Pathological effects of Pseudodiplorchis americanus (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) on the lung epithelium of its host, Scaphiopus couchii

Parasitology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. TINSLEY ◽  
J. CABLE ◽  
R. PORTER
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Type I ◽  
Lung Epithelium ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Scaphiopus Couchii ◽  
In The Wild

Infection of the desert toad, Scaphiopus couchii, by the monogenean Pseudodiplorchis americanus involves 2 principal sites: post-invasion juveniles reside in the respiratory tract for 1 month before migrating to the urinary bladder where they reach sexual maturity and may live up to 4 years. While previous work has demonstrated the long-term impact on host condition of the blood-feeding adults, this study assesses pathological effects of the short-term pulmonary infection. Lung ultrastructure was compared in toads (i) maintained in captivity for 1 year without invasion, and (ii) experimentally infected with 50–300 juveniles/host, equivalent to burdens in the wild, and examined 23–44 days p.i. Typically, the alveolar lining of S. couchii is composed of a single cell type with characteristics of both Type I and Type II pneumocytes. However, infected lung tissue exhibited an inflammatory reaction with epithelial cell vacuolation, interstitial oedema, and an increase of alveolar exudate, leucocytes and fibrous tissue. Accompanying a post-infection increase in host immune cells in the lungs, there was evidence of reciprocal tegumental damage to the parasites. Lung epithelium of toads free of infection for 1 year exhibited scar tissue representing a residual effect of past infection. The pathological consequences of P. americanus infection therefore have 2 components. Acute lung infection coincides with the host's brief activity season: impaired respiratory function could compromise feeding and accumulation of reserves and hence ability to survive following a 10 month period of hibernation. Additionally, adult toads are normally exposed annually to re-infection and may accumulate chronic lung damage with extended effects on host survival.

Inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by anopheline antiplatelet protein, a saliva protein from a malaria vector mosquito

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 2007-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeto Yoshida ◽  
Toshiki Sudo ◽  
Masashi Niimi ◽  
Lian Tao ◽  
Bing Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Adhesion Assay ◽  
Type I ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Glycoprotein Vi ◽  
Vector Mosquito

During blood feeding, mosquitoes inject saliva containing a mixture of molecules that inactivate or inhibit various components of the hemostatic response to the bite injury as well as the inflammatory reactions produced by the bite, to facilitate the ingestion of blood. However, the molecular functions of the individual saliva components remain largely unknown. Here, we describe anopheline antiplatelet protein (AAPP) isolated from the saliva of Anopheles stephensi, a human malaria vector mosquito. AAPP exhibited a strong and specific inhibitory activity toward collagen-induced platelet aggregation. The inhibitory mechanism involves direct binding of AAPP to collagen, which blocks platelet adhesion to collagen and inhibits the subsequent increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The binding of AAPP to collagen effectively blocked platelet adhesion via glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and integrin α2β1. Cell adhesion assay showed that AAPP inhibited the binding of GPVI to collagen type I and III without direct effect on GPVI. Moreover, intravenously administered recombinant AAPP strongly inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo in rats. In summary, AAPP is a malaria vector mosquito-derived specific antagonist of receptors that mediate the adhesion of platelets to collagen. Our study may provide important insights for elucidating the effects of mosquito blood feeding against host hemostasis.

scholarly journals Growth rates and morphological measurements of Porcupine caribou calves

Rangifer ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Barren Ground ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
In The Wild

<p>Body weights, leg lengths, and surface area were monitored for bottle-raised barren-ground caribou calves (Rangifer tarandus granti) from the Porcupine herd up to 1 year of age. Body weights were compared with maternally-raised calves from the same cohort in the wild and from the Delta herd. A successful feeding regime for bottle-raising caribou calves is presented.</p><p>Veksthastigheter og morfologiske m&aring;l hos Porcupine karibu-kalver.</p><p>Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Kroppsvekter, visse knokkel-lengder og kropps-overflate areal ble m&aring;lt hos flaske-oppf&oslash;dde kalver av barren-ground karibu (Rangifer tarandus granti) fra Porcupine-stammen opp til 1 &aring;rs alder. Kroppsvekter ble sammelignet med normalt oppf&oslash;dde kalver av samme type i det fri og fra Delta-stam-men. Det presenteres et vellykket system for flaske-oppforing av karibu-kalver.</p><p>Porcupine-lauman karibuvasojen kasvunopeus ja morfologiset mitat.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Porcupine -lauman pulloruokinnalla olleiden tundrakaribuvasojen ruumiinpainot, jalanpituu-det ja ruumiin pinta-alat mitattiin 1 vuoden ik&auml;&auml;&auml;n saakka. Ruumiinpainoja verrattiin vastaaviin luonnon-oloissa kasvaneisiin saman lauman ja Delta -lauman vasoihin. Tutkimus kuvaa toimivan vasojen pulloruo-kintamenetelm&auml;n.</p>

scholarly journals Clinical and morphological features of scar tissue of the uterus.

