scholarly journals The role of prolactin and its receptor in cancer development

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 232-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Partyńska ◽  
Karolina Jabłońska ◽  
Katarzyna Nowińska ◽  
Piotr Dzięgiel
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Normal Tissues

Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone which regulates various processes in the body. It takes part in mammary gland development, regulation of lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Expression of a gene encoding PRL was observed in the pituitary gland, in the mammary gland, immune system cells, and adipose tissue. A serum level of PRL depends on many factors, for instance the time of day, sex, levels of various hormones, and stress. Posttranslational modifications result in the appearance of vasoinhibins, characterized by different biological features than in the primary hormone molecule. Elevated levels of prolactin in plasma are associated with hyperprolactinemia. Prolactin receptor (PRLR) is found on the surface of many cells of normal tissues. Its presence can also be detected in various types of cancer cells. The issue of the roles of PRL and prolactin receptor (PRLR) is worthy of attention, because of their contribution to the regulation of normal metabolic processes and their part in cancer development. Among diseases in which PRL or PRLR have an influence on their progression, breast cancer, prostate cancer or colorectal cancer can be found. As prolactin and its receptor take part in cancer initiation and progression, these molecules have a potential to become a good therapeutic target. The aim of this review is to summarize and systemize the knowledge on the subject of the roles of PRL and PRLR in cancerogenesis.

scholarly journals Effect of estrogens and their metabolites genotoxicity on the pathogenesis and progression of estrogen-dependent breast cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 909-919
Author(s):  
Ewa Sawicka ◽  
Arkadiusz Woźniak ◽  
Małgorzata Drąg-Zalesińska ◽  
Agnieszka Piwowar
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mammary Gland Tissue ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Estradiol Metabolites ◽  
Genotoxic Action

Oncological diseases, due to the still increasing morbidity and mortality, are one of the main problems of modern medicine. Cancer of the mammary gland is the most common cancer among women around the world, and is the second cause of cancer deaths in this group, immediately after lung cancer. This kind of cancer belongs to an estrogen-dependent cancer, with proven associations with hormonal disorders in the body, occurring especially in the perimenopausal period and among women using hormone replacement therapy, as well as a result of the action of various xenobiotics that may interact with the estrogen receptor. Hormone steroids are widely used in medicine and their side effects are constantly discussed. The role of these compounds and their metabolites in maintaining hormonal balance is well understood, while many studies indicate the possible contribution of these steroids in the progression of the cancer process, especially in mammary gland tissue. Therefore, the genotoxic action of this group of compounds is still studied. Due to the limited number of scientific reports, the aim of this paper was to review and critically analyze data from the literature regarding the participation of estrogens (17β-estradiol) and their metabolites (2-methoxy estradiol, 4-hydroxy estradiol, 16α-hydroxyestrone) in the induction of carcinogenesis in mammary gland, in particular concerning the genotoxic activity of 17β-estradiol metabolites.

scholarly journals A new role of SNAI2 in postlactational involution of the mammary gland links it to luminal breast cancer development

Oncogene ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (36) ◽  
pp. 4777-4790 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Castillo-Lluva ◽  
L Hontecillas-Prieto ◽  
A Blanco-Gómez ◽  
M del Mar Sáez-Freire ◽  
B García-Cenador ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Luminal Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Development ◽  
Postlactational Involution

scholarly journals Essential Role for the gtfA Gene Encoding a Putative Glycosyltransferase in the Adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 2698-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Narimatsu ◽  
Yuichiro Noiri ◽  
Shousaku Itoh ◽  
Nobuo Noguchi ◽  
Takashi Kawahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Allelic Replacement ◽  
Oral Bacterium ◽  
N Terminus

