Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in fennel seeds influenced by pressurized liquid extraction

AbstractFennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is a well-known aromatic plant, widely used as spice and remedy herb. It provides many beneficial effects and is used as diuretic and expectorant, as well as for various dyspeptic disorders. Beside essential oils, fennel seeds are abundant with various phenols, which are known as strong antioxidants and thereby contribute to human health. Among different extraction methods for phenols isolation, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) represents a novel technique with numerous advantages over conventional extraction approaches. Its efficiency manifests through combination of high temperature and pressure, enabling extraction time shortening, as well as decreased solvent consumption, thus being environment-friendly technique. In order to achieve maximum extraction yield, it is of great importance to select optimal PLE conditions, e.g., extraction temperature and time. Additionally, solvent selection also affects on content of targeted compounds, where phenols amount depends on polarity of solvent. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of temperature (75 and 100 °C), static time (5 and 10 min) and cycle number (1, 2 and 3) on total phenols (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) content, as well as the antioxidant capacity (AC) in fennel seeds using three-step exhaustive PLE. Firstly, grinded dry fennel seeds were subjected to PLE using non-polar solvent (hexane) under the mentioned conditions in order to remove seeds' lipid fraction. Afterwards, defatted samples were extracted with polar solvents by the increasing polarity: aqueous acetone solution (30 %, v/v) followed by aqueous methanol solution (30 %, v/v). Obtained acetone (AE) and methanol (ME) extracts (n = 24) were analyzed for TP (Folin-Ciocalteu method), TF (aluminium chloride colorimetric assay) and AC [ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method]. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Tukey's HSD test (p ≤ 0.05) were applied for statistical analysis of collected data. Expectedly, AE were described with higher values of analyzed parameters (grand means: TP = 416.18 mg/100 g, TF = 41.87 mg/100 g, AC = 359.57 mg AAE/100 g) in comparison with ME (grand means: TP = 80.25 mg/100 g, TF = 16.41 mg/100 g, AC = 96.13 mg AAE/100 g. Furthermore, all examined influences significantly affected TP, TF and AC in all samples, except temperature on TP in ME. Thus, conditions of 100 °C/10 min/3 cycles showed the greatest yield of tested parameters in AE, while 100 °C/5 min/1 cycle were sufficient for maximum TP and AC levels in ME. Regarding TF in ME, slightly longer extraction time was required to achieve the highest efficiency (100 °C/10 min/1 cycle).

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Application of pressurized liquid extraction on isolation of fennel seeds' polyphenols fractions

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120004978 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Maja Repajić ◽

Ana Marija Medved ◽

Josipa Bilobrk ◽

Ivona Elez Garofulić ◽

Sandra Pedisić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Extraction Yield ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Pressurized Liquid Extraction ◽

Sample Type ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare ◽

Cycle Number ◽

Significance Level ◽

Green Approach ◽

Lower Temperature

AbstractDue to nowadays endeavoured green approach, the utilization of environmentally-friendly extraction techniques is encouraged, where pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) provides such possibility. The PLE application allows shorter extraction time and simultaneously less solvent consumption through combined temperature and pressure effect, thus improving energetic and economic efficiency. Accordingly, in order to accomplish satisfactory extraction yield, it is necessary to optimize PLE conditions, depending on sample type and aimed compounds. As fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seeds are rich source of structurally different bioactive compounds, this study aimed to examine the influence of PLE temperature (75 and 100 °C), static time (5 and 10 min) and cycle number (1, 2 and 3) on the content of fennel seeds’ polyphenols fractions: total hydroxycinnamic acids (THA), total flavonols (TF) and total flavan-3-ols (TFO). For this purpose, samples of grinded dry fennel seeds were extracted according to the mentioned PLE conditions in serial exhaustive extraction using solvents ordered by its polarity: hexane, aqueous acetone solution (30 %, v/v) and aqueous methanol solution (30 %, v/v). After defatting with hexane, acetone (AE) and methanol (ME) extracts of residues were collected (n = 24) and used for spectrofotometrically determination of THA, TF and TFO. In order to access data about effect of examined PLE conditions on analyzed parameters, results were statistically analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Tukey's HSD test at significance level p ≤ 0.05. Obtained results showed that observed fractions of polyphenols were present in 4–5 folds higher amounts in AE compared to ME, where established grand means in AE were as follows: THA = 312.82 mg/100 g, TF = 113.23 mg/100 g and TFO = 29.01 mg/100 g, while in ME they were THA = 56.90 mg/100 g, TF = 28.78 mg/100 g and TFO were determined in traces. As for influence of extraction temperature and time, content of all tested compounds was significantly affected by examined sources of variation in extracts of both solvent types, except static time on ME’ THA content. Generally, 100 °C/10 min/3 cycles were conditions which yielded the highest THA, TF and TFO in AE, while ME results showed diversity upon examined conditions. Accordingly, the highest THA content was established at lower temperature (75 °C/10 min/2 cycles), while 100 °C/10 min/3 cycles conditions documented the greatest TF content.

