420 kg/cow daily (DM basis) from days 0 to 13 and then adjusted (days 14 to 42) to match LMB intake. Cow BW and BCS were recorded, and blood samples were collected on days 0, 14, 28, and 42. Average LMB intake during the initial 13 d was 0.846 ± 0.107 kg/cow daily (DM basis). Supplement DM intake did not differ (P = 0.39) between LMB and CONC cows from days 14 to 42 as designed (0.570 vs. 0.583 kg/d, respectively; SEM = 0.011), despite a greater variation in daily intake of LMB vs. CONC (treatment × day interaction; P &lt; 0.01). No treatments effects were noted (P ≥ 0.40) for hay intake, BCS, and BW. Treatment × day interactions were detected (P ≤ 0.01) for plasma concentrations of ω-6 polyunsaturated FA and total FA. On day 0, plasma FA profile did not differ (P ≥ 0.20) between treatments. From days 14 to 42, plasma concentrations of linoleic acid, ω-6 polyunsaturated FA, and total FA were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in CONC and LMB vs. NOSUPP cows. Plasma concentrations of these FA were also greater (P ≤ 0.03) in LMB vs. CONC cows on day 14, but did not differ (P ≥ 0.35) on days 28 and 42. These results indicate that CSSO inclusion into LMB resulted in similar incorporation of ω-6 polyunsaturated and total FA in the circulation compared with CONC offered at the same daily rate. Hence, the use of self-fed LMB appears to be a valid strategy to provide CSSO to forage-fed beef cattle with reduced labor needs.

Changes in ultrasound measures of muscle and its genetic variation during lactation in dairy cows

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sloniewski ◽  
I. L. Mao ◽  
J. Jensen ◽  
P. Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Normal Feeding

AbstractChanges in ultrasound measures of muscle area (UtM) during lactation in different breeds and parities and with different feeding levels were examined. Random regressions were fitted to repeated measures of UtM in order to study changes in variance components of UtM during lactation. Correlations between measures taken in different stages of lactation and in different parities were also calculated. The shape of UtM curves during lactation appeared to be fairly consistent for all breeds and parities. The lowest point of all curves coincided with the expected nadir of body reserves during lactation. With lower-than-normal feeding level, the drop of UtM after calving was deeper and the overall level was lower. A major proportion of the variance in UtM was found to be determined by additive genetic variation. In all three breeds studied, repeatability and heritability estimates were high and fairly consistent during lactation and between parities. The very high genetic correlations between measures taken in different periods of lactation suggested that muscle growth and recovery are controlled by the same gene complex throughout lactation.Our results suggest that UtM, if used jointly with other body measures such as body condition score, could be a useful indicator of tissue mobilization and deposition in the lactating cow, especially during the early stage of lactation.

scholarly journals Production and marginal analysis of lactating cows subjected to dietary cation-anion balances

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e52698
Author(s):  
Cibelle Borges Figueiredo ◽  
Hermógenes Almeida de Santana Junior ◽  
Fabrício Barcelar Lima Mendes ◽  
Elizângela Oliveira Cardoso-Santana ◽  
Pablo Teixeira Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Marginal Rate ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Marginal Rate Of Return

The objective of this study was to evaluate productive, nutritional, and economic traits in lactating cows on pasture fed diets with different cation-anion balances (DCAB). Ten lactating ¾ Holstein × ¼ Dairy Gyr cows in the middle third of lactation, at an average age of 70 ± 4.6 months and an average body weight of 400 ± 55.2 kg, were distributed into five treatments in a 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design with two simultaneous squares. Treatments consisted of diets with DCAB of +237, +258, +294, +347, or +419 mEq dry matter (DM). No effects of intake were observed. There was no significant effect of DCAB on milk yield. The milk protein content was not influenced by the DCAB. Body condition score was not significantly affected by the DCAB. The apparent digestibilities of dry matter and nutrients (crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, ether extract, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients) were not affected by the DCAB. Marginal rate of return did not show significant differences. Under good conditions of pasture, forage availability, and quality associated with the lactation phases of the cows, all diets were efficient in milk production, dry matter intake, and digestibility. However, in economic terms, the most attractive DCAB was +237 mEq kg-1 DM.

scholarly journals Effect of feeding frequency of a diet containing soya hulls on the food intake and behaviour of dogs

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabyta T. Sabchuk ◽  
Juliana R. Silva ◽  
Francielle O. Marx ◽  
Ananda P. Felix ◽  
Alex Maiorka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Feeding Management ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Restrict Food Intake ◽  
Food Residues

AbstractDietary fibre may promote satiety and reduce energy consumption per gram of food. Associated with feeding management, dietary fibre may contribute to reduce anxiety in dogs submitted to food restriction to lose weight. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the food intake and the behaviour of dogs fed diets without soya hulls (0SH) or with soya hulls (16SH) once (1×) or twice (2×) daily. Eight adult Beagle dogs, with 11·3 (se1·6) kg body weight (BW), 4·1 (se0·1) years of age and body condition score between 4 and 7, were distributed in 4 × 4 Latin square design (n8/treatment, 5 d/period) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (0SHv.16SH; 1×v.2×). Food allowance was 50 % in excess of the daily metabolisable energy (ME) requirements; food residues were weighed. The behavioural test consisted in continuously observations for 24 h, using the scanning sampling technique (observations every 10 min). General behaviours, such as sleeping, barking, standing and others were recorded. Food intake in g/kg BW0·75per d of 0SH and 16SH was not different (P > 0·05). However, dogs fed the 0SH diet presented higher (P > 0·05) energy intake (kJ/kg BW0·75per d;P < 0·05) compared with those fed the 16SH diet. Dogs fed 2× daily had higher intake, both in g and in kJ, compared with those fed 1 × , independently of diet. There was no interaction between diets and feeding frequency (P > 0·05). No behavioural differences were observed (P > 0·05). The diet containing 16SH, despite reducing ME intake, did not restrict food intake (in g). Dogs fed 1× per d had lower food intake, possibly due to gastric capacity limitation.

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