scholarly journals The Colours of Ophiocomina Nigra (Abildgaard): I Colour Variation and its Relation to Distribution

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Fontaine
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Distinct Difference ◽  
Body Colour ◽  
General Body ◽  
Colour Variation ◽  
Geographical Difference ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Colour Patterns

The ophiuroid, Ophiocomina nigra, is noted for its variability of colour, a phenomenon most pronounced where the species also has its greatest distribution in depth. Observations have been made on two geographically distinct populations, from the vicinities of Millport and Plymouth. The body colour of the observed animals ranges in a continuously graded series from black to orange-yellow. While both populations exhibit analogous variations, there is a distinct difference in the range and tone of coloration which each displays. It is suggested that this geographical difference is correlated in some degree with differences in colour tone of the substratum. It was observed that the incidence of light-coloured phases in each population increased with increasing depths, and some statistical evidence supports this conclusion. Thus, at least two factors, depth and substratum, may affect the distribution of colour variations in O. nigraIn addition to the variations in general body colour, there are two distinct colour patterns found on the disk. These are probably truly polymorphic and may be of cryptic value.A scheme of colour classification is described which facilitates observations in the field and in the laboratory.

scholarly journals Concerted variation in melanogenesis genes underlies emergent patterning of plumage in capuchino seedeaters

2022 ◽  
Vol 289 (1966) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Estalles ◽  
Sheela P. Turbek ◽  
María José Rodríguez-Cajarville ◽  
Luís Fábio Silveira ◽  
Kazumasa Wakamatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Communication ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Colour Variation ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Coloration Patterns ◽  
Genomic Regions

Coloration traits are central to animal communication; they often govern mate choice, promote reproductive isolation and catalyse speciation. Specific genetic changes can cause variation in coloration, yet far less is known about how overall coloration patterns—which involve combinations of multiple colour patches across the body—can arise and are genomically controlled. We performed genome-wide association analyses to link genomic changes to variation in melanin (eumelanin and pheomelanin) concentration in feathers from different body parts in the capuchino seedeaters, an avian radiation with diverse colour patterns despite remarkably low genetic differentiation across species. Cross-species colour variation in each plumage patch is associated with unique combinations of variants at a few genomic regions, which include mostly non-coding (presumably regulatory) areas close to known pigmentation genes. Genotype–phenotype associations can vary depending on patch colour and are stronger for eumelanin pigmentation, suggesting eumelanin production is tightly regulated. Although some genes are involved in colour variation in multiple patches, in some cases, the SNPs associated with colour changes in different patches segregate spatially. These results suggest that coloration patterning in capuchinos is generated by the modular combination of variants that regulate multiple melanogenesis genes, a mechanism that may have promoted this rapid radiation.

Redescription of the enigmatic jellyfish, Crambionella annandalei (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) from Indian waters

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 691-699
Author(s):  
Pralaya Ranjan Behera ◽  
M. A. Jishnudev ◽  
Raju Saravanan ◽  
Subal Kumar Roul ◽  
Shubhadeep Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Andaman Sea ◽  
Body Colour ◽  
Colour Variation ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Indian Waters ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

AbstractThe catostylid jellyfish, Crambionella annandalei was originally described by Rao (1932) based on a preserved specimen collected from the Andaman Sea. Since then, no detailed taxonomic studies have been conducted and the species is often misidentified. Here, we provide a detailed morphological re-description of C. annandalei from fresh material collected at a variety of locations along the east coast of India. The species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of morphological characters, the most important of which are the proportion of terminal club length to oral arm length (0.48 ± 0.031), the proportion of the distal portion of the oral arm to naked proximal portion (7.25 ± 0.268) and the body colour. The occurrence of intra-specific colour variation in fresh specimens was also observed in the present study.

Studies on the Characterization of Factor VIII and a Co-factor VIII

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (02) ◽  
pp. 328-338
Author(s):  
M. M. P Paulssen ◽  
H. L. M. A Vandenbussche-Scheffers ◽  
P. B Spaan ◽  
T de Jong ◽  
M. C Planje
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
The Body ◽  
Haemophilia A ◽  
Von Willebrand's Disease ◽  
Von Willebrand’S Disease ◽  
Polysaccharide Content ◽  
Plasma Factor ◽  
Two Factors

SummaryFactor VIII occurs in the body in two different forms. In lymph factor VIII is bound to chylomicra. In plasma, factor VIII is bound to a protein.After delipidation of chylomicra we obtained a glycoprotein with a high polysaccharide content and a molecular weight of approx. 160,000.In plasma, factor VIII is attached to a protein which is present in normal concentrations in plasma of patients with haemophilia A and in serum (co-factor VIII).This factor is deficient in both the plasma and the serum of patients with von Willebrand’s disease.The binding between factor VIII and co-factor VIII is reversible.Some properties of these two factors are described.

