The relationship between childhood trauma and schizophrenia in the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the Xhosa people (SAX) study in South Africa

AbstractBackgroundEvidence from high-income countries suggests that childhood trauma is associated with schizophrenia. Studies of childhood trauma and schizophrenia in low and middle income (LMIC) countries are limited. This study examined the prevalence of childhood traumatic experiences among cases and controls and the relationship between specific and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia in a sample in South Africa.MethodsData were from the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the South African Xhosa people study. Cases with schizophrenia and matched controls were recruited from provincial hospitals and clinics in the Western and Eastern Cape regions in South Africa. Childhood traumatic experiences were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Adjusted logistic regression models estimated associations between individual and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia.ResultsTraumatic experiences were more prevalent among cases than controls. The odds of schizophrenia were 2.44 times higher among those who experienced any trauma than those who reported no traumatic experiences (95% CI 1.77–3.37). The odds of schizophrenia were elevated among those who experienced physical/emotional abuse (OR 1.59, CI 1.28–1.97), neglect (OR 1.39, CI 1.16–1.68), and sexual abuse (OR 1.22, CI 1.03–1.45) compared to those who did not. Cumulative physical/emotional abuse and neglect experiences increased the odds of schizophrenia as a dose–response relationship.ConclusionChildhood trauma is common in this population. Among many other benefits, interventions to prevent childhood trauma may contribute to a decreasing occurrence of schizophrenia.

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An investigation of Childhood Trauma in Patients with Panic Disorder

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1880 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S109-S109

Author(s):

S.B. Ölmez ◽

A. Ataoğlu ◽

Z. Başar Kocagöz

Keyword(s):

Panic Disorder ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Adult Life ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Psychiatric Disease ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire

IntroductionIt is widely known that childhood traumatic life situations are associated with most of the adult life psychiatric disorders such as disassociative disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders and so on.Objectives and aimsThe purpose of this study to examine the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and panic disorder development.MethodsThe sample of this study consists of 59 outpatients who applied to the department of psychiatry in addition to 61 healthy individuals serving as the control group. These 59 individuals, located within the range of 18 to 65 years, were selected from outpatients who had been diagnosed with panic disorder based on DSM-V diagnosis criteria who did not have any other mental disorder. The 61 healthy individuals in the control group were selected from hospital attendants who had not received any psychiatric diagnosis. The participants were administered the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and a socio-demographic form.ResultsThe participants in the panic disorder group were found to have significantly high scores in comparison to the control group with respect to CTQ subscales (i.e., the emotional neglect and the emotional abuse subscale) and the total CTQ score. Hence, there exists a strong relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and panic disorder development.ConclusionThe results revealed that childhood traumatic experiences play an active role in the development of panic disorder. Moreover, it was found that the type and quality of trauma experienced during the childhood period is one of the predictors for the psychiatric disease that can occur in the future years.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Early traumatic experiences and their relationship with the emergence of depressive symptoms in adulthood

Psychological Thought ◽

10.5964/psyct.v12i1.342 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 30-40

Author(s):

Eglantina Dervishi ◽

Elisabeta Mujaj ◽

Silva Ibrahimi

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Short Form ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽

Minimum Age ◽

Physical Neglect

The aim of this study was the exploration of early traumatic experiences related to emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional and physical neglect, as well as the connection of the dimensions of these early traumatic experiences with the experiencing of depressive symptoms in adulthood. A sample of 331 University students in Tirana, 60 males (N = 60) or 18.1% and 271 females (N = 271) or 81.9% completed the online Beck Inventory for Depression (BDI), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). The minimum age of the youth participating in the study was 18 years and the maximum age was 32 years, with an average of 20 years (M = 20.07) and the standard deviation (SD = 1.5). Descriptive, correlational and linear regression analysis were used for data processing through the SPSS 22. The study confirmed the connection between early traumatic experiences and the appearance of depressive symptoms in adulthood (r(329) = .333, p < .001). Among the dimensions of early traumatic experiences, it seems that a stronger connection with the occurrence of depressive symptoms relates to the size of emotional trauma. The size of child sexual trauma is connected to feelings of punishment and suicidal thoughts in adulthood. Early traumatic experiences seem to have a significant impact on how adults express themselves and choose to interact with their environment. Coping with problems of mental health and depression today can be closely related to the early traumatic experiences of juveniles and adults.

