scholarly journals The increasing isolation ofSerratiaspecies from clinical specimens

1979 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather J. L. Brooks ◽  
T. J. Chambers ◽  
Soad Tabaqchali
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Simple Screening

SUMMARYA 14-month survey was undertaken in a diagnostic bacteriology laboratory to determine the incidence ofSerratiaspp. in routine clinical specimens. Gram-negative organisms with enterobacteria-like colonies were tested by a simple screening procedure. Fifty-eight strains ofS. marcescensand two strains ofS. liquefacienswere isolated from 59 patients. The strains were usually nonpigmented and exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance. Serotyping and determination of bacteriocine sensitivity patterns revealed that the majority of infections were sporadic, although episodes of cross-infection did occur.S. marcescenswas considered to contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in 53% of patients and appears to be of increasing importance in hospital-acquired infections.

scholarly journals Hospital-acquired infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms in Hungary, 2005-2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Caini ◽  
A Hajdu ◽  
A Kurcz ◽  
K Böröcz
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Organisms ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Healthcare-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms are associated with prolonged medical care, worse outcome and costly therapies. In Hungary, hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) due to epidemiologically important multidrug-resistant organisms are notifiable by law since 2004. Overall, 6,845 case-patients (59.8% men; median age: 65 years) were notified in Hungary from 2005 to 2010. One third of case-patients died in hospital. The overall incidence of infections increased from 5.4 in 2005 to 14.7 per 100,000 patient-days in 2010. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the most frequently reported pathogen (52.2%), but while its incidence seemed to stabilise after 2007, notifications of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms have significantly increased from 2005 to 2010. Surgical wound and bloodstream were the most frequently reported sites of infection. Although MRSA incidence has seemingly reached a plateau in recent years, actions aiming at reducing the burden of HAIs with special focus on Gram-negative multidrug-resistant organisms are needed in Hungary. Continuing promotion of antimicrobial stewardship, infection control methodologies, reinforced HAI surveillance among healthcare and infection control practitioners, and engagement of stakeholders, hospital managers and public health authorities to facilitate the implementation of existing guidelines and protocols are essential.

Patients’ Bath Basins as Potential Sources of Infection: A Multicenter Sampling Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra Johnson ◽  
Lauri Lineweaver ◽  
Lenora M. Maze
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sterile Culture ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Background Nosocomial infections are a marked burden on the US health care system and are linked to a high number of patient deaths. Objective To identify and quantify bacteria in patients’ bath basins and evaluate the basins as a possible reservoir for bacterial colonization and a risk factor for subsequent hospital-acquired infection. Methods In a prospective study at 3 acute care hospitals, 92 bath basins, including basins from 3 intensive care units, were evaluated. Sterile culture sponges were used to obtain samples from the basins. The culture sponges were sent to an outside laboratory, and qualitative and quantitative microbial tests were conducted and the results reported. Results Some form of bacteria grew in 98% of the samples (90 sponges), either by plating or on enrichment (95% confidence interval, 92%–99.7%). The organisms with the highest positive rates of growth on enrichment were enterococci (54%), gram-negative organisms (32%), Staphylococcus aureus (23%), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (13%), methicillin-resistant S aureus (8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5%), Candida albicans (3%), and Escherichia coli (2%). Mean plate counts, in colony-forming units, were 10 187 for gram-negative organisms, 99 for E coli, 30 for P aeruginosa, 86 for S aureus, 207 for enterococci, and 31 for vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Conclusions Bath basins are a reservoir for bacteria and may be a source of transmission of hospital-acquired infections. Increased awareness of bath basins as a possible source of transmission of hospital-acquired infections is needed, particularly for high-risk patients.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Determination of Resistance to Common Disinfectants Among Strains of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Producing and Non-Producing Biofilm Isolated From Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Bakht ◽  
Safar Ali Alizadeh ◽  
Sara Rahimi ◽  
Raana Kazemzade anari ◽  
Mohammad Rostamani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽  
Present Survey ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Background: One of the most important reasons for human mortality worldwide is Hospital-acquired infections, which can be controlled by efficient use of proper disinfectants for the Hospital settings. The main aim of the present survey was to assess the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing and non-producing biofilm isolated to the five commonly used Hospital disinfectants, and evaluation of the synergistic effect of selective disinfectants and Ethylene-diamine-tetra acetic acid (EDTA), and the effect of exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of Sodium hypochlorite on antimicrobial susceptibility test.Results: The results showed that Sodium hypochlorite 5%, and Ethanol 70% is the most and less potent disinfectants against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Clearly, the addition of EDTA increased the efficacy of selected disinfectants significantly. The changes in the antibiotic-resistance profiles after exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants were observed for different classes of antibiotics. As well as near the all isolates harbored efflux pump genes and produced biofilm. Conclusion: For disinfection of Hospital surfaces and instruments, the mixture of disinfectant and EDTA were the most suitable selection in this study. In our study, it was clear that exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants results in resistance to antibiotics. Also, strong and intermediate biofilm formers belonged to MDR/XDR strains.

