scholarly journals The Spermicidal Powers of Chemical Contraceptives: II. Pure Substances

1931 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Saline Solution ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Prussic Acid ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Reduce Surface Tension ◽  
Pure Substances ◽  
The Ideal

1. A technique for comparing the spermicidal powers of pure substances is described in detail. It is hoped that this may be accepted as the standard technique for the purpose.2. The killing concentration of each substance is determined by this technique. The killing concentration is defined as the lowest concentration, in the series 2, 1, ½, ¼ per cent., etc., which suffices to kill every guinea-pig sperm suspended in glucose-saline solution in half an hour at the temperature of the body in four consecutive experiments, the majority of the control sperms being moderately or very active.3. 36 substances have been graded by this technique.4. Mercuric chloride and formaldehyde were found to be the most spermicidal substances. The killing concentration of each per cent.5. Hexyl resorcin kills at per cent., soaps at per cent.6. Formaldehyde and hexyl resorcin, among other substances, seem likely to be useful as contraceptives.7. The significance of the high spermicidal power of soaps is discussed.8. Quinine bisulphate and chinosol, which are perhaps more commonly used as contraceptives than any other substances, only kill at ½ per cent.9. Certain very poisonous substances have very slight spermicidal powers. This applies to potassium cyanide, prussic acid and strychnine hydrochloride.10. Foaming mixtures, consisting of acids and sodium bicarbonate, could probably be used alone as contraceptives.11. The acrosome is the part of the sperm most vulnerable to spermicides. It tends to swell up and burst.12. Sperms are very susceptible to changes in osmotic pressure.13. It is the hydrogen ions and not the anions of acids that kill sperms.14. The suggestion that tribasic acids would be found to be more spermicidal than dibasic, and dibasic than monobasic, is not substantiated.15. Substances which reduce surface tension are often effective spermicides.16. The characters of the ideal chemical contraceptive are discussed.17. The need for co-operation in research in chemical contraception is stressed.

Embodying the culture of achievement: Culture between illness and perfection is a ‘thin line’ – obtaining the ideal female body as an act of achievement

2021 ◽  
pp. 1354067X2110040
Author(s):  
Josefine Dilling ◽  
Anders Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Female Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thin Line ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Body Ideals

In this article, we argue that certain behaviour connected to the attempt to attain contemporary female body ideals in Denmark can be understood as an act of achievement and, thus, as an embodiment of the culture of achievement, as it is characterised in Præstationssamfundet, written by the Danish sociologist Anders Petersen (2016) Hans Reitzels Forlag . Arguing from cultural psychological and sociological standpoints, this article examines how the human body functions as a mediational tool in different ways from which the individual communicates both moral and aesthetic sociocultural ideals and values. Complex processes of embodiment, we argue, can be described with different levels of internalisation, externalisation and materialisation, where the body functions as a central mediator. Analysing the findings from a qualitative experimental study on contemporary body ideals carried out by the Danish psychologists Josefine Dilling and Maja Trillingsgaard, this article seeks to anchor such theoretical claims in central empirical findings. The main conclusions from the study are used to structure the article and build arguments on how expectations and ideals expressed in an achievement society become embodied.

Circadian tuning of motivation. A little organ of yesterday?

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Daan
Keyword(s):  
Internal State ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
Regulatory Principle ◽  
The Face ◽  
Temporal Organisation ◽  
The Ideal

The analysis of motivational systems underlying temporal organisation in animal behaviour has relied primarily on two conceptual functional frameworks: Homeostasis and biological clocks. Homeostasis is one of the most general and influential concepts in physiology. Walter Cannon introduced homeostasis as a universal regulatory principle which animals employ to maintain constancy of their ‘internal milieu’ in the face of challenges and perturbations from the external environment. Cannon spoke of “The Wisdom of the Body”, the collective of responses designed to defend the ideal internal state against those perturbations.

