Strongyloides ratti: studies of 75Se-labelled larvae of the homogonic strain in female hosts

Parasitology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. G. Wilson ◽  
Norma E. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Round Worm ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Pattern Of Invasion

SummaryA prediction of the hypothesis of Wilson (1977, 1980a, b) to account for larval migration of homogonic Strongyloides ratti in the host is that the pattern of invasion of the mammary gland of a lactating rat will be quantitatively similar on both sides and independent of the point of entry into the body. Twenty-one suckled mother rats in 6 experiments in which live 75Se-labelled 3rd-stage homogonic larvae were injected under the skin of the upper flank had an overall distribution of label 30 h post-injection, as a percentage of the initial dose, in the quadrants, I (rear, injection side), II (rear, opposite injection side), III (front, injection side) and IV (front, opposite injection side) of the mammary gland as follows: 27·4%, 1·27%, 1·89% and 1·24%. Quantitative changes in mammary label between 30 and 48 h post-injection using live larvae, differences between mothers and virgins, and results after injection of heat-killed labelled larvae, confirm that the pattern is representative of the behaviour of normal (unlabelled) worms when injected. The theory is therefore disproved. The findings are put forward as the first quantitative evidence for major lymphatic involvement in migration of a skin-penetrating round worm. They need confirmation in similar experiments in which worms are allowed to penetrate the skin naturally. The role of isotope-labelled larvae versus traditional methods of estimating parasite content of host tissue is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of estrogens and their metabolites genotoxicity on the pathogenesis and progression of estrogen-dependent breast cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 909-919
Author(s):  
Ewa Sawicka ◽  
Arkadiusz Woźniak ◽  
Małgorzata Drąg-Zalesińska ◽  
Agnieszka Piwowar
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mammary Gland Tissue ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Estradiol Metabolites ◽  
Genotoxic Action

Oncological diseases, due to the still increasing morbidity and mortality, are one of the main problems of modern medicine. Cancer of the mammary gland is the most common cancer among women around the world, and is the second cause of cancer deaths in this group, immediately after lung cancer. This kind of cancer belongs to an estrogen-dependent cancer, with proven associations with hormonal disorders in the body, occurring especially in the perimenopausal period and among women using hormone replacement therapy, as well as a result of the action of various xenobiotics that may interact with the estrogen receptor. Hormone steroids are widely used in medicine and their side effects are constantly discussed. The role of these compounds and their metabolites in maintaining hormonal balance is well understood, while many studies indicate the possible contribution of these steroids in the progression of the cancer process, especially in mammary gland tissue. Therefore, the genotoxic action of this group of compounds is still studied. Due to the limited number of scientific reports, the aim of this paper was to review and critically analyze data from the literature regarding the participation of estrogens (17β-estradiol) and their metabolites (2-methoxy estradiol, 4-hydroxy estradiol, 16α-hydroxyestrone) in the induction of carcinogenesis in mammary gland, in particular concerning the genotoxic activity of 17β-estradiol metabolites.

Jazz Music and Its Choreographies of Listening

Between Beats ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Christi Jay Wells
Keyword(s):  
Music History ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Dance ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Jazz Music ◽  
Jazz History ◽  
Guiding Questions ◽  
Institutional Cultures

Through an interrogation of hybrid social dance/jazz concert events held in Atlanta in 1938, this chapter presents the book’s guiding questions and methods, which also stem from the author’s own experience as a social jazz dancer. Applying Susan Foster’s model of choreography as a broadly applicable analytic for the socially reinforced structuring of movement in space, it asks how and why jazz audiences’ default listening postures have moved from standing and dancing to relatively motionless sitting and listening. Exploring this question requires a critical, reflective look at the role of bodies in intellectual and aesthetic hierarchies and the complex webs of desire and anxiety that have shaped American institutional cultures’ conflicted relationships with music, with dance, and with all things corporeal. Critiquing the valorization of transcendence and universalism in American aesthetic discourses and in jazz music history specifically, this chapter advances an embodied approach to jazz history where dance becomes a point of entry into stories that de-center the pillars upon which jazz music’s canonic historical and ideological narratives rest. Following choreographer/folklorist Mura Dehn’s description of social jazz dancing, this book thus advances a perspective that operates “between the beats” of jazz history’s canonic time-spaces, seeking to focus on dancing and musicking as practices that begin within the body and to dig into the complex and messy viscera underneath the skin of those narratives that form the so-called jazz tradition.

Circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers in assessing the risk of cardiac arrhythmia, its recurrence, or the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ewa Moric-Janiszewska ◽  
Karolina Zapletal
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organ Specificity ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Relationship Of

Cardiac arrhythmias belong to a group of diseases that, in some cases, can be life and health threatening. The most common arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation, while the most dangerous dysrhythmia is ventricular fibrillation. The list of factors determining and influencing the occurrence and course of abnormal heart rhythms, and thus determining the fate of the patient, is very diverse. The priority in the fight against arrhythmia is the short time to detect and diagnose and identify patients with a high probability of recurrent forms of particular arrhythmias. In recent years, scientists' attention has focused on circulating microRNAs, which have a high potential to act as biomarkers of cardiac arrhythmias. miRNAs are short, single-stranded ribonucleic acid molecules with a length of about 22 nucleotides. MicroRNAs intracellularly play the role of regulators of gene expression, while extracellularly they are mediators of intercellular communication. MiRNAs are characterized by high tissue and organ specificity. In addition, even minimal quantitative changes affect the homeostasis of the body and initiate a pathological state, which suggests the possibility of using them to identify abnormalities, e.g., in the structure and functioning of the heart. The conclusions of scientists obtained so far from a large number of scientific sources and confirmed studies are not unequivocal, however, they indicate the relationship of circulating miRNAs with the occurrence of specific arrhythmia and give hope for the practical use of microRNA as biomarkers in laboratory diagnostics.

scholarly journals Apoptosis in the terminal endbud of the murine mammary gland: a mechanism of ductal morphogenesis

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 4013-4022 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Humphreys ◽  
M. Krajewska ◽  
S. Krnacik ◽  
R. Jaeger ◽  
H. Weiher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ductal Morphogenesis ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Checkpoint Proteins ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Gland Development

Ductal morphogenesis in the rodent mammary gland is characterized by the rapid penetration of the stromal fat pad by the highly proliferative terminal endbud and subsequent formation of an arborized pattern of ducts. The role of apoptosis in ductal morphogenesis of the murine mammary gland and its potential regulatory mechanisms was investigated in this study. Significant apoptosis was observed in the body cells of the terminal endbud during the early stage of mammary ductal development. Apoptosis occurred predominately in defined zones of the terminal endbud; 14.5% of the cells within three cell layers of the lumen were undergoing apoptosis compared to 7.9% outside this boundary. Interestingly, DNA synthesis in the terminal endbud demonstrated a reciprocal pattern; 21.1% outside three cell layers and 13.8% within. Apoptosis was very low in the highly proliferative cap cell laver and in regions of active proliferation within the terminal endbud. In comparison to other stages of murine mammary gland development, the terminal endbud possesses the highest level of programmed cell death observed to date. These data suggest that apoptosis is an important mechanism in ductal morphogenesis. In p53-deficient mice, the level of apoptosis was reduced, but did not manifest a detectable change in ductal morphology, suggesting that p53-dependent apoptosis is not primarily involved in formation of the duct. Immunohistochemical examination of the expression of the apoptotic checkpoint proteins, Bcl-x, Bax and Bcl-2, demonstrated that they are expressed in the terminal endbud. Bcl-x and Bcl-2 expression is highest in the body cells and lowest in the nonapoptotic cap cells, implying that their expression is associated with increased apoptotic potential. Bax expression was distributed throughout the terminal endbud independent of the observed pattern of apoptosis. A functional role for Bcl-2 family members in regulating endbud apoptosis was demonstrated by the significantly reduced level of apoptosis observed in WAP-Bcl-2 transgenic mice. The pattern of apoptosis and ductal structure of endbuds in these mice was also disrupted. These data demonstrate that p53-independent apoptosis may play a critical role in the early development of the mammary gland.

scholarly journals The role of prolactin and its receptor in cancer development

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 232-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Partyńska ◽  
Karolina Jabłońska ◽  
Katarzyna Nowińska ◽  
Piotr Dzięgiel
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Normal Tissues

Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone which regulates various processes in the body. It takes part in mammary gland development, regulation of lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Expression of a gene encoding PRL was observed in the pituitary gland, in the mammary gland, immune system cells, and adipose tissue. A serum level of PRL depends on many factors, for instance the time of day, sex, levels of various hormones, and stress. Posttranslational modifications result in the appearance of vasoinhibins, characterized by different biological features than in the primary hormone molecule. Elevated levels of prolactin in plasma are associated with hyperprolactinemia. Prolactin receptor (PRLR) is found on the surface of many cells of normal tissues. Its presence can also be detected in various types of cancer cells. The issue of the roles of PRL and prolactin receptor (PRLR) is worthy of attention, because of their contribution to the regulation of normal metabolic processes and their part in cancer development. Among diseases in which PRL or PRLR have an influence on their progression, breast cancer, prostate cancer or colorectal cancer can be found. As prolactin and its receptor take part in cancer initiation and progression, these molecules have a potential to become a good therapeutic target. The aim of this review is to summarize and systemize the knowledge on the subject of the roles of PRL and PRLR in cancerogenesis.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

