Interactions among four parasite species in an amphipod population from Patagonia

2012 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Rauque ◽  
L. Semenas
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
High Infection

AbstractParasites commonly share their hosts with specimens of the same or different parasite species, resulting in multiple parasites obtaining resources from the same host. This could potentially lead to conflicts between co-infecting parasites, especially at high infection intensities. In Pool Los Juncos (Patagonia, Argentina), the amphipodHyalella patagonicais an intermediate host to three parasites that mature in birds (the acanthocephalanPseudocorynosomasp. and larval stages of two Cyclophyllidea cestodes), in addition to a microsporidian (Thelohaniasp.), whose life cycle is unknown, but very likely to be monoxenous. The aim of this study was to describe interactions between these parasite species in their amphipod host population. Amphipods were collected monthly between June 2002 and January 2004 to assess parasite infection. Infection prevalence and mean intensity were greatest in larger male amphipods for all parasite species. We also found a positive association betweenThelohaniasp. and bothPseudocorynosomasp. and Cyclophyllidea sp. 1 infections, thoughPseudocorynosomasp. and Cyclophyllidea sp. 1 were negatively associated with each other. We conclude that contrasting associations between parasite species may be associated with competition for both food intake and space in the haemocoel.

Parasites of juvenile golden grey mullet Liza aurata Risso, 1810 in Sarıkum Lagoon Lake at Sinop, Turkey

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Türkay Öztürk
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Host Record ◽  
Parasite Fauna ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Grey Mullet ◽  
New Host ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Liza Aurata ◽  
Lagoon Lake

AbstractJuvenile golden grey mullet, Liza aurata were collected from Sarıkum Lagoon Lake which connected to the Black Sea at Sinop, Turkey and examined for parasitic fauna. A total of 219 fish were investigated throughout a 1-year period. Parasite species recovered were Trichodina lepsii, T. puytoraci, Gyrodactylus sp., Ligophorus cephali, Ligophorus mediterraneus, Solostamenides mugilis, Ascocotyle sp. (metacercaria) and Ergasilus lizae. Overall infection prevalence (%) and mean intensity values were 95.9% and 412.65 ± 85.31 parasites per infected fish, respectively. Infection prevalence and mean intensity values for each parasite species in relation to season and fish size were also determined and discussed. While Ligophorus cephali and L. mediterraneus are new records for Turkish parasite fauna, the juvenile Liza aurata is a new host record for Ligophorus cephali and L. mediterraneus.

Dispersion and abundance of Maritrema arenaria in Semibalanus balanoides in north-east Ireland

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Carrol ◽  
W. I. Montgomery ◽  
R. E. B. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Size Structure ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Semibalanus Balanoides ◽  
Low Background ◽  
Digenean Trematode ◽  
North East ◽  
Parasitic Burden ◽  
A Site

ABSTRACTInfection of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides with the digenean trematode Maritrema arenaria was investigated at 17 sites along the Co. Down coastline. There was a low background level of infection. Abundance of M. arenaria, however, was substantially greater at sites close to fish factories and at a site close to a sewage works. Aggregation of M. arenaria in S. balanoides was least marked at low mean parasite burdens. The parasitic burden was related more closely to barnacle size at a site of heavy infection than at one with a low abundance. There was a significant association between height on the shore and number of encysted metacercariae in S. balanoides. This was independent of variation in host size. It is concluded that relationships that bring about overdispersion of digeneans, such as that between the size-structure of the host population and parasite infection, may be dependent on the overall abundance of the parasite.

scholarly journals Immunohistopathological response against anisakid nematode larvae and a coccidian in Micromesistius poutassou from NE Atlantic waters

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sayyaf Dezfuli ◽  
E. Simoni ◽  
G. Bosi ◽  
M. Palomba ◽  
S. Mattiucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Epithelioid Cells ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Larval Infection ◽  
High Infection ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Multilocus Approach

Abstract A survey on Anisakis simplex (sensu stricto (s.s.)) from blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou, in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean revealed the occurrence of high infection levels of third larval stages in visceral organs and flesh. Larvae were genetically identified with a multilocus approach as A. simplex (s.s.). Histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations were conducted on 30 M. poutassou specimens. Gonads, pyloric caeca and flesh harboured encapsulated larvae of A. simplex (s.s.) but no intense host reaction was encountered around the parasite in the above organs. In the liver, the most infected organ, the larvae co-occurred with the coccidian Goussia sp. Within the granuloma around the A. simplex (s.s.) larvae, two concentric layers were recognized, an inner mostly comprising electron-dense epithelioid cells and an outer layer made of less electron-dense epithelioid cells. Macrophages and macrophage aggregates (MAs) were abundant out of the granulomas, scattered in parenchyma, and inside the MAs, the presence of engulfed Goussia sp. was frequent. In liver tissue co-infected with Goussia sp. and A. simplex (s.s.), hepatocytes showed cytoplasmic rarefaction and acute cell swelling. Results suggest that the host-induced encapsulation of A. simplex (s.s.) larvae is a strategic compromise to minimize collateral tissue damage around the larval infection sites, to facilitate the survival of both parasite and host.

