In vitro oncospheral agglutination given by immune sera from mice infected, and rabbits injected, with eggs of Hymenolepis nana

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Ito
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Hymenolepis Nana ◽  
Intravenous Injections

Oncospheral agglutination given by sera immunized with Hymenolepisnana eggs is described as a new way of assessing H. nana infection. All sera of mice which possessed acquired protective immunity against reinfection by H. nana eggs had the potency to induce oncospheral agglutination in vitro. Only oncospheres, which had been hatched, agglutinated, no agglutination occurred in sera from uninfected mice. Oncospheral agglutination was carried out by mixing 0·1 ml of serial two-fold dilutions of serum and 0·1 ml of Hanks' balanced salt solution containing about 600 hatched oncospheres. Titre of agglutinins was indicated as a reciprocal of the final dilution capable of giving agglutination clusters made of three or more oncospheres. Agglutinins developed within 14 days after a primary infection with 500 shell-free eggs. There was no rapid increase of agglutinins within 4 days following a secondary infection. The titre increase coincided with the increase in dosages of eggs. Agglutinins were thought to be immunoglobulins, because the potency of the serum to agglutinate oncospheres was extinguished after absorption of globulins with rabbit anti-mouse globulin serum.Agglutinins were produced in rabbits by intravenous injections of shell-free eggs. The titres of the rabbit sera were much higher than those of mouse sera.

scholarly journals Distinct Roles of CD28- and CD40 Ligand-Mediated Costimulation in the Development of Protective Immunity and Pathology during Chlamydia muridarum Urogenital Infection in Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 3080-3089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Chen ◽  
Wen Cheng ◽  
Pooja Shivshankar ◽  
Lei Lei ◽  
Xiaoyun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Infection ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Cd40 Ligand ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Chlamydia Muridarum ◽  
Urogenital Infection ◽  
Costimulatory Signals ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT Infection with Chlamydia muridarum in the mouse urogenital tract can induce both protective immunity and inflammatory pathologies, which has been used as a model for understanding the immune and pathogenic mechanisms of C. trachomatis infection. We compared the roles of CD28- and CD40 ligand (CD40L)-mediated costimulation in C. muridarum infection. Mice with CD28 or CD80/CD86 gene knockout (KO) displayed an infection course similar to that of wild-type mice during both primary and secondary infection, suggesting that CD28-mediated costimulation is not required for protection against C. muridarum infection. However, mice deficient in CD40L or CD40 displayed a prolonged infection course after primary or secondary infection, suggesting that CD40-CD40L costimulation plays an essential role in the development of anti-C. muridarum immunity. Interestingly, the CD28- or CD80/CD86-deficient mice displayed significantly lower levels of inflammatory pathologies in the upper genital tracts after primary infection, although the attenuation in inflammation was no longer significant during secondary infection. However, the CD40L or CD40 KO mice developed inflammatory pathologies as severe as those in wild-type mice following either primary or secondary infection despite the obvious deficits in adaptive immunity in these KO mice. The resistance of CD28 or CD80/CD86 KO mice to chlamydial infection correlated with production of gamma interferon, while the development of inflammatory pathologies in CD40L or CD40 KO mice correlated with the production of other proinflammatory cytokines in mouse urogenital tracts during the early stages of the infection. These observations together suggest that C. muridarum-induced protective immunity and inflammatory pathologies can be mediated by distinct costimulatory signals.

scholarly journals Protective Immunity against Secondary Poxvirus Infection Is Dependent on Antibody but Not on CD4 or CD8 T-Cell Function

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (13) ◽  
pp. 6333-6338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Panchanathan ◽  
Geeta Chaudhri ◽  
Gunasegaran Karupiah
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
Ectromelia Virus ◽  
T Cell Function

ABSTRACT Renewed interest in smallpox and the need for safer vaccines have highlighted our lack of understanding of the requirements for protective immunity. Since smallpox has been eradicated, surrogate animal models of closely related orthopoxviruses, such as ectromelia virus, have been used to establish critical roles for CD8 T cells in the control of primary infection. To study the requirements for protection against secondary infection, we have used a prime-challenge regime, in which avirulent ectromelia virus was used to prime mice that were then challenged with virulent ectromelia virus. In contrast to primary infection, T cells are not required for recovery from secondary infection, since gene knockout mice deficient in CD8 T-cell function and wild-type mice acutely depleted of CD4, CD8, or both subsets were fully protected. Protection correlated with effective virus control and generation of neutralizing antibody. Notably, primed mice that lacked B cells, major histocompatibility complex class II, or CD40 succumbed to secondary infection. Thus, antibody is essential, but CD4 or CD8 T cells are not required for recovery from secondary poxvirus infection.