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
N.P. Goncharuk ◽  
N.R. Kovyda ◽  
O.O. Dyadyk ◽  
Y.S. Radkevich
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Vaginal Birth ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Smooth Muscle Tissue ◽  
Uterine Scar ◽  
Group 1

One of the key issues for increase uterine scars is the rapid and unwarranted Caesarean sections (CS) as in the world same in Ukraine. One of the way to reduce CS is delivery truth vaginal births in women with previous surgical intervention on the uterus or after CS. The ability of scar on the uterus is the main criterion for an attempt to vaginal birth. Objectivе — to analyze the structural changes of the scar tissue of the uterus. Pathomorphological examination was fragments of uterus scar. The material was fixed in a 10% solution of neutral colored formalin (pH 7.4) carried out according to the standard procedure, poured into paraffin. From the paraffin blocks on the rotary microtome of HM 325, serial histological sections were made in a thickness of 4–5 microns, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Scar tissue was additionally stained for Van Gieson, according to Masson. Fragments of scar tissue were subjected to an immunohistochemical study (IGHS) using monoclonal antibodies (MATs) to CD31 to assess the degree of vascularization vascular component and α-SMA for assessing the condition smooth muscle tissue. Having conducted a comprehensive pathomorphological study in two groups, one can state that in group 1 the pathomorphological picture of the changes in the scar was minimal and confirmed by the retained proportions between the fibrous tissue and the smooth muscle fibers, as well as their characteristic location. Muscle fibers with minimal pathological changes, developed by compensatory changes from the side of the vascular complex. These data were confirmed by conducting IGHS from MAT to CD31, which gives a pronounced positive response in the endothelial layer of the vascular wall, forming continuous cell chains. IGHS from MAT to α-SMA exhibits pronounced homogeneous intensive expression, indicating minimal pathological changes in muscle fibers. These figures make it possible to talk about the ability of uterine scar in 61% in group 1, as opposed to in group 2, this result was only 41%. As a result of a comprehensive clinical and morphological study, it was found that the majority of women in group 1, according to the morphological and histological characteristics, had a capable scar on the uterus, that is, potentially could be considered as a reserve for vaginal birth in women with uterine scar after the previous CS. In the second group, a significant proportion of women confirmed the correlation of regenerative and degenerative changes in the tissues of postoperative scar, indicating prevalence of fibro-sclerotic changes and insufficient vascularization, that is, it states the validity of operational resolution.

scholarly journals P1333 The importance of multimodality imaging in the characterization of a congenital myocardial diverticulum

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Ramirez-Escudero Ugalde ◽  
A M R Arantza Manzanal Rey ◽  
N G I Nora Garcia Ibarrondo ◽  
M C P Mireia Codina Prat ◽  
L R G Lara Ruiz Gomez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Tissue Characterization ◽  
Multimodality Imaging ◽  
Interventricular Septum ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ventricular Diverticulum ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients

Abstract Congenital ventricular diverticulum is a rare cardiac malformation, usually detected on echocardiographic examinations in asymptomatic patients. However, they can also cause embolisms, arrhythmias and sudden death due to ventricular rupture. Multimodality imaging can help in the characterization of its morphology and in the differential diagnosis. We report a case of an 83-year-old woman, pacemaker carrier due to complete atrioventricular block, who consulted for paroxysmal episodes of palpitations, being diagnosed of atrial fibrillation. A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed, observing an appendix at basal septal level with contractility of its wall and with doppler-colour inside, suggestive of myocardial diverticulum. Echocardiographic contrast was injected for better delimitation and characterization of the cavity. MRI was after performed for better characterization of this structure, confirming the presence of an accessory chamber with muscular wall and normal contractility at the level of the basal interventricular septum, without pathological enhancements. We reviewed an angioCT performed for other reasons some years ago, confirming the presence of the same structure, which went unnoticed in that study. The patient followed controls and remained asymptomatic, without evolutionary echocardiographic changes, so that a conservative attitude was maintained. Congenital ventricular diverticulum is formed by an appendix of the entire left ventricular (LV) wall. It can be differentiated into two types: muscular (more frequent, not prone to rupture and associated with other congenital malformations) or fibrous (frequently localized at the base of the heart or in subvalvular areas). Differential diagnosis may include true LV aneurysms (abnormal LV contour with systolic dyskinesia and involving thinned fibrous tissue) and LV pseudoaneurysms (acute contained rupture of the ventricle wall, often after myocardial infarction, also akinetic or dyskinetic). Congenital cardiac diverticulum is characterized by a rapid contrast filling and a narrow neck. MRI provide tissue characterization and is an important tool that helps in the differential diagnosis. In cardiac diverticulums, a thinned but contractile wall is present, without pathological delayed enhancements. In true aneurysms, the wall shows delayed enhancement (scar tissue). Pseudoaneurysms are only composed by pericardium, and the border of the aneurysms show enhancement indicating peri-aneurysmal infarcted area. Left ventricular catheterization can also be useful assessing the morphology and dynamics of the left ventricular chamber. In small, muscular and asymptomatic diverticulums, conservative treatment with follow-up is often recommended. When symptoms appear, medical or surgical treatment should be proposed. Abstract P1333 Figure. Congenital myocardial diverticulum

CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of qseB induced asynchrony between motility and biofilm formation in Escherichia coli

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 691-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Gou ◽  
Weiqi Liu ◽  
Jing Jing Wang ◽  
Ling Tan ◽  
Bin Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Motility ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Response Regulator ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Bacterial Motility ◽  
Type I ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
In The Wild

Generally, cell motility and biofilm formation are tightly regulated. The QseBC two-component system (TCS) serves as a bridge for bacterial signal transmission, in which the protein QseB acts as a response regulator bacterial motility, biofilm formation, and virulence. The mechanisms that govern the interaction between QseBC and their functions have been studied in general, but the regulatory role of QseB on bacterial motility and biofilm formation is unknown. In this study, the CRISPR-Cas9 system was used to construct the Escherichia coli MG1655ΔqseB strain (strain ΔqseB), and the effects of the qseB gene on changes in motility and biofilm formation in the wild type (WT) were determined. The motility assay results showed that the ΔqseB strain had higher (p < 0.05) motility than the WT strain. However, there was no difference in the formation of biofilm between the ΔqseB and WT strains. Real-time quantitative PCR illustrated that deletion of qseB in the WT strain downregulated expression of the type I pili gene fimA. Therefore, we might conclude that the ΔqseB induced the downregulation of fimA, which led to asynchrony between motility and biofilm formation in E. coli, providing new insight into the functional importance of QseB in regulating cell motility and biofilm formation.

Contribution of type I NOS to expired gas NO and bronchial responsiveness in mice

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (4) ◽  
pp. L883-L888 ◽  
Author(s):  
George T. De Sanctis ◽  
Sanjay Mehta ◽  
Lester Kobzik ◽  
Chandri Yandava ◽  
Aiping Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airway Hyperresponsiveness ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Type I ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pulmonary Resistance ◽  
Bronchial Responsiveness ◽  
Targeted Deletion ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Expired Gas ◽  
Expired Air

Nitric oxide (NO) can be measured in the expired gas of humans and animals, but the source of expired NO (FENO) and the functional contribution of the various known isoforms of NO synthase (NOS) to the NO measured in the expired air is not known. FENO was measured in the expired air of mice during mechanical ventilation via a tracheal cannula. FENO was significantly higher in wild-type B6SV129J +/+ mice than in mice with a targeted deletion of type I (neural) NOS (nNOS, −/−) (6.3 ± 0.9 vs. 3.9 ± 0.4 parts/billion, P = 0.0345, for +/+ and −/− mice, respectively), indicating that ∼40% of the NO in expired air in B6SV129 mice is derived from nNOS. Airway responsiveness to methacholine (MCh), assessed by the log of the effective dose of MCh for a doubling of pulmonary resistance from baseline (ED200 R L), was significantly lower in the −/− nNOS mice than in the wild-type mice (logED200 R L, 2.24 ± 0.07 vs. 2.51 ± 0.06 μg/kg, respectively; P = 0.003). These findings indicate that nNOS significantly contributes to baseline FENO and promotes airway hyperresponsiveness in the mouse.

scholarly journals 3D analysis of microvasculature in murine liver fibrosis models using synchrotron radiation-based microtomography

Angiogenesis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willi L. Wagner ◽  
Sonja Föhst ◽  
Jessica Hock ◽  
Yong Ook Kim ◽  
Yury Popov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Capillary Blood Vessel

Abstract Cirrhosis describes the development of excess fibrous tissue around regenerative nodules in response to chronic liver injury and usually leads to irreversible organ damage and end-stage liver disease. During the development of cirrhosis, the formation of collagenous scar tissue is paralleled by a reorganization and remodeling of the hepatic vascular system. To date, macrovascular remodeling in various cirrhosis models has been examined using three-dimensional (3D) imaging modalities, while microvascular changes have been studied mainly by two-dimensional (2D) light microscopic and electron microscopic imaging. Here, we report on the application of high-resolution 3D synchrotron radiation-based microtomography (SRμCT) for the study of the sinusoidal and capillary blood vessel system in three murine models of advanced parenchymal and biliary hepatic fibrosis. SRμCT facilitates the characterization of microvascular architecture and identifies features of intussusceptive angiogenesis in progressive liver fibrosis in a non-destructive 3D manner.

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