The Role of Computer Modeling in Electrocardiography

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Oosterom
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Volume Conductor ◽  
Current Generator ◽  
Cardiac Electrical Activity ◽  
Source Models

AbstractThis paper introduces some levels at which the computer has been incorporated in the research into the basis of electrocardiography. The emphasis lies on the modeling of the heart as an electrical current generator and of the properties of the body as a volume conductor, both playing a major role in the shaping of the electrocardiographic waveforms recorded at the body surface. It is claimed that the Forward-Problem of electrocardiography is no longer a problem. Several source models of cardiac electrical activity are considered, one of which can be directly interpreted in terms of the underlying electrophysiology (the depolarization sequence of the ventricles). The importance of using tailored rather than textbook geometry in inverse procedures is stressed.

Questions on the role of biofilms for the adaptation of microorganisms to unfavorable environmental factors by the example of P. aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-383
Author(s):  
Vasily N. Afonyushkin ◽  
N. A. Donchenko ◽  
Ju. N. Kozlova ◽  
N. A. Davidova ◽  
V. Yu. Koptev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
The Face

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely represented species of bacteria possessing of a pathogenic potential. This infectious agent is causing wound infections, fibrotic cystitis, fibrosing pneumonia, bacterial sepsis, etc. The microorganism is highly resistant to antiseptics, disinfectants, immune system responses of the body. The responses of a quorum sense of this kind of bacteria ensure the inclusion of many pathogenicity factors. The analysis of the scientific literature made it possible to formulate four questions concerning the role of biofilms for the adaptation of P. aeruginosa to adverse environmental factors: Is another person appears to be predominantly of a source an etiological agent or the source of P. aeruginosa infection in the environment? Does the formation of biofilms influence on the antibiotic resistance? How the antagonistic activity of microorganisms is realized in biofilm form? What is the main function of biofilms in the functioning of bacteria? A hypothesis has been put forward the effect of biofilms on the increase of antibiotic resistance of bacteria and, in particular, P. aeruginosa to be secondary in charcter. It is more likely a biofilmboth to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and provide topical competition in the face of food scarcity. In connection with the incompatibility of the molecular radii of most antibiotics and pores in biofilm, biofilm is doubtful to be capable of performing a barrier function for protecting against antibiotics. However, with respect to antibodies and immunocompetent cells, the barrier function is beyond doubt. The biofilm is more likely to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and providing topical competition in conditions of scarcity of food resources.

Receptions of the Past: Commemoration, Racism, Desire

Somatechnics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-303
Author(s):  
Michael Connors Jackman
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
White Privilege ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
The Body ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
Lesbian And Gay ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

This article investigates the ways in which the work of The Body Politic (TBP), the first major lesbian and gay newspaper in Canada, comes to be commemorated in queer publics and how it figures in the memories of those who were involved in producing the paper. In revisiting a critical point in the history of TBP from 1985 when controversy erupted over race and racism within the editorial collective, this discussion considers the role of memory in the reproduction of whiteness and in the rupture of standard narratives about the past. As the controversy continues to haunt contemporary queer activism in Canada, the productive work of memory must be considered an essential aspect of how, when and for what reasons the work of TBP comes to be commemorated. By revisiting the events of 1985 and by sifting through interviews with individuals who contributed to the work of TBP, this article complicates the narrative of TBP as a bluntly racist endeavour whilst questioning the white privilege and racially-charged demands that undergird its commemoration. The work of producing and preserving queer history is a vital means of challenging the intentional and strategic erasure of queer existence, but those who engage in such efforts must remain attentive to the unequal terrain of social relations within which remembering forms its objects.

A Good Sentencing Precedent is Hard to Find

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Brian A. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
College Admissions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Federal Sentencing

In federal criminal cases, federal law requires that judges consider the sentences other courts have imposed in factually similar matters. Courts and parties, however, face significant challenges in finding applicable sentencing precedents because judges do not typically issue written sentencing opinions, and transcripts of sentencings are not readily available in advanced searchable databases. At the same time, particularly since the Supreme Court’s 2005 decision in United States v. Booker, sentencing precedent has come to play a significant role in federal sentencing proceedings. By way of example, this article discusses recent cases involving defendants with gambling addictions, and recent cases involving college admissions or testing fraud. The article explores the ways the parties in those cases have used sentencing precedent in their advocacy, as well as the ways the courts involved have used sentencing precedent to justify their decisions. Given the important role of sentencing precedent in federal criminal cases, the article finally looks at ways in which the body of sentencing law could be made more readily available to parties and courts alike.

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