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL), bla TEM,bla SHVand bla CTX-M,resistance genes in Community and Healthcare Associated Gram Negative Bacteria from Osun State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganiyat Shitta ◽  
Olufunmilola Makanjuola ◽  
Olusolabomi Adefioye ◽  
Olugbenga Adekunle Olowe
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Esbl Producers

Background: Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) production in gram negative bacteria confers multiple antibiotic resistance, adversely affecting antimicrobial therapy in infected individuals. ESBLs result from mutations in β-lactamases encoded mainly by the bla TEM,bla SHVand bla CTX-Mgenes. The prevalence of ESBL producing bacteria has been on the increase globally especially its upsurge among isolates from community-acquired infections. Aim: To determine ESBL prevalence and identify ESBL genes among clinical isolates in Osun State, Nigeria. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2016 –July 2017 in Osun State, Nigeria. Three hundred and sixty Gram negative bacteria recovered from clinical samples obtained from both community and healthcare associated infections were tested. They included147 Escherichia coli(40.8%), 116 Klebsiella spp(32.2%), 44 Pseudomo-nas aeruginosa(12.2%) and23 Proteus vulgaris (6.4%) isolates. Others were Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia rubidae, Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp and Salmonella typhi. Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out, isolates were screened for ESBL production and confirmed using standard laboratory procedures. ESBLs resistance genes were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: All isolates demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanate and erythromycin was 100%, whereas resistance to Imipenem was very low (5.0%). : Overall prevalence of ESBL producers was 41.4% with Klebsiellaspp as the highest ESBL producing Enterobacteriacaea. ESBL producers were more prevalent among the hospital pathogens than community pathogens, 58% vs 29.5% (p=0.003). ESBL genes were detected in all ESBL producers with the blaCTX-Mgene predominating (47.0%) followed by blaTEM(30.9%) and blaSHVgene was the least, 22.1%. The blaCTX-Mgene was also the most prevalent in the healthcare pathogens (62%) but it accounted for only 25% in those of community origin. Conclusion: A high prevalence of ESBL producing gram negative organisms occurs both in healthcare and in the community in our environment with the CTX-M variant predominating. Efforts to control spread of these pathogens should be addressed.

How fluoroquinolone preauthorization affects third- and fourth-generation cephalosporin use and resistance in a large academic hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Adeniyi J. Idigo ◽  
Matthew L. Brown ◽  
Howard W. Wiener ◽  
Russell L. Griffin ◽  
Yuanfan Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Academic Hospital ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Objective: We observed an overall increase in the use of third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins after fluoroquinolone preauthorization was implemented. We examined the change in specific third- and fourth-generation cephalosporin use, and we sought to determine whether there was a consequent change in non-susceptibility of select Gram-negative bacterial isolates to these antibiotics. Design: Retrospective quasi-experimental study. Setting: Academic hospital. Intervention: Fluoroquinolone preauthorization was implemented in the hospital in October 2005. We used interrupted time series (ITS) Poisson regression models to examine trends in monthly rates of ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and cefepime use and trends in yearly rates of nonsusceptible isolates (NSIs) of select Gram-negative bacteria before (1998–2004) and after (2006–2016) fluoroquinolone preauthorization was implemented. Results: Rates of use of ceftriaxone and cefepime increased after fluoroquinolone preauthorization was implemented (ceftriaxone RR, 1.002; 95% CI, 1.002–1.003; P < .0001; cefepime RR, 1.003; 95% CI, 1.001–1.004; P = .0006), but ceftazidime use continued to decline (RR, 0.991, 95% CI, 0.990–0.992; P < .0001). Rates of ceftazidime and cefepime NSIs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ceftazidime RR, 0.937; 95% CI, 0.910–0.965, P < .0001; cefepime RR, 0.937; 95% CI, 0.912–0.963; P < .0001) declined after fluoroquinolone preauthorization was implemented. Rates of ceftazidime and cefepime NSIs of Enterobacter cloacae (ceftazidime RR, 1.116; 95% CI, 1.078–1.154; P < .0001; cefepime RR, 1.198; 95% CI, 1.112–1.291; P < .0001) and cefepime NSI of Acinetobacter baumannii (RR, 1.169; 95% CI, 1.081–1.263; P < .0001) were increasing before fluoroquinolone preauthorization was implemented but became stable thereafter: E. cloacae (ceftazidime RR, 0.987; 95% CI, 0.948–1.028; P = .531; cefepime RR, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.962–1.018; P = .461) and A. baumannii (cefepime RR, 0.972; 95% CI, 0.939–1.006; P = .100). Conclusions: Fluoroquinolone preauthorization may increase use of unrestricted third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins; however, we did not observe increased antimicrobial resistance to these agents, especially among clinically important Gram-negative bacteria known for hospital-acquired infections.