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Does Substance Abuse Mediate or Moderate the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and the Experience of Persecutory Delusions in People with Schizophrenia in South Africa?

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.026 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. s246-s246

Author(s):

S. Mall

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Early Childhood ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Persecutory Delusions ◽

Cannabis Dependence ◽

Physical Neglect ◽

Early Childhood Trauma ◽

The Relationship

BackgroundPersecutory delusions, a key symptom of schizophrenia, may be associated with the experience of early childhood trauma as well as with cannabis dependence. Little research has, however, addressed these associations in people with schizophrenia on the African continent. We examined if persecutory delusions were significantly associated with childhood trauma in people with schizophrenia from South Africa, and we investigated whether cannabis dependence mediates or moderates this association.MethodsSeven hundred and twenty-eight people with schizophrenia completed several scales including the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) which captures several domains of childhood trauma. Logistic regression and structural equation modelling methods were employed to examine the relationship between persecutory delusions and specific experiences of childhood trauma, and to determine if cannabis dependence is mediating or moderating this relationship.ResultsPreliminary results suggest that of the various childhood traumas, the strongest predictor of the presence of persecutory delusions was emotional abuse [OR: 1.02 (0.94–1.08)]. There was no evidence of mediation by cannabis dependence. However, all experiences of childhood trauma, measured by the CTQ (with the exception of physical neglect) interacted with cannabis dependence to increase the risk of the onset of persecutory delusions (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThese results are consistent with previous data in demonstrating that both childhood trauma and cannabis dependence are associated with persecutory delusions in schizophrenia. These findings suggest that it is important to examine the role of early childhood trauma as well as substance use in predicting the onset of psychosis to inform treatment strategies.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

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Associations Between Childhood Trauma and the Age of First-Time Drug Use in Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.658205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Cui Huang ◽

Qiuyu Yuan ◽

Ling Zhang ◽

Lei Wang ◽

Shu Cui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Drug Use ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Family Environment ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽

The Family ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

Childhood trauma is related to substance use disorder; however, few studies have examined the relationship between childhood trauma and the age at which the drug was first used. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between childhood trauma and the age of first-time drug use among methamphetamine-dependent patients. Moreover, we analyzed the characteristics of adverse family environment associated with severe childhood trauma and the risk factors for starting drugs in minors. A baseline interview was conducted with 110 participants who were in detoxification, including demographic information, past substance use, and age of first-time drug use. The participants' childhood trauma experience before 18 years of age was evaluated using the simplified version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF). The Chinese version of the Family Environment Scale (FES-CV) was used to assess the family environment of methamphetamine-dependent patients. Among 110 non-injecting methamphetamine-dependent patients, nearly half (n = 48, 43.6%) had moderate and severe childhood trauma. Correlation analysis showed that the age of first-time drug use negatively correlated with emotional abuse (r = −0.32, p < 0.01) and physical abuse (r = −0.27, p < 0.01). The age of first-time drug use negatively correlated with conflict (r = −0.20, p < 0.05) and independence (r = −0.22, p < 0.05) of family environment, but positively correlated with intellectual-cultural orientation (r = 0.28, p < 0.01). Additionally, childhood trauma factors significantly correlated with many indexes of family environment, especially cohesion (r = −0.45, p < 0.01), conflict (r = 0.49, p < 0.01), and independence (r = 0.33, p < 0.01). Additionally, the regression model showed that when emotional abuse increased by one point, the age of first-time drug use was 0.69 years earlier. These findings suggest that a detrimental family environment can aggravate childhood trauma, and the experience of childhood emotional or physical abuse may be an effective predictor of early drug use among methamphetamine-dependent patients.