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PENGARUH SUHU DAN WAKTU MASERASI TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.)

JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI ◽

10.24843/jrma.2021.v09.i02.p04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 186

Author(s):

Dimas Anggi Ananta ◽

G.P. Ganda Putra ◽

I Wayan Arnata

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Block Design ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Cocoa Pod Husk ◽

Effect On Yield ◽

Temperature Time

Cocoa pod husk is a by-product of cocoa processing which is quite abundant and has not been used optimally. Cacao pod husk can be used more optimally by extracting, its content of polyphenol compounds which can be used as natural antioxidants. The aim of this study were to determine the effect of temperature and maceration time of cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidants and to determine the best type of temperature and maceration time to produce cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidants. This experiment was designed by using factorial randomized block design. The first factor was type of maceration temperature consisting of 30±2°C, 45±2°C and 60±2°C. The second factor was maceration time, which were done for 24, 36 and 48 h. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance and continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that the temperature and time of maceration had a very significant effect on yield, total phenolic and antioxidant capacity of cocoa pod husk extract. Interactions between treatments had a very significant effect on total phenolic and antioxidant capacity but did not significantly affect the yield of cocoa pod husk extract. The best treatment for producing cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidants was using maceration temperature 60±2°C and maceration time for 36 h with yield characteristics 5,28±0,15%, total phenolic at 168.16±0,06 mg GAE/g and capacity antioxidant 130.94±0.84 mg GAEAC/g. Keywords: Cocoa pod husk, extraction, temperature, time, antioxidants.

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Optimization of the extraction of natural phenolic antioxidants from the seeds of Tamarindus indica L. - an undervalued by product of food processing - using response surface methodology

Acta Biologica Szegediensis ◽

10.14232/abs.2018.1.67-74 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 67-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Atreyi Sarkar ◽

Uma Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Phenolic Antioxidants ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Tamarindus Indica ◽

Solvent Concentration ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Wide Range ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power

The seeds of Tamarindus indica are known to possess a wide range of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity as measured by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In the present study, the optimum conditions for the extraction of crude phenolic antioxidants from Tamarind seed were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was used to investigate the effects of four independent variables, namely concentration of extractable solids in solvent (g/ml; X1), extraction time (h; X2), extraction temperature (°C; X3) and solvent concentration (%, v/v; X4) on the responses of total polyphenol content (TPC) and FRAP. The CCD consisted of 30 experimental runs. A second-order polynomial model was used for predicting the responses. Canonical analysis of the surface responses revealed that the predicted optimal conditions for the maximal yield of TPC and FRAP were concentration of extractable solids in solvent of 0.049 g/ml, extraction time of 3.24 h, extraction temperature of 45 °C and a solvent concentration of 50%. The experimental values in the optimised condition coincided with the predicted ones within a 95% confidence interval, hence indicating the suitability of the model and the success of RSM in optimizing the extraction parameters.

