Deep Learning Methods in the Diagnosis of Sacroiliitis from Plain Pelvic Radiographs

Objectives The aim of this study is to develop a computer-aided diagnosis method to assist physicians in evaluating sacroiliac radiographs. Methods Convolutional neural networks, a deep learning method, were used in this retrospective study. Transfer learning was implemented with pre-trained VGG-16, ResNet-101 and Inception-v3 networks. Normal pelvic radiographs (n = 290) and pelvic radiographs with sacroiliitis (n = 295) were used for the training of networks. Results The training results were evaluated with the criteria of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision calculated from the confusion matrix and AUC (Area under the ROC curve) calculated from ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. Pre-trained VGG-16 model revealed accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision and AUC figures of 89.9%, 90.9%, 88.9%, 88.9% and 0.96 with test images, respectively. These results were 84.3%, 91.9%, 78.8%, 75.6 and 0.92 with pre-trained ResNet-101, and 82.0%, 79.6%, 85.0%, 86.7% and 0.90 with pre-trained inception-v3, respectively. Conclusions Successful results were obtained with all three models in this study where transfer learning was applied with pre-trained VGG-16, ResNet-101 and Inception-v3 networks. This method can assist clinicians in the diagnosis of sacroiliitis, provide them with a second objective interpretation, and also reduce the need for advanced imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Transcranial Electrical Motor Evoked Potential in Predicting Positive Functional Outcome of Patients after Decompressive Spine Surgery: Review on Challenges and Recommendations towards Objective Interpretation

Spine surgeries impose risk to the spine’s surrounding anatomical and physiological structures especially the spinal cord and the nerve roots. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is a technology developed to monitor the integrity of the spinal cord and the nerve roots via the surgery. Transcranial motor evoked potential (TcMEP) (one of the IONM modalities) is adopted to monitor the integrity of the motor pathway of the spinal cord and the motor nerve roots. Recent research suggested that the IONM is conducive as a prognostic tool towards the patient’s functional outcome. This paper summarizes the researches of IONM being adopted as a prognostic tool. In addition, this paper highlights the problems associated with the signal parameters as the improvement criteria in the previous researches. Lastly, we review the challenges of TcMEP to achieve a prognostic tool focusing on the factors that could interfere with the generation of a stable TcMEP response. The final section will discuss recommendations for IONM technology to achieve an objective prognostic tool.

COVID 19 vaccine induced glycaemic disturbances in DM2 -A Case Report

The possibility of disturbances in Blood Sugar (BS) levels of Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) patients, following vaccination for Covid 19, is suggested, but not proved. No documented proof that vaccination actually disturbs the BS, is lacking. This article presents the first documented case of disturbed blood sugar, in a patient with DM2, on insulin, following vaccination for Covid 19 (Covishield).It is observed that initially there is increased Insulin Resistance, (IR) resulting in hyperglycaemia, which is temporary, self-limiting and doesn’t call for any increase in insulin dosage.This is followed by a more critical period, when there is increased insulin sensitivity, requiring decrease the pre- vaccination dose of insulin, as the risk of hypoglycemia is observed, as in the case under consideration. Hence, close monitoring and titration of revised insulin dosage, is called for, using a glucometer, during this second phase. Ultimately, the BS and insulin sensitivity/IR, return to the pre-vaccination levels. These disturbances may not come to light, unless the BS, following Covid 19 vaccination, is closely monitored. It is not predictable as to, in whom these disturbances in BS might occurs, and why it does so. The above inferences drawn are based on objective interpretation of the, truthfully recorded observations, during the case study period.

How Not to Know the Principle of Induction

In The Problems of Philosophy, Bertrand Russell presents a justification of induction based on a principle he refers to as “the principle of induction.” Owing to the ambiguity of the notion of probability, the principle of induction may be interpreted in two different ways. If interpreted in terms of the subjective interpretation of probability, the principle of induction may be known a priori to be true. But it is unclear how this should give us any confidence in our use of induction, since induction is applied to the external world outside our minds. If the principle is interpreted in light of the objective interpretation of induction, it cannot be known to be true a priori, since it applies to frequencies that occur in the world outside the mind, and these cannot be known without recourse to experience. Russell’s principle of induction therefore fails to provide a satisfactory justification of induction.

Comparing Translation Peculiarities of Legal Texts in The Russian and Persian Languages

Translation of legal texts requires special attention and great accuracy. In legal texts words have legal connotations and legal consequences, which enable either to protect the interests of legal entities and individuals, or, on the contrary, violate their rights. Inappropriate translations of legal texts cause misunderstanding and vagueness, which is unacceptable in this type of texts. The compendium of legal texts in Iran is based on general legal law and jurisprudential principles. The lack of bilingual legal RussianPersian and Persian-Russian dictionaries enhances the translation problems in this field. This fact suggests that due attention has not been paid to such an important issue in the field of linguistics. The current criterion used in the translation of legal documents is the objective interpretation of the text. The identification of the problem can help solve it. The subject of this article was the legal content focused on legal family and financial texts. The purpose of our research is to reveal the difficulties translators of legal texts in these languages face, to study the best examples of translation accumulated by far and to help translators of legal texts by integrating translators’ experiences and publishing comparative works that reveal cultural and semantic connotations in two languages.