First record of body colour polymorphism in giant African snail Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) - a comparative study using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene

ENTOMON ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Keerthy Vijayan ◽  
R. Sugantha Sakthivel ◽  
T.V. Sajeev
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
South India ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colour Polymorphism ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Body Colour ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Oxidase Subunit

The presence of the body colour polymorphism in the tropical invasive pest giant African snail is reported for the first time from South India. Three different body colour polymorphs were recognised viz. grey, black and white. The grey body colour is the most common polymorph. The black and white colour polymorphs are found to be in almost equal proportions in the reported localities with the grey counterparts. The cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of the three colour polymorphs are found to be identical. The presence of the body colour polymorphism in south India may be attributed to the avian predation and other selection pressures.

scholarly journals SPRAY APPLICATIONS TO TOMATO PLANTS IN GREENHOUSES. PART 2: EFFECT OF SPRAY LANCE TYPE

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Cerruto ◽  
Giuseppe Emma ◽  
Giuseppe Manetto
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Internal Layer ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Mean

The present paper reports the results of some spray application trials carried out in a greenhouse with full developed tomato plants to assess foliar deposition, ground losses, and dermal operator exposure when using handheld high pressure spray lances and when walking backwards during treatments. Two spray lance types (conventional with one nozzle and Yamaho C-6 with two steel nozzles, each with two orifices) and two working pressures (10 and 20 bar) were taken into consideration. An experimental design with two factors (spray lance and pressure) was adopted, arranged according to a randomised block design with three replicates. Volume application rates ranged from 775 up to 1252 L/ha, but all data were normalised to 1000 L/ha. The results showed no statistically significant differences in the mean foliar deposition between the two spray lances and the two working pressures. However, the higher pressure improved significantly the deposit into the internal layer of the canopy (+57%), whereas the Yamaho C-6 spray lance produced a higher deposit on the external layer at any pressure. The greatest differences between external and internal layer were mainly concentrated in the middle and high parts of the canopy, where there were 55 007_Cerruto(557)_49 18-11-2009 11:59 Pagina 55 the highest values of LAI and number of foliar layers. The fraction of the applied volume rate on the ground was on average 25 percent and it was affected only by the pressure value: it increased from 21.7 to 28.7 percent when the pressure increased from 10 to 20 bar, due mainly to the contribution of the conventional spray lance under the sprayed twin-rows. Finally, neither pressure nor spray lance type affected significantly the dermal operator exposure. Upper limbs accounted for 51 percent of the total exposure, while trunk and lower limbs accounted for 24 percent each. The body parts more exposed were the left arm and the hands, but also relatively high was the deposit on the respirator, so operators should ever wear appropriate personal protective equipment.

scholarly journals Age, but not short-term intensive swimming, affects chondrocyte turnover in zebrafish vertebral cartilage

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan-Liang Jian ◽  
Wei-Chun HuangFu ◽  
Yen-Hua Lee ◽  
I-Hsuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Critical Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cartilage Homeostasis ◽  
Intensive Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Brdu Labeling

Both age and intensive exercise are generally considered critical risk factors for osteoarthritis. In this work, we intend to establish zebrafish models to assess the role of these two factors on cartilage homeostasis. We designed a swimming device for zebrafish intensive exercise. The body measurements, bone mineral density (BMD) and the histology of spinal cartilages of 4- and 12-month-old zebrafish, as well the 12-month-old zebrafish before and after a 2-week exercise were compared. Our results indicate that both age and exercise affect the body length and body weight, and the micro-computed tomography reveals that both age and exercise affect the spinal BMD. However, quantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry and histochemistry indicate that short-term intensive exercise does not affect the extracellular matrix (ECM) of spinal cartilage. On the other hand, the cartilage ECM significantly grew from 4 to 12 months of age with an increase in total chondrocytes. dUTP nick end labeling staining shows that the percentages of apoptotic cells significantly increase as the zebrafish grows, whereas the BrdU labeling shows that proliferative cells dramatically decrease from 4 to 12 months of age. A 30-day chase of BrdU labeling shows some retention of labeling in cells in 4-month-old spinal cartilage but not in cartilage from 12-month-old zebrafish. Taken together, our results suggest that zebrafish chondrocytes are actively turned over, and indicate that aging is a critical factor that alters cartilage homeostasis. Zebrafish vertebral cartilage may serve as a good model to study the maturation and homeostasis of articular cartilage.