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Optimization of the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Walnut (Juglans major 209 x Juglans regia) Leaves: Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Profile

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9010018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 18 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Adela Fernández-Agulló ◽

Aída Castro-Iglesias ◽

María Sonia Freire ◽

Julia González-Álvarez

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Juglans Regia ◽

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Extraction Yield ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Linear Effect ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Walnut Leaves

This work studies the extraction of phenolic compounds from walnut leaves of the hybrid Juglans major 209 x Juglans regia based on extract antioxidant capacity. Once the solid/liquid ratio was selected (1/10 g/mL), by means of a Box-Benkhen experimental design, the influence of temperature (25–75 °C), time (30–120 min), and aqueous ethanol concentration (10–90%) on extraction yield and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) antioxidant activities were analyzed. In all cases, the quadratic effect of % EtOH was the most significant, followed by the linear effect of temperature and, for most of the responses, the effect of time was almost negligible. Response surface analysis allowed to select the optimal extraction conditions: 75 °C, 120 min and 50% ethanol, which led to the following extract properties: extraction yield, 30.17%; FRAP, 1468 nmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/mg extract d.b.; DPPH, 1.318 mmol Trolox equivalents (TRE)/g extract d.b.; DPPH EC50, 0.11 mg/mL; ABTS, 1.256 mmol TRE/g extract (on dry basis) and ABTS EC50, 0.985 mg/mL. Quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, neochlorogenic acid, and chlorogenic acid, in this order, were the main compounds identified in this extract by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS), with various potential applications that support this valorization alternative for walnut leaves.

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Effects of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Conditions on Antioxidant Capacity of Sweet Tea (Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd.)

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9080678 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 678

Author(s):

Ao Shang ◽

Min Luo ◽

Ren-You Gan ◽

Xiao-Yu Xu ◽

Yu Xia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Microwave Power ◽

Ethanol Concentration ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Microwave Assisted Extraction ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Sample Ratio

In this study, the effects of microwave-assisted extraction conditions on antioxidant capacity of sweet tea (Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd.) were studied and the antioxidants in the extract were identified. The influences of ethanol concentration, solvent-to-sample ratio, microwave power, extraction temperature and extraction time on Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value and total phenolic content (TPC) were investigated by single-factor experiments. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the interaction of three parameters which had significant influences on antioxidant capacity including ethanol concentration, solvent-to-sample ratio and extraction time. The optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidants from sweet tea were found as follows—ethanol concentration of 58.43% (v/v), solvent-to-sample ratio of 35.39:1 mL/g, extraction time of 25.26 min, extraction temperature of 50 ℃ and microwave power of 600 W. The FRAP, TEAC and TPC values of the extract under the optimal conditions were 381.29 ± 4.42 μM Fe(II)/g dry weight (DW), 613.11 ± 9.32 μM Trolox/g DW and 135.94 ± 0.52 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, respectively. In addition, the major antioxidant components in the extract were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), including phlorizin, phloretin and trilobatin. The crude extract could be used as food additives or developed into functional food for the prevention and management of oxidative stress-related diseases.

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Response Surface Optimization for Extraction of Phenolics from Coconut Testa (Pairings)

CORD ◽

10.37833/cord.v34i2.16 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

K.D.P.P. Gunathilake

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Response Surface ◽

Total Phenolics ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Response Surface Optimization ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Predicted Values

Response surface methodology in conjunction with central composite design (CCD) was performed in the present study to optimize the extraction parameters for assessing maximum yield of total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity from coconut pairings. Solvent concentration (30-100%), extraction temperature (30-60°C) and extraction time (30-90 min) were used as the independent variables. The optimum conditions for extraction of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity from coconut pairings were found to be at ethanol concentration, 47.75% (v/v); extraction temperature, 49.84°C; and extraction time, 68.66 minutes. Under these optimal conditions, the model predicted a maximum response of 18.97 mg GAE/ g DW total phenolics and 38.09 mg AAE/g DW total antioxidant capacity of coconut pairing extracts and they were in close agreement with predicted values, thus indicating the suitability of the models developed and the success of RSM in optimizing the extraction conditions.

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Extraction of anthocyanins from Syrah grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) pomace using pressurized liquids assisted by ultrasound

Revista dos Trabalhos de Iniciação Científica da UNICAMP ◽

10.20396/revpibic2620181207 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Renata Gonçalves Broco e Silva ◽

Julian Martinez ◽

Débora Tamires Vitor Pereira

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Valuable Compounds ◽

Pressurized Liquids ◽

Monomeric Anthocyanins

Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is a clean technology able to extract valuable compounds from plant matrices that, when combined with ultrasound, appears as an appropriate technique to reduce the extraction time. In this context, the objective of this work was to obtain extracts with high concentrations of anthocyanins from grape residue using PLE assisted by ultrasound. In the PLE assisted by ultrasound, ultrasonic powers of 240, 400 and 520 W were evaluated. The power of 240 W produced extracts with higher content of monomeric anthocyanins, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity.