scholarly journals Metabolic Acidosis in Patients with CKD: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Marcin Adamczak ◽  
Stanisław Surma
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Ckd Progression ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Metabolic acidosis in CKD is diagnosed in patients with plasma or venous blood bicarbonate concentration lower than 22 mmol/L. Metabolic acidosis occurs in about 20% of patients with CKD. Metabolic acidosis may lead to dysfunction of many systems and organs as well as CKD progression. Currently, sodium bicarbonate is mainly used for pharmacological treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD. Veverimer is a new drug dedicated to treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD. Orally given veverimer binds hydrogen ions in the intestines and subsequently is excreted from the body with feces. Clinical studies have shown that veverimer is effective in increasing serum bicarbonate concentrations in CKD patients with metabolic acidosis. Here, we present review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic acidosis in CKD patients. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Metabolic acidosis is common in patients with CKD and contributes to CKD progression and many complications, which worsen the prognosis in these patients. Currently, sodium bicarbonate is mainly used in metabolic acidosis treatment. The role of the new drug veverimer in the metabolic acidosis therapy needs further studies. <b><i>Key Message:</i></b> The aim of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge concerning the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic acidosis in CKD patients.

Investigating Benzene and Metabolite Mediated Alterations in Nrf2 Signaling in Murine Fetal Liver Cells

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enoch Lam
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Childhood Leukemia ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Additional Cell ◽  
Other Substances

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood, where the body produces an overabundance of immature white blood cells. It is the most common childhood cancer and possibly originates from chemical exposure during fetal development. Understanding the molecular mechanism and causes of childhood leukemia will help the development of therapeutic and preventative strategies to reduce and treat occurrences of this cancer. Benzene is a non-polar aromatic ring that has been confirmed to cause leukemia in adults. Benzene metabolites can generate free radicals that could potentially be involved in the development of childhood leukemia through in utero exposures. It is found in tobacco smoke, gasoline, industrial solvents and many other substances. Pregnant mothers can be chronically exposed to these substances through daily activities. In order to help determine the mechanism of benzene toxicity, a study was performed to determine the presence of free radicals in the livers of fetal mice at gestation day 14. Fetal liver cell cultures were exposed to varying concentrations of benzene and additional cell cultures were exposed to various concentrations of a benzene metabolite mixture, composed of hydroquinone and benzoquinone. RNA was extracted from these cells and converted into complementary DNA. cDNA was then used in quantitative polymerase chain reactions to analyze a set of genes that are regulated by an antioxidant pathway. This pathway can be activated in response to oxidative stress, and a change in gene expression would indicate the presence of benzene or benzene metabolite toxicity in the liver at gestation day 14.

scholarly journals Idealet om det glade og afstemte barn: Pædagogers blik for trivsel i børnehaven

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anette Boye Koch
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Childhood Professionals ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract: Danish early childhood professionals (pedagogues) are responsible for the well-being of all children in their care, but it is not clear what well-being implies. The article presents an analysis showing how pedagogues observe and categorize the well-being in children. Well-being is a state that pedagogues recognize by using special' seeing-techniques', related to their ideas of how children are supposed to behave in a certain context. The body of a child is culturally created, depending on the indoor or outdoor surroundings. The ideal of a happy child is an attuned child, who is able to adapt to adult expectations, while the physical surroundings are co-determining what the pedagogues 'see'.

scholarly journals الخلود في الشعر الجاهلي ودوره في تكوين شخصية الرجل المثال: مدخل تحليلي / Immortality in Pre-Historic Islamic Poem and its role in constructing the ideal man: An analytical approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-165
Author(s):  
Adil Ali Aiyush Al Zeen
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Historic Period ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
The Ideal