ABSTRACT Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral bacterium, might play a role in the pathogenesis or progression of adult periodontitis. In this study, we isolated from P. gingivalis a putative glycosyltransferase gene, designated gtfA, which had a consensus domain for glycosyltransferase in its N terminus. GtfA consisted of 248 amino acids and its predicted molecular mass was 28 kDa; however, as the molecular mass of endogenous GtfA protein was around 40 kDa, this suggested that GtfA had undergone some posttranslational modifications. To reveal the role of the gtfA gene in P. gingivalis, we established gtfA-deficient strains by allelic replacement. Morphologically, gtfA-deficient P. gingivalis lacked mature fimbriae. gtfA-deficient P. gingivalis also showed a very low ability for autoaggregation, and its ability to attach to epithelial cells was severely impaired. Thus, the results indicate that the gtfA gene is required for P. gingivalis autoaggregation as well as attachment to epithelial cells. These results suggest that GtfA might have an important role in the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis by regulating adhesion.

Strongyloides ratti: studies of 75Se-labelled larvae of the homogonic strain in female hosts

Parasitology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. G. Wilson ◽  
Norma E. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Round Worm ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Pattern Of Invasion

SummaryA prediction of the hypothesis of Wilson (1977, 1980a, b) to account for larval migration of homogonic Strongyloides ratti in the host is that the pattern of invasion of the mammary gland of a lactating rat will be quantitatively similar on both sides and independent of the point of entry into the body. Twenty-one suckled mother rats in 6 experiments in which live 75Se-labelled 3rd-stage homogonic larvae were injected under the skin of the upper flank had an overall distribution of label 30 h post-injection, as a percentage of the initial dose, in the quadrants, I (rear, injection side), II (rear, opposite injection side), III (front, injection side) and IV (front, opposite injection side) of the mammary gland as follows: 27·4%, 1·27%, 1·89% and 1·24%. Quantitative changes in mammary label between 30 and 48 h post-injection using live larvae, differences between mothers and virgins, and results after injection of heat-killed labelled larvae, confirm that the pattern is representative of the behaviour of normal (unlabelled) worms when injected. The theory is therefore disproved. The findings are put forward as the first quantitative evidence for major lymphatic involvement in migration of a skin-penetrating round worm. They need confirmation in similar experiments in which worms are allowed to penetrate the skin naturally. The role of isotope-labelled larvae versus traditional methods of estimating parasite content of host tissue is discussed.

scholarly journals Erratum: A new role of SNAI2 in postlactational involution of the mammary gland links it to luminal breast cancer development

Oncogene ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (36) ◽  
pp. 4797-4798 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Castillo-Lluva ◽  
L Hontecillas-Prieto ◽  
A Blanco-Gómez ◽  
M del Mar Sáez-Freire ◽  
B García-Cenador ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Luminal Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Development ◽  
Postlactational Involution

scholarly journals Apoptosis in the terminal endbud of the murine mammary gland: a mechanism of ductal morphogenesis

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 4013-4022 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Humphreys ◽  
M. Krajewska ◽  
S. Krnacik ◽  
R. Jaeger ◽  
H. Weiher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ductal Morphogenesis ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Checkpoint Proteins ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Gland Development

