IX. Description of the Province of Fārs, in Persia, at the Beginning of the Twelfth Century a.d.

1912 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Le Strange
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Date Palms ◽  
The Town

This district takes its name from Dārā [Darius] the Great, son of King Bahman ibn Isfandiyār.Dārābjird.—This city was founded by Dārā, son of Bahman. It was built circular as though the line of circumference had been drawn with compasses. A strong fortress stood in the centre of the town, surrounded by a ditch kept full of water, and the fortress had four gates. But now the town lies all in ruins, and nought remains except the wall and the ditch. The climate here is that of the hot region, and there are date-palms. The streams of running water are of bad quality. A kind of bitumen [mūmīyā] is found [near Dārābjird] at a place up in the mountain, which bubbles up and falls drop by drop. Also there is a rock-salt found in these parts which is of seven colours where it comes to the surface of the ground.

scholarly journals Il Castello di “Carta”. Excursus della presenza del castello di Gallipoli nella cartografia storica

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora Quarta
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
The State ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Over Time

The Castle of "paper". Excursus of Gallipoli’s castle presence in historical cartographyThe castle is located at the eastern part of the Gallipoli’s old town: the first data in archives and libraries started from the sixth century under the mention of castrum and in the following centuries there are many informations on parchments, written documents and bibliography published until today. The Syllabus Grecarum Membranarum from the twelfth century and the Statutum de reparatione castrorum of Frederick II are two precious sources about the primitive castle’s architecture.The structure endured the passage of the Byzantines, Normans, Swabians, Angevins and again, Aragonese, Venetians, Spaniards, Austrians and finally the Bourbons, until it became property of the State and now of the Gallipoli’s municipality. It has suffered over time numerous interventions to adapt it to new military needs: the castle was no longer effective with leading defence from new siege weapons, as for other architectures of the same period.The numerous representations preserved in Italian and European archives give a complete picture of the Gallipoli’s urban development and include the defensive system of the city: the different views illustrate the walls and allow us to understand the castle’s main evolutionary dynamics and its connection with the town.

XXIII. Description of the Province of Fārs, in Persia, at the beginning of the Twelfth Century A.D. Translated from the MS. of Ibn-al-Balkhī in the British Museum

1912 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-889
Author(s):  
G. Le Strange
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Date Palms ◽  
Flow Past ◽  
Great City ◽  
The City

Arrajān.—This city was first founded by King Qubād, the father of Chosroes Anūshirwān. It was a great city, with many dependencies, but during the troublous times when the Assassins held sway in the land it fell to ruin. It has a warm climate, and the city lies adjacent to the Thakān Bridge, where it spans the great river called the Nahr Ṭāb, which flows down from the neighbourhood of Sumayram. Further, many other streams flow past near here, with much water, whereby the land in this neighbourhood is most productive, growing all kinds of fruit. Groves of date-palms and of pomegranates abound, especially of the kind called mīlasī, which is most excellent. There are also many aromatic plants. The districts round and about Arrajīn are very numerous, and a mosque for the Friday prayers stands in the city.

Networks of Ideas, Networks of Men: Clerical Reform, Parisian Theologians and the Movement to Reform Prostitutes in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century France

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Keiko Nowacka
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The Public ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Town ◽  
Legal Marriage

In the first decades of the twelfth century, a wandering preacher was reported to have ‘advised’ the young men of Le Mans to marry the prostitutes of the town in order to save these ‘unchaste women’ (feminae quae minus caste vixeruni) from their lives of sin: ‘On his advice many of the young men married the unchaste women for whom he bought clothes to the value of four solidi, just enough to cover their nakedness.’ At the end of the same century, something very similar occurred in Paris, where another preacher was praised for encouraging the scholars and burghers either to marry prostitutes or to donate towards their dowry fund: Almost all the public prostitutes, no matter where the athlete of Christ went, abandoned their brothels and flocked to him. He himself led most of these women to marriage.Others, however, who were unable to remain chaste on account of fear of weakness, he gave a not insubstantial sum of money as dowries and reformed them with legal marriage. To this goal the Parisian students collected two hundred and fifty silver pounds and the burghers over a thousand.

scholarly journals Wie verlässlich ist das Artlenburg-Privileg überliefert?