Interactions between parasites of the cockleAustrovenus stutchburyi: hitch-hikers, resident-cleaners, and habitat-facilitators

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. F. LEUNG ◽  
R. POULIN
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Parasite Community ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Interspecific Associations ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Austrovenus Stutchburyi ◽  
Rate Of Accumulation

The patterns of association between parasites within a particular host are determined by a number of factors. One of these factors is whether or not infection by one parasite influences the probability of acquiring other parasite species. This study investigates the pattern of association between various parasites of the New Zealand cockleAustrovenus stutchburyi. Hundreds of cockles were collected from one locality within Otago Harbour, New Zealand and examined for trematode metacercariae and other symbionts. Two interspecific associations emerged from the study. First, the presence of the myicolid copepodPseudomyicola spinosuswas positively associated with higher infection intensity by echinostomes. The side-effect of the copepod's activities within the cockle is suggested as the proximate mechanism that facilitates infection by echinostome cercariae, leading to a greater rate of accumulation of metacercariae in cockles harbouring the copepod. Second, a positive association was also found between infection intensity of the metacercariae of foot-encysting echinostomes and that of gymnophallid metacercariae. This supports earlier findings and suggests that the gymnophallid is a hitch-hiker parasite because, in addition to the pattern of positive association, it (a) shares the same transmission route as the echinostomes, and (b) unlike the echinostomes, it is not capable of increasing the host's susceptibility to avian predation. Thus, both active hitch-hiking and incidental facilitation lead to non-random infection patterns in this parasite community.

Do different parasite species interact in their effects on host fitness? A case study on parasites of the amphipod Paracalliope fluviatilis

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (9) ◽  
pp. 1176-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. RAUQUE ◽  
R. A. PATERSON ◽  
R. POULIN ◽  
D. M. TOMPKINS
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Population Means ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Coitocaecum Parvum ◽  
Paracalliope Fluviatilis ◽  
Generally True

SUMMARYThere is a gap in our understanding of the relative and interactive effects of different parasite species on the same host population. Here we examine the effects of the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus galaxii, an unidentified cyclophyllidean cestode, and the trematodes Coitocaecum parvum and Microphallus sp. on several fitness components of the amphipod Paracalliope fluviatilis, using a combination of infection surveys and both survival and behavioural trials. In addition to significant relationships between specific parasites and measures of amphipod survival, maturity, mating success and behaviour, interactions between parasite species with respect to amphipod photophilia were also significant. While infection by either A. galaxii or C. parvum was associated with increased photophilia, such increases were negated by co-infection with Microphallus sp. We hypothesize that this is due to the more subtle manipulative effect of A. galaxii and C. parvum being impaired by Microphallus sp. We conclude that the low frequency at which such double infections occur in our sampled population means that such interactions are unlikely to be important beyond the scale of the host individual. Whether or not this is generally true, implying that parasitological models and theory based on single parasite species studies do generally hold, requires cross-species meta-analytical studies.

Parasite infection and host dynamics in a naturally fluctuating rodent population

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 1149-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Winternitz ◽  
M.J. Yabsley ◽  
S.M. Altizer
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Population Cycles ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Vole Cycles ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
The Impact

Parasites can both influence and be affected by host population dynamics, and a growing number of case studies support a role for parasites in causing or amplifying host population cycles. In this study, we examined individual and population predictors of gastrointestinal parasitism on wild cyclic montane voles ( Microtus montanus (Peale, 1848)) to determine if evidence was consistent with theory implicating parasites in population cycles. We sampled three sites in central Colorado for the duration of a multiannual cycle and recorded the prevalence and intensity of directly transmitted Eimeria Schneider, 1875 and indirectly transmitted cestodes from a total of 267 voles. We found significant associations between host infection status, individual traits (sex, age, and reproductive status) and population variables (site, trapping period, and population density), including a positive association between host density and cestode prevalence, and a negative association between host density and Eimeria prevalence. Both cestode and Eimeria intensity correlated positively with host age, reproductive status, and population density, but neither parasite was associated with poorer host condition. Our findings suggest that parasites are common in this natural host, but determining their potential to influence montane vole cycles requires future experimental studies and long-term monitoring to determine the fitness consequences of infection and the impact of parasite removal on host dynamics.