Evaluation of general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea: a cross-sectional analytical study

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshiya Sultana ◽  
Khaleequr Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Condition ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Single Centre ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
General Body ◽  
Unani Medicine ◽  
Validated Questionnaire

Abstract Objectives Amenorrhoea in women of reproductive age may be an indication of an undiagnosed and chronic condition. The concept of temperament is a fundamental component of health preservation and diagnosis of various disease conditions including amenorrhoea in Unani medicine. Dystemperament is the commonest cause of various diseases. Therefore, general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea was determined. Methods A prospective, single-centre, cross-sectional observational study from June to November 2019 was conducted in 80 patients of reproductive age with amenorrhoea ≥60 days. Validated questionnaire for the assessment of women’s general body temperament and clinical features of uterine dystemperament was used. The data were analysed by appropriate statistical analysis. Results The age of patients with amenorrhoea ranged from 14 to 50 years. The most prevalent general body temperament was cold (57.5%) and wet (60%). Cold and wet general temperament was more common at the age of 21–30 years (30 and 36.25%), 60–90 days of amenorrhoea (33.75 and 32.5%) and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (47.5 and 50%). The most prevalent uterine dystemperament was cold and dry (95%). A significant correlation between general temperament with age, amenorrhoea and BMI >23 kg/m2 was noted. Moreover, the cold temperament of the body had a significant correlation with cold uterine temperament (r=0.864, p<0.001). Conclusions This study corroborated the claim of Unani scholars that cold and wet general and uterine temperament is more common in amenorrhoea and obesity. However, amenorrhoea can also occur in normal and other temperaments.

Descriptions of five new shiny Dichaetomyia species from Madagascar (Diptera: Muscidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 157 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-103
Author(s):  
Eberhard Zielke
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Colour

Five new species of the genus Dichaetomyia are described from Madagascar as Dichaetomyia ambrea sp. n., Dichaetomyia besseta sp. n., Dichaetomyia doubla sp. n., Dichaetomyia montea sp. n., and Dichaetomyia ranoa sp. n. The body colour of the five species is shiny metallic blue, green or violet and the colour combinations are similar to Dichaetomyia tristis (Zielke, 1972). The species, however, differ significantly from one another in other taxonomic characteristics which are commonly used in other genera to distinguish species.

The colouration and its behavioural significance in the corkwing wrasse, Crenilabrus melops

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Functional Significance ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
The Body ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vertical Bars ◽  
Mature Fish ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Behavioural Significance

The colour patterns of the corkwing wrasse Crenilabrus melops and the functional significance of these patterns has been described. The resting colours of the fish are described for juveniles, mature males and mature females. These colour patterns assist in making the fish less conspicuous in their natural environment. Agonist behaviour is characterized by the development of a series of vertical bars on the body together with ritualized lateral and frontal displays in aggressive, and a head-up submissive posture in fright situations. Most aggressive behaviour is associated with the territorial activity of the mature male. Courtship and spawning activities involve a complex series of visual signals that synchronize the roles played by the male and female. The differences in colouration between juvenile and mature fish and the changes any individual can display have wrongly lead earlier authors to split C. melops into different species or varieties.

scholarly journals III. Studies in colour changes of fish. - Part II. —An analysis of the colour patterns of the dab. - Part III. —The action of nicotin and adrenalin in the dab. - Part IV. —The action of caffeine in the dab, and a theory of the control of colour changes in fish

1927 ◽  
Vol 215 (421-430) ◽  
pp. 177-200 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Differential Reaction ◽  
Flat Fish ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
The Many

In the course of investigations on the action of certain drugs on the colour of the dab, it became increasingly evident that not only should a microscopic examination be made of the results, but that apart from a complete analysis of the colour pattern of the fish, such an examination would be unintelligible. I am not aware that any such analysis has been made of so complicated a colour scheme. Abolin (see List of Papers, p. 198) has analysed the colour pattern of the minnow, and in a previous paper I have pointed out that the barring on the minnow is partly due to physiological differences and partly to morphological variations. Sumner has also given a description of the patterns on certain flat-fish, but his observations were purely macroscopic. The main problem which has presented itself in this field is this :—Do all the chromatophores on the skin expand and contract synchronously and to the same degree? In other words: Are the various colour phases and manifestations of markings due to morphological differences alone? Sumner, as the result of researches carried out on flat-fish, has come to the conclusion that the many variations of colour, pattern and shade cannot be altogether explained by the assumption of a synchronous reaction of all the chromatophores, and that there must be some differential reaction of the chromatophores situated on the markings. Hogben is opposed to this view and thinks that, as “the extent of melanophore expansion in response to the intensity of a uniform background displays a very subtle gradation, it is not unlikely that the effect of a variegated background is simply to reproduce throughout the body a state of melanophore response, which renders more or less apparent a pattern dependent wholly on the numerical distribution of the melanophores in different areas.” In the present research this problem has been approached by a study of the reactions of the dab to uniform backgrounds, to ascertain the extent of the “subtle gradation” and to supply the necessary data for the further discussion of this problem.

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