Development of a cortical delay discounting assay: a potential biomarker of externalizing disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Naomi Sadeh ◽  
Rickie Miglin ◽  
Nadia Bounoua ◽  
Ana Sheehan ◽  
Jeffrey M. Spielberg
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Impulsive Choice ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background People who tend to impulsively choose smaller, sooner rewards over larger, later rewards are at increased risk for addiction and psychiatric disorders. A neurobiological measure of the tendency to overvalue immediate gratification could facilitate the study of individuals who are susceptible to these mental disorders. The objective of this research was to develop a cortical assay of impulsive choice for immediate rewards. Methods A cortex-based assay of impulsive choice was developed using 1105 healthy adults from the Human Connectome Project, and then cross-validated in two independent samples of adults with elevated rates of psychiatric disorders. Results Study 1: Cortical delay discounting (C-DD) was developed using a multivariate additive model of gray matter thickness across both hemispheres. Higher C-DD corresponded to thinner cortex and greater impulsive choice for immediate rewards. It also predicted cannabis use beyond established risk factors for drug use, including familial substance use, childhood conduct problems, personality traits, and cognitive functioning. Study 2: C-DD replicated the association with delay discounting performance from study 1. Structural equation modeling showed C-DD covaried with symptoms of externalizing, but not internalizing disorders. Study 3: C-DD positively predicted future delay discounting behavior (6–34 months later). Conclusions Across three studies, a cortical assay of impulsive choice evidenced consistent associations with drug use and delay discounting task performance. It was also uniquely associated with psychiatric disorders that share impulsivity as a core feature. Together, findings support the utility of C-DD as a neurobiological assay of impulsive decision-making and a possible biomarker of externalizing disorders.

Toward a Neural Model of the Openness-Psychoticism Dimension: Functional Connectivity in the Default and Frontoparietal Control Networks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Blain ◽  
Rachael Grazioplene ◽  
Yizhou Ma ◽  
Colin G. DeYoung
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Neural Model ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Psychosis Proneness ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Intrinsic Connectivity Networks ◽  
Personality Psychopathology

Psychosis proneness has been linked to heightened Openness to Experience and to cognitive deficits. Openness and psychotic disorders are associated with the default and frontoparietal networks, and the latter network is also robustly associated with intelligence. We tested the hypothesis that functional connectivity of the default and frontoparietal networks is a neural correlate of the openness-psychoticism dimension. Participants in the Human Connectome Project (N = 1003) completed measures of psychoticism, openness, and intelligence. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify intrinsic connectivity networks. Structural equation modeling revealed relations among personality, intelligence, and network coherence. Psychoticism, openness, and especially their shared variance, were related positively to default network coherence and negatively to frontoparietal coherence. These associations remained after controlling for intelligence. Intelligence was positively related to frontoparietal coherence. Research suggests psychoticism and openness are linked in part through their association with connectivity in networks involving experiential simulation and cognitive control. We propose a model of psychosis risk that highlights roles of the default and frontoparietal networks. Findings echo research on functional connectivity in psychosis patients, suggesting shared mechanisms across the personality-psychopathology continuum.

Neuroimaging of Individual Differences: A Latent Variable Modeling Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelly Renee Cooper ◽  
Joshua James Jackson ◽  
Deanna Barch ◽  
Todd Samuel Braver
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Latent Variable Modeling ◽  
Psychometric Theory ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Neuroimaging Data

Neuroimaging data is being increasingly utilized to address questions of individual difference. When examined with task-related fMRI (t-fMRI), individual differences are typically investigated via correlations between the BOLD activation signal at every voxel and a particular behavioral measure. This can be problematic because: 1) correlational designs require evaluation of t-fMRI psychometric properties, yet these are not well understood; and 2) bivariate correlations are severely limited in modeling the complexities of brain-behavior relationships. Analytic tools from psychometric theory such as latent variable modeling (e.g., structural equation modeling) can help simultaneously address both concerns. This review explores the advantages gained from integrating psychometric theory and methods with cognitive neuroscience for the assessment and interpretation of individual differences. The first section provides background on classic and modern psychometric theories and analytics. The second section details current approaches to t-fMRI individual difference analyses and their psychometric limitations. The last section uses data from the Human Connectome Project to provide illustrative examples of how t-fMRI individual differences research can benefit by utilizing latent variable models.