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Detlev Ellmers
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Town Council ◽  
Subsequent Time ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Town

Henry the Lion’s Artlenburg Charter (1161)The Artlenburg Charter of 1161, only transmitted in later copies, is unquestionably the most hotly disputed document of the twelfth Century. While one side views the charter as the founding document of the German Hanse, the other side focusses on the clauses inserted into the charter at a later date, which leads them to a completely different understanding of its significance. Among those in the latter group, Thomas Riis put forward the hypothesis that the Lübeck copy of the charter constitutes nothing less than an augmented version of the document with ,improving' additions to the text which was produced around 1225 by the Lübeck canon Marold, which Lübeck presented to Emperor Fredrich II in 1226 - together with a number of other Charters which Marold had ,improved‘ - in order to obtain the document known to scholars as the ,charter of imperial freedom’ (1226). The critical examination of Riis’s arguments demonstrates, however, that Lübeck never employed its copy of the Artlenburg charter to argue a point with an external authority, be it in 1226 or at any other subsequent time. This raises the question of why. and for whom, the copy was made. The town seal appended to the charter proves indubitably that it was executed on a mandate from the Lübeck town council. It was this body which ordered the Artlenburg charter (together with Henry the Lion’s mandate to the advocate charged with governing the German merchants on Gotland) to be copied into Lübecks Codex of Privileges, which was reserved for confidential use by councillors and merchants. The copy of the charter served to inform them of the conditions under which a permanent, peaceful settlement of the conflicts between Germans and Gotlanders had been reached under the tutelage of Henry the Lion, a settlement which opened trade in the Baltic for merchants sailing from Lübeck. The purpose of the copy was to keep Lübeck’s merchants precisely informed of each and every right they enjoyed (since these constituted the foundation of their trade), in order to be able to maintain those rights if conflicts arose in the future. Any change to the original text would have been suicidal. Therefore, we can be confident that the text which the copy transmits corresponds to the (lost) original in each and every particular.

scholarly journals The Seal of Robert Fitz Meldred

1922 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-217
Author(s):  
W. A. Littledale
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Exact Date ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Town

Among some old family deeds in my possession is a quitclaim by Robert Fitz Meldred to Henry Spring of four marks of silver being the annual rent of the town of ‘Hoctun’, probably Houghton le Spring in the bishopric of Durham. The date is about 1230. Attached to the deed is the seal in white wax of Robert Fitz Meldred (fig. 1). The seal is circular, and when perfect was about 2½ in. in diameter ; it bears a saltire which it will be noticed is very narrow, and the legend, now partly broken away, that originally readThe exact date of the matrix of a seal such as this cannot, of course, be given with certainty, but I venture to think it may be placed before the year 1200. Although Sir William St. John Hope in his paper on the Seals of English Bishops gives useful approximate dates for the various kinds of lettering, his remarks relate to episcopal seals only, and he guards himself against necessarily applying them to other classes. The lettering of the seal now under discussion is rough and of an earlier type than the ordinary Lombardic which is met with in the thirteenth century; we may perhaps place it between the Roman capitals which ceased about the last quarter of the twelfth century and the Lombardic capitals.

Research Resources in Chad and the Central African Republic

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis D. Cordell
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Peace Corps ◽  
The United States ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Running Water ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sciences Humaines ◽  
The Town ◽  
Research Resources

Neither Chad (or Tchad) nor the Central African Republic (or République Centrafricaine) has been much studied by American scholars. Because of this the following report discusses more than merely the archival resources of the two countries; it is hoped that the more practical aspects of research there that are discussed will render it more useful.The Institut Tchadien des Sciences Humaines (henceforth INTSH) supervises research projects in Chad which are concerned with the social sciences—as defined by French scholarship. Research authorization is granted by the Director of the Institut, Boîte Postale 503, N'Djaména. Anyone intending to pursue research in Chad should have a letter of authorization from the Institut before leaving the United States—if possible, even before applying for a Chadian visa, since this will expedite the granting of such a visa.Most temporary accommodations in N'Djaména (like other African countries) tend to be expensive; the only inexpensive hostel is operated by the Peace Corps for its own members. Sometimes, though, researchers have been allowed temporary accommodation pending the location of other housing. Enquiries should be sent to: Corps de la Paix, Boîte Postale 260, N'Djaména. In addition, temporary housing may sometimes be had with researchers at the Organisation pour des recherches scientifiques et techniques d'Outre-Mer, or ORSTOM.For a long stay it is wise to rent a house. While the Peace Corps or Embassy personnel may be of some assistance, Muslim merchants near the main market should be of more help in finding a house in the African part of the town. Rents in N'Djaména are high: a mud brick house with electricity and running water will run about $175 monthly.