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Female murderers: Examination of the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and anger expression

Journal of Human Sciences ◽

10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3712 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1873 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

İrem Akduman ◽

Dilek Çelik ◽

Nurhan Tiftik

Keyword(s):

Childhood Trauma ◽

Family Members ◽

Anger Expression ◽

Trait Anger ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Problematic Relationship ◽

Female Convicts ◽

The Relationship

Adverse childhood period and abuse experiences may lead to some problems later in life. One of these problems is aggressive behavior, which is thought to be a reflection of the child’s increasing anger (Page, 2004; Olive, 2007). Based on the fact that negative childhood experiences can lead to aggressive emotions, investigating the relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and female convicts’ aggression expression styles was considered important.Sample of the research consists of 77 females who are homicide convicts selected from correctional institutes in three different cities. Data gathered from the participants were examined by using the Turkish versions of The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and The State-Trait Anger Scale.A positive and meaningful relationship between childhood trauma experiences and trait anger levels of participants was observed. In addition, there was a significant relationship between childhood trauma experiences and domestic violence as well as perceived problematic relationship with family members during childhood. Trait anger and internal anger were also found to be significantly related to perceived problematic relationship with family members during childhood. Results of the analyses were discussed in detail.

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Childhood Trauma and Its Relation to Chronic Depression in Adulthood

Depression Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2015/650804 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Alexa Negele ◽

Johannes Kaufhold ◽

Lisa Kallenbach ◽

Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Symptom Severity ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Self Report ◽

Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽

Depressed Patients ◽

Multiple Exposures

There is a large consensus indicating that childhood trauma is significantly involved in the development of depression. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of retrospectively recalled childhood trauma in chronically depressed patients and to investigate a more specific relationship between trauma type and depression. We further asked for the influence of multiple experiences of childhood trauma on the vulnerability to a chronic course of depression in adulthood. 349 chronically depressed patients of the German LAC Depression Study completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, a self-report measure of traumatic experiences in childhood. 75.6% of the chronically depressed patients reported clinically significant histories of childhood trauma. 37% of the chronically depressed patients reported multiple childhood traumatization. Experiences of multiple trauma also led to significantly more severe depressive symptoms. Stepwise multiple regression analysis suggested that childhood emotional abuse and sexual abuse were significantly associated with a higher symptom severity in chronically depressed adults. Yet, expanding the regression model for multiple exposures showed that multiplicity was the only remaining significant predictor for symptom severity in chronically depressed patients. Clinical implications suggest a precise assessment of childhood trauma in chronically depressed patients with a focus on emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and multiple exposures to childhood trauma. This trial is registered with registration numberISRCTN91956346.

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Validation and Adaptation of the Slovak Version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18052440 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 2440

Author(s):

Martina Petrikova ◽

Natalia Kascakova ◽

Jana Furstova ◽

Jozef Hasto ◽

Peter Tavel

Keyword(s):

Childhood Trauma ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽

Slovak Population ◽

Physical Neglect

Background: Previous research has shown a strong relationship between childhood trauma and worsened physical and mental health. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) is a commonly used tool assessing early traumatic experiences. The aim of this study was to verify the psychometric properties of the Slovak version of the CTQ. Methods: Data were collected on a representative Slovak sample (N = 1018, mean age 46.24 years, 48.7% of men). The dimensional structure of the CTQ was tested by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); convergent validity was assessed using the Adverse Childhood Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Results: CFA confirmed the standard 5-factor CTQ model. The subscales of the CTQ and the ACE-IQ questionnaires showed moderate to high correlations. The internal consistency of the scale was found to be acceptable. Emotional neglect (EN) was reported in 48.1%, physical neglect (PN) in 35.8%, emotional abuse in 15.8%, physical abuse (PA) in 11.0%, and sexual abuse (SA) in 9.1% of the Slovak population, according to the scoring, when even low abuse or neglect is assessed as trauma. Conclusion: The CTQ questionnaire fulfilled the validation criteria and appeared to be a suitable method for assessing retrospectively reported childhood trauma experiences in the Slovak population.