scholarly journals MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE INDEXING OF NON- FERMENTING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Bhuvaneshwari Gunasekar
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mar Index ◽  
Surgery Department

Objective: The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing and finding Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria will help to indicate the origin from high risk of contamination where the antibiotics are often used. Hence this study was carried out to give the MAR index of non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli in a tertiary care hospital which would help our infection control team also.Methods: Drug resistance was tested by Kirby bauer’s disc diffusion method. MAR index was calculated using the formula, a/b (were a= number of antibiotics to which the organism was resistant and b= total number of antibiotics to which the organism was tested).Results: Out of 240 Gram negative non-fermenters isolated, 117 (49%) strains were greater than 0.2 of MAR index, 95(81%) was from in-patient department. 73(62%) were hospitalized for more than 3 days, 44 (38%) was from surgery department. 49(42%) was wound specimen. Out of 117 multiple antibiotic resistant isolates 99 (85%) were MDR isolates.Conclusion: 51% prevalence of isolates >0.2 MAR index shows that the source of contamination can still be brought up down by proper surveillance and management with proper usage of  surface and skin disinfectants especially in surgery ward where the MAR index has indicated more usage of antibiotics

Antibiotic resistance: a modern view of the problem by the example of a multi-profile hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
L. Yu. Kulagina ◽  
I. R. Valiullina ◽  
E. R. Kadyseva ◽  
M. L. Maksimov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Empirical Antibacterial Therapy ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Inpatient Department

Relevance. Conducting microbiological monitoring allows controlling hospital-acquired infections and making timely strategic decisions for epidemiologists and clinical pharmacologists. Objective of the work is to determine the tendency of prevailing problem microflora and to develop a strategy of empirical antibacterial therapy for severe nosocomial infections and inflammatory processes. Materials and methods. The article analyzes the main groups of pathogens of hospital infections in dynamics for the first quarter of 2018, 2019 and 2020. The relation of positive cultures to the total number of investigated samples was taken for the analysis. Antibiotic sensitivity was isolated, identified and determined using conventional mass spectrometry methods. The results. The stable sowing rate of Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae in the intensive care and surgical departments was noted for the analyzed periods. To solve the issue of antibiotic resistance in the inpatient department, a strategy to contain it has been developed.

scholarly journals 687. In vitro Activity of a New Generation Oxopyrazole Antibiotic Against Acinetobacter spp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S312-S312
Author(s):  
Joel Goldberg ◽  
Christopher Bethel ◽  
Andrea M Hujer ◽  
Kristine Hujer ◽  
Steven Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Penicillin Binding Proteins ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
New Class ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Background Acinetobacter spp. resistant to common antibiotics have become a worrying cause of hospital-acquired infections and represent a critical need for innovative antibacterial development. New oxopyrazole agents targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) based on a non-β-lactam core and incorporating a siderophore moiety (figure) which facilitates transport to the periplasm are being developed which show promise against Gram-negative organisms including Acinetobacter spp. Methods YU253911, an example of this new class of antibacterials, was characterized in vitro. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth microdilution against a collection of 200 previously described (whole-genome sequencing) Acinetobacter isolates including 98 carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains. YU253911’s antimicrobial activity was also evaluated in combination with complementary PBP agents and β-lactamase inhibitors by MIC and disc diffusion testing. All studies were performed according to current Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines using iron-depleted media. Breakpoints for ceftazidime were arbitrarily chosen as reference. Results Using ceftazidime (breakpoint ≤8 μg/mL) as a comparator, 175 of the 200 Acinetobacter isolates were susceptible to YU253911, which possessed an MIC50 of 0.5 μg/mL and an MIC90 of 16 μg/mL. This compared favorably to all previously tested β-lactams including penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems (MIC50s 2 to >16 μg/mL). Against the subset of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolates, YU253911’s potency was similar with an MIC50 of 1 μg/mL. Genetic analysis showed β-lactamase genes, including OXA-23 and other carbapenemases, were common in both YU253911-resistant and susceptible strains. Conclusion YU253911 demonstrates promising in vitro potency against a collection of Acinetobacter isolates and compares favorably to β-lactam antibiotics. Understanding interactions with PBP agents and β lactamase inhibitors is being explored as well as further studies on the mechanism of resistance. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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