The effects of various maintenance conditions on the survival of hymenolepidid cysticercoids

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Evans ◽  
Ceayon McKenzie ◽  
Marie Novak ◽  
Hatem Howlader
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Tribolium Confusum ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Storage Medium ◽  
Hymenolepis Nana ◽  
Hymenolepis Microstoma

Cysticercoids of Hymenolepis microstoma, Hymenolepis nana, and Hymenolepis diminuta were examined for their ability to excyst in vitro after being stored in balanced salt solution, distilled water, or the bodies of dead hosts (Tribolium confusum). The number capable of excysting decreased as the duration of the storage period was increased but the rate of decrease varied with the storage medium and was invariably slower when the parasites were stored at 4 °C than when they were kept at 22 °C. The combination of storage medium and temperature that produced the slowest rate of decrease in the ability of the parasites to excyst varied according to species.

Immune responses of the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata moubata induced by infection with the filarial worm Acanthocheilonema viteae

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hutton ◽  
A.P. Reid ◽  
S. Townson
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Ornithodoros Moubata ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Acanthocheilonema Viteae ◽  
Tick Survival ◽  
Argasid Tick

AbstractInvestigations were undertaken to determine whether the tick Ornithodoros moubatamoubata mounted a detectable immune response to primary and secondary infections with Acanthocheilonema viteae. Uninfected control tick survival rate was 70%, but only 45% in the primary infection group. Post-secondary infection survival rate (82%) was comparable to controls, indicating that these selected ticks had some protective advantage. Mean A. viteae infective larvae recovery from ticks with secondary infections was 31.4% lower than expected, suggesting the development of immunity. SDS–PAGE of haemolymph for proteins induced post-primary infection yielded a stronger signal at 45 kDa than controls, which was further elevated post-secondary infection. Proteins at 48, 22 and 16 to 18 kDa were detected in haemolymph from infected ticks but not seen from controls. The direct effect of haemolymph on microfilarial viability was examined using a novel in vitro assay; in these preliminary trials no differences were observed in parasite viability when exposed to haemolymph from infected or uninfected groups of ticks.

scholarly journals Profiles of Th1 and Th2 Cytokines after Primary and Secondary Infection by Schistosoma mansoni in the Semipermissive Rat Host

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 2713-2719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Cêtre ◽  
Christine Pierrot ◽  
Cécile Cocude ◽  
Sophia Lafitte ◽  
André Capron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Predominant Expression

ABSTRACT In contrast to most mouse strains, rats eliminate the primary schistosome burden around 4 weeks postinfection and subsequently develop protective immunity to reinfection. In rat schistosomiasis, we have shown predominant expression of a Th2-type cytokine response at the mRNA level after primary infection. In the present study, we showed a significant increase in interleukin-4 (IL-4) mRNA expression in inguinal lymph nodes early after a secondary infection. IL-5 mRNA expression showed a significant increase at days 2 and 4 postreinfection in the spleen and lymph nodes, respectively. We did not detect any gamma interferon (IFN-γ) mRNA after a challenge infection. Analysis of cytokine secretion by stimulated spleen cells after a primary infection showed predominant expression of IL-4 with maximum production on day 21, accompanied by production of IL-5 from day 11 to day 67. A significant increase in IFN-γ secretion was detected at day 21. Analysis of immunoglobulin G2b (IgG2b) and IgG2c (Th1-related isotypes) showed undetectable levels of IgG2b, but detectable levels of specific IgG2c antibodies were observed from day 42. The analysis of Th2-related isotypes showed high specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody titers from day 29. After a secondary infection, only IL-4 and IL-5 secretion was sustained. This is supported by the increased production of Th2-related isotypes. These findings showed that S. mansoni infection can drive Th2 responses in rats in the absence of egg production which is required to induce a Th2 response in mice and are in favor of the role of Th2-type cytokines in protective immunity against reinfection.

Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea) primary and secondary infections in Xenopus laevis

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. JACKSON ◽  
R. C. TINSLEY
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Patent Infection

The reproductive kinetics of Protopolystoma xenopodis primary and secondary infections in Xenopus laevis were monitored in a 3-year study. Thirty-five naïve, lab-raised, full-sib X. laevis from 1 spawning were each exposed to 30 P. xenopodis eggs. The course of infections at 20 °C was monitored by screening isolated hosts for parasite egg production. Ninety-four percent of toads supported the development of gravid parasites. Infections became patent 9–19 weeks p.i., lasted 3–30 months and produced estimated totals of 1–7152 eggs/host. Variation in primary infection characters was discontinuous: a subgrouping of hosts (16%) was characterized by extended infection duration and low reproductive rate. In order to test the effect of long-term infection history on a subsequent challenge, each host was re-exposed to P. xenopodis infective stages (30 eggs/host) 6 months after the loss of its original infection. Establishment of patent infection was significantly lower (15%), and pre-patent period (12–28 weeks) longer, than in primary infections of the same hosts, and than in concurrently exposed naïve controls (contemporary full-sibs of the primary/secondary infection group, maintained in parallel; n = 28). There was no relationship between primary infection characteristics and secondary infection outcome. Overall reproductive output per initial infective stage for the primary exposure exceeded that for the secondary exposure by a ratio of 15[ratio ]1. Results suggest that primary infection with P. xenopodis can elicit strong, long-term protective immunity against re-infection in X. laevis.