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Combining Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Enzymatic-Assisted Extraction to Obtain Bioactive Non-Extractable Polyphenols from Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Pomace

10.20944/preprints202107.0631.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gloria Domínguez-Rodríguez ◽

María Concepción García ◽

María Luisa Marina ◽

Merichel Plaza

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Pressurized Liquid Extraction ◽

Size Exclusion ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Conventional Extraction ◽

Cherry Pomace

Sweet cherry pomace is a by-product that can be a source of bioactive phenolic compounds. Usually, polyphenols have been extracted using conventional extraction methodologies. However, a significant fraction, called non-extractable polyphenols (NEPs), remains retained in the conventional extraction residues. Therefore, this work is aimed, for the first time, to investigate the release of NEPs from cherry pomace combining pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) using Promod enzyme. A response surface methodology was employed to study the influence of temperature, time, and pH on the NEPs extraction. The response variables were the total phenolic content (TPC) measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method, total proanthocyanidin (PA) content evaluated by vanillin, DMAC, and butanol/HCl assays, and total antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and inhibition of hydroxyl radical assays. The results indicated that PLE-EAE was more suitable and selective to obtain NEPs from sweet cherry pomace than PLE alone. In fact, the extracts obtained by PLE-EAE displayed higher TPC, PA content, and bioactivity than the extracts obtained by PLE under the same extraction conditions, and those obtained by conventional methods. Moreover, size-exclusion chromatography profiles showed that the combination of PLE and EAE enabled the recovery of NEPs with higher molecular weight than PLE without EAE treatment.

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Antioxidant activity of enzyme-assisted extract derived from round kumquat peel (Fortunella japonica)

Can Tho University Journal of Science ◽

10.22144/ctu.jen.2021.032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 69-76

Author(s):

Tam Vo Dinh Le ◽

Dinh Duyen Hai Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Cation Radical ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Enzyme Treatment ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Peel Extract

This study intends to apply enzyme-assisted extraction method to determine the antioxidant activity of round kumquat peel extract. Firstly, chemical composition of the kumquat peel was determined. Then, single factor test was employed to evaluate the effects of enzyme treatment conditions (enzyme amount and extraction time, ethanol concentration, material:ethanol ratio, extraction time and extraction temperature) on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the kumquat peel extract. The result showed that the content of phenolic compounds in the kumquat peel achieved 1.3%. The peel extract exhibited the maximum TPC of 335.96±16.79 milligrams of gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE)/g dry matter, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical (ABTS●+) scavenging activity of 1993.26±99.66 μmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)/g dry matter and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value of 3202.86±160.14 μmol TE/g dry matter. This extract was obtained under enzyme treatment condition including enzyme content of 9 U/g dry matter, enzyme-treating time of 90 min and the extraction condition comprising of kumquat peel: 96% ethanol ratio of 1:40 (w/v), extraction time of 150 min and temperature of 50°C. The results revealed that the kumquat peel extract could be used as a potential natural antioxidant in food and/or pharmaceutical products.

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Optimization of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Defatted Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Seed Extract and Its Antioxidant Properties

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25040787 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 787 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Siti Atikah Zulkifli ◽

Siti Salwa Abd Gani ◽

Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan ◽

Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Ethanol Concentration ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry

The present study was conducted to optimize extraction process for defatted pitaya seed extract (DPSE) adopting response surface methodology (RSM). A five-level central composite design was used to optimize total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) activities. The independent variables included extraction time (30–60 min), extraction temperature (40–80 °C) and ethanol concentration (60%–80%). Results showed that the quadratic polynomial equations for all models were significant at (p < 0.05), with non-significant lack of fit at p > 0.05 and R2 of more than 0.90. The optimized extraction parameters were established as follows: extraction time of 45 min, extraction temperature of 70 °C and ethanol concentration of 80%. Under these conditions, the recovery of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity based on FRAP and ABTS were 128.58 ± 1.61 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample, 9.805 ± 0.69 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g sample, 1.23 ± 0.03 mM Fe2+/g sample, and 91.62% ± 0.15, respectively. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) analysis identified seven chemical compounds with flavonoids constituting major composition of the DPSE.

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