ملخص البحث: يعرض هذا البحث موضوع  الخلود في الشعر الجاهلي، ودوره في تكوين شخصية الرجل المثال؛ إذ إن الجاهليين أرَّقَتهم مسألة الفناء، فبحثوا عن الخلود الجسدي وأدركوا أنه لا يمكن تحقيقه، وأمام رفضهم للفناء، اتضح لهم أن الخلود المعنوي هو السبيل الوحيد لبقاء الذكر بعد فناء الجسد، فعمد الرجل المثال في العصر الجاهلي إلى القيام بأفعالٍ حميدةٍ يذكره الشعراء في قصائدهم بها، ويفخر بها هو في أشعاره، كشهرة عنترة بالشجاعة، وحاتم بالكرم، والسموأل بالوفاء. ولإدراكهم أن أفعالهم تلك ستُبْقِي ذكرهم سائر العصور. توصل البحث إلى نماذج من أشعار الجاهليين، ليصل في النهاية إلى أنهم أدركوا أن خلودهم يتحقق معنوياً لا جسدياً. فيظهر لنا - من خلال الشعر – معنى الخلود ومعنى المثال، وإدراكهم لحقيقة الفناء بعد أن لمسوه في أنفسهم وفي مشاهد الطبيعة من حولهم، وطريقتهم في البحث عن الخلود المعنوي، ودور الشعر في تحقيق هذه الغاية. ثم يتبيَّنُ لنا إدراكهم أن الخلود لا يكون إلا من خلال المُثُلِ والقِيَمِ العربية التي كانوا يأتونها ويفخرون بها. الكلمات المفتاحية: الجاهلي - الشعر - الرجل - المثال - الخلود.         Abstract     The paper discusses the topic of immortality in the pre-Islamic period and its role in constructing the character of an ideal man. Since the Arabs before Islam were softened by the issue of death, they dwelled on the topic of immortality though they knew it too well its impossibility. As they rejected mortality, they realized that the abstract immortality is the only way for them to be remembered after the mortality of the body that enticed the ideal man in the pre-historic period to do commendable deeds that other poets would mention them with or he would make it as a virtue in his poems; as ‘Antarah was known for his bravery, Hatim with his generosity and Samuel with his loyalty as they realized that their deeds will be remembered for the rest of the ages. The study highlighted on a number of the Pre-Islamic poems and concluded that those poets realized that their mortality was achievable in a subtle way but not physically. This seems to us- from the poems- the meaning of immortality, idealism and their realization of the meaning of mortality from what they witnessed from the natural scenes that take place around them; the means to immortalize themselves in a subtle way and the role of poems in achieving this aim. We also learned that they themselves were fully aware that immortality is possible only through the Arabic virtues that they so proudly adhered to.   Keywords: Pre-Islamic period, Poem, Man, Ideal, Immortality     Abstrak   Makalah ini membincangkan tema keabadian hidup dalam era Jahiliah dan peranannya dalam membentuk keperibadian manusia ideal. Memandangkan bangsa Arab sebelum Islam mudah dilunakkan dengan isu kematian, mereka tetap mencanangkan tema keabadian walaupun sedar tentang kemustahilan untuk mengelaknya. Apablila mereka cuba menolak kematian, mereka menyedari bahawa keabadian secara abstrak ialah satu-satunya cara untuk mereka diingati selepas kematian dan meninggalkan legasi manusia ideal  dalam era Jahiliah ialah dengan menjadikan ingatan terhadap mereka itu ialah dengan kebaikan apa yang mereka lakukan dalam sebutan penyair-penyair lain ataupun dengan mereka sendiri menyebutnya dalam karya syair mereka sendiri. Demikianlah ‘Antarah dikenali dengan keberaniannya, Hatim dengan kemurahan hatinya, Samuel dengan kesetiaannya kerana kebaikan mereka akan dikenali sehingga bila-bila. Kajian ini menumpukan  kepada beberapa syair Jahiliah dan menyimpulkan bahawa penyair-penyair tersebut menyedari bahawa keabadian mereka boleh dicapai secara halus dan bukan secara fizikal. Kita dapat merumuskan daripada syair-syair tersebut bahawa pernyataan maksud keabadian dan idealisma serta penyerlahan maksud keabadian oleh mereka melalui apa yang mereka lihat berlaku di sekeliling mereka; cara untuk mengabadikan diri mereka ialah dengan melalui syair. Kami juga memperoleh maklumat bahawa mereka juga amat menyedari yang keabadian adalah sesuatu yang dapat dicapai melalui nilai-nilai budaya Arab yang amat mereka banggakan.   Kata kunci: Era jahiliah, Syair, Manusia, Keabadian

scholarly journals Concept Development of a Multi Level Horizontal Shaft Impact Crusher

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimisha Dave ◽  
Abhishek Jain
Keyword(s):  
Concept Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Jaw Crusher ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Horizontal Shaft ◽  
Execution Model ◽  
Cone Crusher ◽  
Real Size ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Ideal