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The Role of Traumatic Childhood Experiences in Predicting a Disposition to Risk-Taking and Aggression in Turkish University Students

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260517696862 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (9-10) ◽

pp. 1998-2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hatice Odacı ◽

Çiğdem Berber Çelik

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Personal Information ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adolescent Risk ◽

And Gender

The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not traumatic childhood experiences in childhood predict a disposition to risk-taking and aggression among university students. The participants consisted of 851 students: 477 (56.1%) females and 374 (43.9%) males attending various faculties at the Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Adolescent Risk-Taking Scale, Aggression Questionnaire, and Personal Information Form were used for data collection. The analysis results revealed a positive correlation between traumatic experiences (physical, sexual, emotional maltreatment, and emotional neglect) and risk-taking and aggression. Physical and sexual abuse and gender are significant predictors of risk-taking. Physical abuse and gender are some of the predictors of aggression. Another finding from the study is that physical and emotional abuse and emotional neglect vary by gender. This study concludes that exposure to traumatic experiences in childhood prepares the foundation for negative behaviors in adulthood.

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Does Childhood Trauma Cause Personality Disorders in Adults?

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/070674379804300203 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 148-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Joel Paris

Keyword(s):

Personality Disorders ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Personality Pathology ◽

Traumatic Experiences ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Gene Environment ◽

Research Findings ◽

The Relationship

Objective: To examine the relationship between trauma in childhood and personality disorders in adulthood. Method: A review of the literature was conducted. Results: The reported associations between trauma and personality pathology are illuminated by the following research findings: 1) personality is heritable; 2) only a minority of patients with severe personality disorders report childhood trauma; and 3) children are generally resilient, and traumatic experiences do not consistently lead to psychopathology. Conclusions: The role of trauma in the personality disorders is best understood in the context of gene–environment interactions.

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Evaluation of self-esteem and childhood trauma in patients with sexual disorders

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1694 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. s852-s853

Author(s):

G. Teksin Unal ◽

O. Sahmelikoglu Onur ◽

C. Karsidag ◽

M.G. Teksin Bakir

Keyword(s):

Childhood Trauma ◽

Interpersonal Relationships ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Premature Ejaculation ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Depressive Mood ◽

Sexual Disorders ◽

Emotional Neglect ◽

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽

Physical Neglect

IntroductionSexual dysfunction (SD) is defined as the deterioration of sexual response cycles caused by anatomic, physiologic or psychologic reasons.ObjectivesWe believe that SD is closely related to self-esteem and childhood trauma (CT).AimIn this study, the level of self-esteem and CT in patients diagnosed with SD vs. controls are aimed to be compared. In addition, relationship between complaints of SD self-esteem and CT variable subgroups are planned to be investigated.MethodTwenty-four patients visited Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Psychiatric Hospital with matching defined criteria and 24 control counterparts statistically matching were taken sociodemographic data form, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSS) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) was applied.ResultsCTQ-28 averages and RSS variables which are sensitivity to criticism, depressive mood, psychosomatic symptoms, feeling threatened in interpersonal relationships, degree to participate in discussions, relationship with father were higher in patients with SD (P < 0.05). Considering the relationship between complaints of SD and CTQ-28 subscales, physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect averages of patients were observed significantly different rooted by genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder and premature ejaculation and in emotional neglect by premature ejaculation and low libido combination (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn literature, there are many studies that show CT leads to SD and several studies state that self-esteem is affected in patients with SD [1]. CT must be considered and determined in the goal of treatment of SD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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