Adolescent religiousness and its influence on substance use: preliminary findings from the Mid-Atlantic School Age Twin Study

Twin Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M D'Onofrio ◽  
Lenn Murrelle ◽  
Lindon J Eaves ◽  
Michael E McCullough ◽  
Jessica L Landis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Problem Behavior ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Spiritual Practices ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
School Age ◽  
Attitudes And Practices

AbstractResearch has consistently shown that religiousness is associated with lower levels of alcohol and drug use, but little is known about the nature of adolescent religiousness or the mechanisms through which it influences problem behavior in this age group. This paper presents preliminary results from the Mid-Atlantic School Age Twin Study, a prospective, population-based study of 6–18-year-old twins and their mothers. Factor analysis of a scale developed to characterize adolescent religiousness, the Religious Attitudes and Practices Inventory (RAPI), revealed three factors: theism, religious/spiritual practices, and peer religiousness. Twin correlations and univariate behavior-genetic models for these factors and a measure of belief that drug use is sinful reveal in 357 twin pairs that common environmental factors significantly influence these traits, but a minor influence of genetic factors could not be discounted. Correlations between the multiple factors of adolescent religiousness and substance use, comorbid problem behavior, mood disorders, and selected risk factors for substance involvement are also presented. Structural equation modeling illustrates that specific religious beliefs about the sinfulness of drugs and level of peer religiousness mediate the relationship between theistic beliefs and religious/spiritual practices on substance use. Limitations and future analyses are discussed.

scholarly journals Affective Dynamics Across Internalizing and Externalizing Dimensions of Psychopathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori N. Scott ◽  
Sarah E. Victor ◽  
Erin A. Kaufman ◽  
Joseph E. Beeney ◽  
Amy L. Byrd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Urban Sample ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Little is known about pathogenic affective processes that cut across diverse mental disorders. We examine how dynamic features of positive and negative affect differ or converge across internalizing and externalizing disorders in a diagnostically diverse urban sample using bivariate dynamic structural equation modeling. One-hundred fifty-six young women completed semistructured clinical interviews and a 21-day ecological momentary assessment protocol with seven assessments of affective states per day. Internalizing and externalizing dimensions of psychopathology were modeled using confirmatory factor analysis of mental disorders. After controlling for externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders were associated with higher negative affective mean intensity, higher negative affective variability (i.e., unique innovation variance), and lower positive affective variability. Conversely, externalizing disorders were associated with less persistent positive affect (i.e., lower inertia) and more variable positive emotionality. Results suggest internalizing and externalizing disorders have distinct affective dynamic signatures, which have implications for development of tailored interventions.

Self-Objectification, Risk Taking, and Self-Harm in College Women

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Muehlenkamp ◽  
Jenny D. Swanson ◽  
Amy M. Brausch
Keyword(s):  
College Women ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Objectification Theory ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Self Objectification

Objectification theory proposes that the objectification of women's bodies causes women to self-objectify, adopting an outsider's view of themselves. Engaging in a high amount of self-objectification is thought to place women at increased risk for mental health problems such as body dissatisfaction and depression. It was hypothesized that self-objectification would contribute to negative body regard and depression, which would increase participation in risk-taking and self-harmful behaviors. Structural equation modeling was used to test a model of risk for self-harm based upon objectification theory in a sample of 391 college women. Results indicate that the model provided a good fit to the data, but only the paths from self-objectification to negative body regard, negative body regard to depression, and depression to self-harm were significant. Implications of these findings for objectification theory and our understanding of self-harm in women are discussed.

scholarly journals Adults with persistent ADHD: Gender and psychiatric comorbidities – a population-based longitudinal study

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S136-S137 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yoshimasu ◽  
W.J. Barbaresi ◽  
R.C. Colligan ◽  
R.G. Voigt ◽  
J.M. Killian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Internalizing Disorders ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidities ◽  
Childhood Adhd ◽  
Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Increased Risk

ObjectiveTo evaluate in adults the associations between persistent ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders and gender differences, among subjects from a population-based birth cohort.MethodSubjects were recruited from a birth cohort of all children born during 1976–1982 who remained in Rochester, MN after five years of age. Participating subjects with research-identified childhood ADHD (n = 232; mean age 27.0 years; 72% men) and non-ADHD controls (n = 335; mean age 28.6 years; 63% men) were administered a structured psychiatric interview (MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview) to assess current ADHD status and comorbid psychiatric disorders.ResultsAmong the 232 with research-identified childhood ADHD, 68 (49 men and 19 women) had persistent adult ADHD. Compared to subjects without childhood ADHD, adults with persistent ADHD were significantly more likely to have any (81% vs. 35%, P < 0.001) as well as each of the specific psychiatric comorbidities. The associations retained significance when stratified by gender and there were no significant gender by ADHD interactions on psychiatric disorders except for dysthymia with which ADHD was more strongly associated in women than men. Among subjects with persistent ADHD, externalizing psychiatric disorders were more common in men (73%) and internalizing disorders were more common in women (53%).ConclusionPersistent ADHD is associated with an increased risk of comorbid psychiatric disorders in both adult men and women. Clinicians treating adults with persistent ADHD need to be aware of comorbid psychiatric disorders, especially externalizing disorders for men and internalizing disorders for women.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Structural equation modeling of the associations between amygdala activation, personality, and internalizing, externalizing symptoms of psychopathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Externalizing Symptoms ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Amygdala Activation ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Personality Psychopathology