Crushers are one of the real size lessening gear that is utilized as a part of metallurgical, mechanical, and other comparative businesses. They exist in different sizes and limits which extend from 0.1 ton/hr. to 50 ton/hr. They can be ordered taking into account the extent to which they can piece the beginning material and the way they apply strengths. In view of the system utilized crushers are fundamentally of three sorts to be specific Cone crusher, Jaw crusher and Impact crusher. Sway crushers include the utilization of effect instead of weight to pulverize materials. Here the material is held inside of an enclosure, with openings of the coveted size at the base, end or at sides to permit squashed material to escape through them. This sort of crusher is for the most part utilized with delicate materials such as coal, seeds or delicate metallic minerals. The instrument connected here is of Impact stacking where the season of use of power is not exactly the regular recurrence of vibration of the body. Since the sledges/blow bars are pivoting at a fast, the ideal opportunity for which the particles interact with the mallets is little, thus here effect stacking is connected. The pole is thought to be subjected to torsion and bowing. The pounding screen is additionally intended for ideal yield from the crusher An execution model is likewise considered for the level shaft sway crusher to discover the connection between the food, the crusher parameters and the yield parameters.

To belong or not to belong: the Roma, state violence and the new Europe in the House of Lords

Legal Studies ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Body Politic ◽  
State Violence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
Legal Controls ◽  
New Britain ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
The Ideal

Issues of national sovereignty and membership in the body politic are central to many current political and legal debates surrounding ‘New Britain’ and Europe. Traditional understandings of citizenship and belonging are grounded in the ideal of a territorially limited and defined nation state. In this article, I explore a series of judicial and political decisions surrounding the fate of Roma or Gypsies, both as claimants to refugee status in Britain, or as subjects of domestic legal controls. I argue that these decisions construct this nomadic Other as a fundamental danger and challenge to the coherence of the legally protected body politic of the nation state ‘Britain’. I argue that the deconstructive excess found in the construction of the Roma as dangerous nomads, without allegiance to a fixed and geographically delimited nation state, might contain the kernel for a possible re-imagining of the basis of our understandings of citizenship and belonging.

"En fullkomlig man"

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 120-128
Author(s):  
Alfred Sjödin
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Of Christ ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Bourgeois Society ◽  
Moral Crisis ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Ideal

“The Complete Man”: Body and Society in Viktor Rydberg The article treats the place of the body in the cultural criticism of Viktor Rydberg, not only as a central theme but also as an image with the potential to figuratively describe societal and even cosmic relationships. Rydberg’s ideal of the symmetrical and athletic body is seen in the perspective of his dependence on German neo-humanism and the gymnastic movement. The ideal of bodily symmetry figures as an image of universal man who defies the division of labor, while the deformed body inversely figures as an image of the lack of wholeness in a stratified bourgeois society. This is further elucidated by an analysis of Rydberg’s view of Darwinism and his fear of degeneration. In the final section, special attention is given to Rydberg’s broodings on the “Future of the White Race”. In this text, the body is a figure of the collectivity (the body politic) and its diseases signify political and moral crisis, while the remedy for this state of affairs lies in recognizing the unity of the living, the dead and the unborn in the body of Christ. 

scholarly journals Relationships between conformation traits and longevity of Holstein cows in the Czech Republic

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vacek ◽  
M. Štípková ◽  
E. Němcová ◽  
J. Bouška
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Body ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Productive Life ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
The Ideal

The relationships between conformation traits and longevity traits were analyzed in 41 489 Holstein cows born in the years 1994&ndash;1999 which were culled by 30<sup>th</sup> June 2005. Pearson correlation coefficients between type traits and the herd life or productive life of cows were calculated. The effects of type trait scoring level on the length of productive life were described by means of analyses of variance. The observed correlations between herd life or productive life and type traits are in the range of &ndash;0.061 to 0.160. Negative correlations were found for rump angle, rear leg set, udder depth, and teat length. Most of the body traits had slightly positive relationships to herd life, indicating that larger cows live longer. However, body depth and chest width did not have a linear relation to longevity traits. The longest productive life was found in cows undersized in chest width and body depth (P &lt; 0.01). A similar dependence was also found for rump width (P &lt; 0.01). The ideal rear leg set for longevity was scored as average or below average, i.e. moderately curved or slightly straight legs (P &lt; 0.05). Cows with well-attached fore udder, high attached rear udder, strong central ligament, close front teat placement, and with moderately long teats showed the longest functional productive life (P &lt; 0.05&ndash;0.001). Linear relationships between longevity traits and general conformation characteristics were found as well. &nbsp;

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