Shelter Characteristics, Infection Prevention Practices, and Universal Testing for SARS-CoV-2 at Homeless Shelters in 7 US Urban Areas

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e6
Author(s):  
Julie L. Self ◽  
Martha P. Montgomery ◽  
Karrie-Ann Toews ◽  
Elizabeth A. Samuels ◽  
Elizabeth Imbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homeless Shelters ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Sleeping Arrangements ◽  
Risk Ratios

Objectives. To examine shelter characteristics and infection prevention practices in relation to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection point prevalence during universal testing at homeless shelters in the United States. Methods. SARS-CoV-2 testing was offered to clients and staff at homeless shelters, irrespective of symptoms. Site assessments were conducted from March 30 to June 1, 2020, to collect information on shelter characteristics and infection prevention practices. We assessed the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and shelter characteristics, including 20 infection prevention practices by using crude risk ratios (RRs) and exact unconditional 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. Site assessments and SARS-CoV-2 testing results were reported for 63 homeless shelters in 7 US urban areas. Median infection prevalence was 2.9% (range = 0%–71.4%). Shelters implementing head-to-toe sleeping and excluding symptomatic staff from working were less likely to have high infection prevalence (RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3, 0.8; and RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.4, 0.6; respectively); shelters with medical services available were less likely to have very high infection prevalence (RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.2, 1.0). Conclusions. Sleeping arrangements and staffing policies are modifiable factors that might be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in homeless shelters. Shelters should follow recommended practices to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print March 18, 2021: e1–e6. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306198 )

scholarly journals Occurrence of Tetracampos ciliotheca and Proteocephalus glanduligerus in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) collected from the Vaal Dam, South Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Madanire-Moyo ◽  
Annemariè Avenant-Oldewage
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Standard Length ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Gill Nets ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Vaal Dam

Cestodes are parasitic flatworms that live in the digestive tract of vertebrates as adults and often in the liver, muscle, haemocoel, mesentery and brain of various animals as larval stages. To identify the cestodes infecting Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822 (sharptooth catfish) in the Vaal Dam, a total of 45 host specimens were collected with the aid of gill nets between October 2011, January and April 2012. The fish were sacrificed and examined for cestode parasites. Two adult cestodes, Tetracampos ciliotheca Wedl, 1861 (prevalence 86.7%, mean intensity = 15, n = 45) and Proteocephalus glanduligerus (Janicki, 1928) (prevalence 51.1%, mean intensity = 5, n = 45) were found in the intestines of the catfish. Both T. ciliotheca and P. glanduligerus are new locality records. There were statistically insignificant differences in the infection of the male and female C. gariepinu. Fish with standard length ranging from 40 cm – 54 cm (≥ 3 years) had the highest prevalence and mean intensity while those ranging from 10 cm – 24 cm (< 1 year) had the lowest prevalence and mean intensity for both cestodes. The study highlights the importance of changing feeding habits of C. gariepinus with age on the prevalence and mean intensity of the two gastrointestinal cestode parasites.

Serum leptin levels and energy expenditure in normal weight women

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
L J Martin ◽  
PJH Jones ◽  
R V Considine ◽  
W Su ◽  
N F Boyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Healthy Humans

To investigate whether circulating leptin levels are associated with energy expenditure in healthy humans, doubly labeled water energy measurements and food intake assessment were carried out in 27 women (mean age, 48.6 years; weight, 61.9 kg; body mass index, 23.2). Energy expenditure was determined over 13 days. Food intake was measured by 7-day food records. Leptin was measured by radioimmunoassay. Leptin level was strongly associated with percentage body fat (r = 0.59; p < 0.001), fat mass (r = 0.60; p < 0.001), and body mass index (r = 0.41; p = 0.03), but no correlation was observed with energy expenditure (r = 0.02; p = 0.93). After controlling for percentage body fat, a positive association of leptin level with energy expenditure of marginal significance (p = 0.06) was observed. There were no significant univariate associations of age, physical activity, lean body mass, height, or dietary variables with leptin level. When controlling for body fat, a significant positive correlation was observed for percent energy from carbohydrate and negative correlations with dietary fat and alcohol intake. These findings confirm previous associations between leptin and body fat content and suggest a relationship between serum leptin and energy expenditure level in healthy humans.Key words: leptin, energy expenditure, body composition, diet.

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