Abstract There is an expanding literature on the theoretical and empirical connections between personality and psychopathology, and their shared neurobiological correlates. Recent cybernetic theories of personality and psychopathology, as well as affective neuroscience theory, provide grounding for understanding neurobiological–personality–psychopathology (NPP) associations. With the emergence of large sample datasets (e.g., Human Connectome Project) advanced quantitative modeling can be used to rigorously test dynamic statistical representations of NPP connections. Also, research suggests that these connections are influenced by sex, and large samples provide the opportunity to examine how NPP associations might be moderated by sex. The current study used a large sample from the Duke Neurogenetics Study (DNS) to examine how amygdala activation to facial expressions was linked with self-report of personality traits and clinical interviews of internalizing and externalizing symptoms of psychopathology. Structural equation modeling results revealed direct associations of amygdala activation with personality trait expression, as well as indirect associations (though personality) with symptoms of psychopathology. Moreover, the NPP links were moderated by sex. The current results are in line with research that identifies a broader role played by the amygdala in personality and provide potential insights for continued research in personality neuroscience and recent theories on the neurobiology of personality.

Religiosity, Crime, and Drug Use Among Juvenile Offenders: A Test of Reciprocal Relationships Over Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (14) ◽  
pp. 4445-4464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Joon Jang
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Hard Drug ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Religious Salience ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This article examines whether an individual’s religiosity has reciprocal relationships with crime and drug use among juvenile offenders. Structural equation modeling is applied to analyze 11-wave panel data from a study of juveniles adjudicated or found guilty of a serious offense in two states. Offenders’ religiosity is measured both objectively (participation in religious activities) and subjectively (religious salience, experiences, and efficacy). While holding constant an offender’s exposure time (the proportion of time on the street), previous levels of crime and drug use, and sociodemographic controls, this study found the relationship between religiosity and crime (i.e., nondrug offending) to be either bidirectional or unidirectional. The relationship between religiosity and drug use (binge drinking, marijuana use, and hard drug use) is, however, unidirectional over time. When unidirectional relationship is found, it is religiosity that decreases crime and drug use, not the other way around. Implications of findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Modeling the Etiology of Adolescent Substance Use: A Test of the Social Development Model

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Catalano ◽  
Rick Kosterman ◽  
J. David Hawkins ◽  
Michael D. Newcomb ◽  
Robert D. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Social Development Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Crime

The social development model is a general theory of human behavior that seeks to explain antisocial behaviors through specification of predictive developmental relationships. It incorporates the effects of empirical predictors (“risk factors” and “protective factors”) for antisocial behavior and attempts to synthesize the most strongly supported propositions of control theory, social learning theory, and differential association theory. This article examines the power of social development model constructs measured at ages 9 to 10 and 13 to 14 to predict drug use at ages 17 to 18. The sample of 590 is from the longitudinal panel of the Seattle Social Development Project, which in 1985 sampled fifth grade students from high crime neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to examine the fit of the model to the data. Although all but one path coefficient were significant and in the expected direction, the model did not fit the data as well as expected (CF1=.87). We next specified second-order factors for each path to capture the substantial common variance in the constructs' opportunities, involvement, and rewards. This model fit the data well (CFI=.90). We conclude that the social development model provides an acceptable fit to predict drug use at ages 17 to 18. Implications for the temporal nature of key constructs and for prevention are discussed.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding after Gestational Diabetes: Does Perceived Benefits Mediate the Relationship?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordyn T. Wallenborn ◽  
Robert A. Perera ◽  
Saba W. Masho
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Perceived Benefits ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Breastfeeding Education ◽  
Increased Risk

Introduction. Breastfeeding is recognized as one of the best ways to decrease infant mortality and morbidity. However, women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may have breastfeeding barriers due to the increased risk of neonatal and pregnancy complications. While the prevalence of GDM is increasing worldwide, it is important to understand the full implications of GDM on breastfeeding outcomes. The current study aims to investigate the (1) direct effect of GDM on breastfeeding duration and (2) indirect effect of GDM on breastfeeding duration through perceived benefits of breastfeeding.Methods. Prospective cohort data from the Infant Feeding and Practices Study II was analyzed (N=4,902). Structural equation modeling estimated direct and indirect effects.Results. Perceived benefits of breastfeeding directly influenced breastfeeding duration (β=0.392,p≤0.001). GDM was not directly associated with breastfeeding duration or perceived benefits of breastfeeding. Similarly, GDM did not have an indirect effect on breastfeeding duration through perceived benefits of breastfeeding.Conclusions. Perceived benefits of breastfeeding are an important factor associated with breastfeeding duration. Maternal and child health care professionals should enhance breastfeeding education efforts.

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