scholarly journals Seal of Konstantinos, the Son of the Protoproedros and Exousiokrator of All Alania (ca 1065–1075)

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 115-134
Author(s):  
Andrey Yurievich Vinogradov ◽  
◽  
Victor Nikolaevich Chkhaidze ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Town

This paper offers a corrected reading of a lead seal excavated at Anakopia which belonged to Konstantinos, the son of the protoproedros and exousiokrator of all Alania. Although the palaeography of the seal dates it to the second half of the eleventh century, the historical context and the title of protoproedros makes the chronology narrow, as 1065–1075. This find can be linked to the Byzantine-Georgian conflict over Anakopia and probably to the negotiations on returning the town to the Georgian king which happened shortly after 1074. The narrow chronology of the seal speaks in favour of the identification of the Alanian exousiokrator as Dorgholel (mentioned in 1068), thus excluding the possibility that Konstantinos of the seal and Konstantinos Alanos (mentioned in 1045–1047) were the same person. The former Konstantinos, a possible heir to Dorgholel, might be a brother of Irene, the wife of protoproedros Isaak Komnenos, so the same high title given to his father in 1065–1075 points to a Byzantine-Alan alliance which made possible the marriage of Irene and Isaak Komnenos in 1072 and the participation of 6,000 Alanian horsemen in suppressing Roussel de Bailleul’s revolt in 1073–1074. The unique title of “exousiokrator of all Alania” attested on the seal and in the list of the metropolitans of Bulgaria possibly reflected the struggle of the Alanian ruler against centrifugal tendencies in his domain during the twelfth century; its later disappearance suggests that this title was a Dorgholel’s situational invention.

scholarly journals Analyse Des Déterminants Du Choléra Dans La Ville De Djougou Au Bénin

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Legba Christian Senoumantin ◽  
Yabi Ibouraïma ◽  
Azonhe Thierry ◽  
Osseni Abdel-Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
West African ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
The Town

The propagation and the persistence of the infectious diseases are the facts which is recurring and disturb the development process in the African countries. This’s the case of the cholera which, despite efforts of eradication, persists and compromises the socio-economic activities of the communities west-African. The town of Djougou in Benin is not out of this acute and dangerous intestinal affection for the survival of the populations. This study aims to identify and prioritize the risk factors basic of the cholera in order to suggest solutions to its eradication. The methodological approach used for this purpose is based on a casecontrol analytical approach. Several variables were used and the chi-square test assessed the degree of association between each disease and the occurrence of the disease. The got results reveal a significant link between the source of supply out of drink water and the cholera (p = 0.047), the water treatment before its consumption and the cholera (p = 0.03). In the same way, one notes a highly significant association between the contact with a choleraic patient and which has occurred of the cholera (p= 0.0001) and between the none observance of hand-washing to running water with soap and the cholera (p = 0.0001).

The Last Days of Lenton Priory

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 295-313
Author(s):  
David Marcombe
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The Road ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
Specific Duty ◽  
The Town

Two miles west of Nottingham, where the road to Derby crossed the river Leen, stood Lenton Priory, its lofty spires easily viewed from the ramparts of Nottingham Castle. Indeed, the first constable of the royal castle, William Peveril, was also the founder of the priory, a fact which would not have escaped any visitor to the town in the twelfth century. Peveril, the archetypal Anglo-Norman grandee, was entrusted with the extensive Honour of Peveril as a reward for his services. Lenton was its liturgical showpiece. Founded between 1103 and 1114, it was a Benedictine house placed under the supervision of Cluny and dedicated to the Holy Trinity. It had the specific duty to pray for the souls of the first three Norman kings, along with those of Peveril and his family, an obligation still being carried out by five ‘needy men’ in the associated Hospital of St Anthony in 1535.

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