The Promises of the Most Gracious - Objective Study Through Surat Al-Qasas

The research aims to enhance the certainty of the fulfillment of the Rahman’s promises, looking at the problems and obstacles facing the Islamic Ummah with optimism, and ensuring the introduction of the strengths of strength, and emphasizing that the consequence of the righteous, through showing the fulfillment of the Rahman’s promises in Surat Al-Qasas, where he repeatedly mentioned in the surah mentioning Rahman’s promises, and showing how These promises were fulfilled, in a way that attracts the reader's attention, and draws them for reflection and reflection, so I resolved to meditate, study, and extract their potentials, according to the method of objective interpretation, which is for the sake of types of interpretation, where the splendor of the Qur'anic manifestation appears, and brings us out of the treasures of the Holy Book, the most beautiful pearls and benefits.

Rofessional direction as a system and forming factor of training of future specialists

The aim of the article is to substantiate the professional direction of education process as a system and forming factor of training of future specialists. Identify the essence of the principle of professional direction; its functions and place in the formation of the content of the modern education are presented in the article. The professional direction of teaching the particular discipline is understood as the meaning of the content, forms, methods and means of training on the formation of professional knowledge, skills and personality qualities. Different approaches to the meaning of the concept of "professional direction" are analyzed in the article. The content of the professional direction of students� training has a subjective and objective interpretation. The principle of professional direction is emphasized on the formation of professional orientation of person. In a wider sense, the concept of "professional direction" of the future specialists in education is the focus on the formation of social and psychological orientation to their professional activity."Professional direction" is one of the qualities of personality which means the orientation of the person to the profession. The professional direction of the specialists is understood as the interest to the future profession; it is a system of key dominant motives of the person which allows him to maximize his abilities. Needs, interests, attitudes, assertions, ideals are shown as motives in this article. The concept "professional direction" is analyzed in the article as a system and forming factor; it contributes for the future students as systematic and integrated knowledge, the formation of skills for solving professional problems, etc. The principle of professional direction has major functions. The methodological function of the professional direction principle is to eliminate the contradiction between the modern social division of job and the high professionalization of human activity. The regulatory function of the following principle is to change the structure of content, methods and teaching aids. The concept of "vocational training" means the educational activity. Its aim is to form of the system of educational and professional activities of the future specialists. It would contribute to the development of professional readiness. The features of professional direction as forming the professional qualities are shown in the article. Key words: professional direction, training, readiness, content of professional education, principles, system and forming factor.

Skull Shape Diversity in Pet Rabbits and the Applicability of Anatomical Reference Lines for Objective Interpretation of Dental Disease

Acquired dental problems are among the most frequently encountered diseases in pet rabbits. However, early symptoms are often overlooked because the affected animals first appear completely asymptomatic. Alterations from anatomical reference lines according to Böhmer and Crossley applied to standard skull X-ray images, have been shown to be indicative of tooth health problems in pet rabbits. Despite its proven usefulness, there are exceptions in which the anatomical reference lines appear not to be suitable for application. We addressed this issue by quantifying the cranial morphology of a large data set of pet rabbit patients (N = 80). The results of the morphometric analyses revealed considerable diversity in skull shape among the typical pet rabbits, but variance in only a few parameters influences the applicability of the anatomical reference lines. The most substantial parameter is the palatal angle. Specimens in which the anatomical reference lines could not be applied, have a rather large angle between the skull base and the palatal bone. We recommend to measure the palatal angle before applying the anatomical reference lines for objective interpretation of dental disease. Pet rabbits with a palatal angle larger than 18.8° are not strictly suitable for the successful application of the anatomical reference lines.

Network principal component analysis: a versatile tool for the investigation of multigroup and multiblock datasets

Motivation Complex data structures composed of different groups of observations and blocks of variables are increasingly collected in many domains, including metabolomics. Analysing these high-dimensional data constitutes a challenge, and the objective of this article is to present an original multivariate method capable of explicitly taking into account links between data tables when they involve the same observations and/or variables. For that purpose, an extension of standard principal component analysis called NetPCA was developed. Results The proposed algorithm was illustrated as an efficient solution for addressing complex multigroup and multiblock datasets. A case study involving the analysis of metabolomic data with different annotation levels and originating from a chronic kidney disease (CKD) study was used to highlight the different aspects and the additional outputs of the method compared to standard PCA. On the one hand, the model parameters allowed an efficient evaluation of each group’s influence to be performed. On the other hand, the relative relevance of each block of variables to the model provided decisive information for an objective interpretation of the different metabolic annotation levels. Availability and implementation NetPCA is available as a Python package with NumPy dependencies.

Manual versus Automatic Classification of Laryngeal Lesions based on Vascular Patterns in CE+NBI Images

Longitudinal and perpendicular changes in the blood vessels of the vocal fold have been related to the advancement from benign to malignant laryngeal cancer stages. The combination of Contact Endoscopy (CE) and Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) provides intraoperative realtime visualization of vascular pattern in Larynx. The evaluation of these vascular patterns in CE+NBI images is a subjective process leading to differentiation difficulty and subjectivity between benign and malignant lesions. The main objective of this work is to compare multi-observer classification versus automatic classification of laryngeal lesions. Six clinicians visually classified CE+NBI images into benign and malignant lesions. For the automatic classification of CE+NBI images, we used an algorithm based on characterizing the level of the vessel’s disorder. The results of the manual classification showed that there is no objective interpretation, leading to difficulties to visually distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. The results of the automatic classification of CE+NBI images on the other hand showed the capability of the algorithm to solve these issues. Based on the observed results we believe that, the automatic approach could be a valuable tool to assist clinicians to classifying laryngeal lesions.