Comparative activity of anticestode drugs—praziquantel, niclosamide and Compound 77–6, against Hymenolepis nana

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suman Gupta ◽  
J. C. Katiyar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Hymenolepis Nana ◽  
Comparative Activity

AbstractThe activity, in terms of speed of action, of three anticestode drugs against Hymenolepis nana, both in vivo and in vitro, was investigated. Praziquantel was most effective in vivo, but had little action on adult worms and cysticercoids in vitro. Niclosamide, the least effective in vivo, was highly toxic in vitro. Compound 77–6 killed adult worms and cysticercoids in vitro in 10 min and 15 min respectively at 1000 μg/ml of drug concentration, but its in viro effect was intermediate between that of praziquantel and niclosamide.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTS ON THE SURVIVAL OF THE FEBRILE HERPETIC AND ALLIED VIRUSES IN VITRO

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Herpes Viruses ◽  
Encephalitis Lethargica ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Maximum Period ◽  
Suitable Technique ◽  
The Brain

These studies fail to confirm the statements previously made that microorganisms of the class of the globoid bodies of poliomyelitis may be cultivated in the Smith-Noguchi medium from the so called virus of encephalitis lethargica. They show equally that the herpes virus does not multiply in this medium. The experiments indicate, moreover, that the medium is unfavorable to the survival of the virus, while ordinary broth under aerobic conditions is more favorable for maintaining the activity of both the encephalitic and the herpes viruses. Probably no multiplication of either takes place in the latter medium but merely a survival, and for a maximum period of 6 days in the broth itself, and 12 days in the fragment of brain tissue immersed in the broth. Finally, it has been shown that with a suitable technique the viruses can be passed from the brain of one rabbit to that of another through a long series without contamination with cocci or other common bacterial forms. Hence we regard all reports of the finding of ordinary bacteria in the brain of cases of epidemic or lethargic encephalitis as instances of mixed or secondary infection arising during life, or examples of postmortem invasion of the body, or of faulty technique at the autopsy.

Monoclonal antibodies against surface antigens of schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni

Parasitology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Taylor ◽  
A. F. Butterworth
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Apparent Molecular Weight ◽  
Surface Antigens ◽  
Soft Agar ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Spleen Cells

SUMMARYMonoclonal antibodies have been produced after fusion of NS-1 murine myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized either by chronic primary infection or with irradiated cercariae: in both cases, animals were challenged with live cercariae 7 days before fusion. The initial cultures were screened for anti-schistosomular antibodies both by a radioimmunoassay with whole schistosomulum extracts and by immunofluorescence. There was no correlation between the two techniques and subsequent screening was carried out by immunofluorescence. Cloning was carried out in soft agar and 7 cloned cell lines, from 5 initial cultures, were selected for detailed study. Products of 6 of these 7 lines were monoclonal, as judged by isoelectricfocusing of [35S]methionine-labelled supernatant fluids, and their binding to live schistosomula was specific. None of the antibodies showed detectable activity in mediating eosinophil- or complement-dependent damage to schistosomula in vitro. However, 2 antibodies were successfully used to isolate surface proteins with an apparent molecular weight of 24000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

scholarly journals Reinfection as a cause of complications and relapses in scarlet fever wards

1937 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. Allison ◽  
W. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Late Complications ◽  
Isolation Method ◽  
Fever Patient ◽  
The Third ◽  
Serological Type ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

1. The term “reinfection” has been defined as the secondary infection of a scarlet fever patient during hospitalization withStr. pyogenesbelonging to a serologically different type from that producing the primary infection.2. Of forty-seven scarlet fever patients nursed in a multiple-bed ward and swabbed twice weekly during their period of isolation, thirty-three (70.2 per cent) became reinfected with a serological type ofStr. pyogenesdifferent from that causing the primary disease.3. In fifteen out of the thirty-three patients reinfected, the reinfection was “latent”, i.e. gave rise to no clinical signs, while in the remaining eighteen the reinfection was “manifest”, i.e. was accompanied by clinical signs or complications.4. Patients nursed in cubicles or in a ward confined to infections with a single serological type did not show reinfection; their convalescence was progressive and there were no late complications.5. The majority of complications occurring during the third week of hospitalization and subsequently, in multiple-bed wards devoted to scarlet fever, are due to reinfection.6. Most reinfections occur during the third week in hospital at a time when patients are as a rule convalescent from their primary infection.7. The most frequent mode of transmission of reinfection appears to be by direct contact of patient with patient.8. Ten instances of “relapse” in scarlet fever (only three in the present series) are quoted; in all of them the patients were nursed in multiple-bed wards. In each instance the “relapse” coincided with the isolation of a fresh serological type ofStr. pyogenesfrom the throat, and must therefore be regarded as a second attack of scarlet fever.9. The various systems of nursing patients in isolation hospitals are discussed and it is suggested that scarlet fever patients should be cubicle-nursed if possible. Failing this they should be nursed by the bed-isolation method in multiple-bed wards. By setting aside small wards it might be possible to keep together patients who are all infected by the same serological type ofStr. pyogenes; the number of such wards would vary with the number (usually three or four) of epidemic types current at the time.

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