Ductal morphogenesis in the rodent mammary gland is characterized by the rapid penetration of the stromal fat pad by the highly proliferative terminal endbud and subsequent formation of an arborized pattern of ducts. The role of apoptosis in ductal morphogenesis of the murine mammary gland and its potential regulatory mechanisms was investigated in this study. Significant apoptosis was observed in the body cells of the terminal endbud during the early stage of mammary ductal development. Apoptosis occurred predominately in defined zones of the terminal endbud; 14.5% of the cells within three cell layers of the lumen were undergoing apoptosis compared to 7.9% outside this boundary. Interestingly, DNA synthesis in the terminal endbud demonstrated a reciprocal pattern; 21.1% outside three cell layers and 13.8% within. Apoptosis was very low in the highly proliferative cap cell laver and in regions of active proliferation within the terminal endbud. In comparison to other stages of murine mammary gland development, the terminal endbud possesses the highest level of programmed cell death observed to date. These data suggest that apoptosis is an important mechanism in ductal morphogenesis. In p53-deficient mice, the level of apoptosis was reduced, but did not manifest a detectable change in ductal morphology, suggesting that p53-dependent apoptosis is not primarily involved in formation of the duct. Immunohistochemical examination of the expression of the apoptotic checkpoint proteins, Bcl-x, Bax and Bcl-2, demonstrated that they are expressed in the terminal endbud. Bcl-x and Bcl-2 expression is highest in the body cells and lowest in the nonapoptotic cap cells, implying that their expression is associated with increased apoptotic potential. Bax expression was distributed throughout the terminal endbud independent of the observed pattern of apoptosis. A functional role for Bcl-2 family members in regulating endbud apoptosis was demonstrated by the significantly reduced level of apoptosis observed in WAP-Bcl-2 transgenic mice. The pattern of apoptosis and ductal structure of endbuds in these mice was also disrupted. These data demonstrate that p53-independent apoptosis may play a critical role in the early development of the mammary gland.

scholarly journals Unveiling the Role of Prolactin and its Receptor in Male Reproduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (04) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanketa Raut ◽  
Sharvari Deshpande ◽  
Nafisa Balasinor
Keyword(s):  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Exact Role ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Female Physiology

AbstractProlactin is a peptide hormone known to have multiple functions. However, the role of prolactin has been extensively studied only in female physiology and its function in male reproduction still remains majorly unexplored. Studies in rodents and humans have demonstrated the presence of prolactin and its receptor in testes, thereby suggesting a possible role during spermatogenesis. Experimental evidences from prolactin and prolactin receptor deficient male rodent models as well as studies done in hypo- and hyper-prolactinemic males hint at neuroendocrine and reproductive abnormalities. Nonetheless, there still remains a lot of ambiguity on the exact role of prolactin and its receptor in male reproduction. This review summarizes in depth on the role of prolactin in spermatogenesis.

scholarly journals A functional polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in chicken (Gallus gallus) indicates ancient role of secretory IgA in mucosal immunity

2004 ◽  
Vol 380 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willemien H. WIELAND ◽  
Diego ORZÁEZ ◽  
Aart LAMMERS ◽  
Henk K. PARMENTIER ◽  
Martin W. A. VERSTEGEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Immunoglobulin Receptor ◽  
Epithelial Cell Surface

Animals are continuously threatened by pathogens entering the body through natural openings. Here we show that in chicken (Gallus gallus), secretory IgA (sIgA) protects the epithelia lining these natural cavities. A gene encoding a chicken polymeric Ig receptor (GG-pIgR), a key component of sIgA, was identified, and shown to be expressed in the liver, intestine and bursa of Fabricius. All motifs involved in pIgR function are present, with a highly conserved Ig-binding motif in the first Ig-like domain. Physical association of GG-pIgR with pIgA in bile and intestine demonstrates that this protein is a functional receptor. Thus, as shown for mammals, this receptor interacts with J-chain-containing polymeric IgA (pIgA) at the basolateral epithelial cell surface resulting in transcytosis and subsequent cleavage of the pIgR, releasing sIgA in the mucosal lumen. Interestingly, the extracellular portion of GG-pIgR protein comprises only four Ig-like domains, in contrast with the five domain structure found in mammalian pIgR genes. The second Ig-like domain of mammalian pIgR does not have an orthologous domain in the chicken gene. The presence of pIgR in chicken suggests that this gene has evolved before the divergence of birds and reptiles, indicating that secretory Igs may have a prominent role in first line defence in various non-mammalian species.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

Behavioral Symptoms in Dementia: The Role of Time of Day

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Louise Barrick ◽  
Philip D. Sloane ◽  
Madeline Mitchell ◽  
Christianna Williams ◽  
Wendy Wood
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms
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