Aśoka and Capital Punishment: Notes on a Portion of Aśoka's Fourth Pillar Edict, with an Appendix on the Accusative Absolute Construction

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
K. R. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Living Being

It will not have escaped the notice of anyone reading the Aśokan inscriptions that the emperor's attitude towards the killing of animals, including human beings, was not entirely consistent. In RE I(B) we read hiddā no kichi jive ālabhitu pajohitaviye (in the version at K), “Here no living being must be killed and sacrificed.” In RE III(D) we find pānānaṃ anālaṃbhe sādhu, “Abstention from killing animals is meritorious.” In RE IV(C) we read vaḍhite … anālaṃbhe pānānaṃ avihisā bhūtānaṃ, “There are now promoted … abstention from killing animals, abstention from hurting living beings.” In RE XI(C) pānānaṃ anālaṃbhe occurs again. PE V contains a long list of animals which Aśoka had made inviolable (avadhiyāni) and not to be killed (no haṃtaviyāni). In PE VII(NN) we read dhaṃmavaḍhi vaḍhitā avihiṃsāye bhūtānaṃ anālaṃbhāye pānānaṃ, “The progress of morality has been promoted (because it leads) to abstention from hurting living beings (and) to abstention from killing animals.” With specific regard to men, Aśoka expresses his regret about the number of persons killed in, or as a consequence of, the war in Kaliṅga (RE XIII(E)), and states his hope that the forest dwellers will repent so that they may not be killed (avatrapeyu na ca haṃñeyasu, in the reading of Sh at RE XIII(N)). It appears, however, from PE IV that men could be sentenced to death in Aśoka's empire.

THE KILLER OF NATURE – ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-295
Author(s):  
Ekta Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Public ◽  
Summary Paper ◽  
Living Being

The Presented summary paper target is to draw the attention of the public to the benefits of Environment and how we are connected to the Environment. To show that if there’s any change in the Environmental conditions, then how the conditions change in human beings lives. Living Being, whether a Human Being or Animals or plants,  are all directly or indirectly Dependent on the Environment for their Survival. When asked truly it can be said that none of the living being can survive without the presence of Environment. It is difficult to find absolutely natural environments, and it is common that the naturalness varies in a continuum, from ideally 100% natural in one extreme to 0% natural in the other. More precisely, we can consider the different aspects or components of an environment, and see that their degree of naturalness is not uniform.

The Choice Between Lives

Philosophy ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 57 (222) ◽  
pp. 453-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Locke
Keyword(s):  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Self Defence

Are there circumstances in which we would be justified in taking one person's life for the sake of others? I am not here concerned with cases of self-defence, or what we might call ‘other-defence’, where one person has to be killed to prevent him taking the lives of others. Nor am I concerned with cases of self-sacrifice, or suicide more generally, or euthanasia; nor with capital punishment, or killing in warfare; nor even, for reasons we shall explore, with abortion. I am concerned with those cases where several people have an equal claim or right to life, the same claim or right which we typically accord to all human beings, but where not all can survive. In short we are faced with a choice, as to who shall live and who shall die.

scholarly journals KAVIÑAR AṞIVUMATI KAVITAIKAḶIL UVAKAI [HILARITY IN ARIVUMATHI’S POETRY]

2022 ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
SUGUNADEVI VEERAN ◽  
S.SANTHIYA
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Happiness ◽  
The World ◽  
Living Being ◽  
The Way

It is knowledge and emotion that haunt human society. From the day the world appeared until the day the world ended, knowledge and emotion existed. According to Thiruvalluvar, knowledge that calms the emotion in his kural. Meyppatu are manifestations of mental consciousness. Tholkkappiyar has numbered the emotions that appear in the human mind in his epic Tholkkappiyam in Chapter Porulathigaaram. He has analyzed the emotions that appear within him in a way that others can know and understand very accurately (Meyppatu). They are eight types of emotions that apply to all human beings in the world. Meyppatu are the expression of human instincts. This dissertation aims to find out how the poetic enlightenment has been manipulated in the poetic epistemology of the numerical facts stated in the economics of Tholkappiam the fact of the matter is that consciousness is an emotional state that paves the way for human happiness. Any living being born into the world wants to be happy. Therefore, the researcher has used the poems of Arivumathi to prove this fact.

scholarly journals Simplicity and Beauty in Basheer’s The Inheritors of Earth

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
Dr. Josit Mariya
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Equal Right ◽  
Living Being

Vaikom Muhammed Basheer is a notable writer of Malayalam literature. His works are always close to nature. People can easily identify his works because of their lucid language and their inclination to nature. In his work, ‘Bhoomiyude Avakashikal’ (The Inheritors of Earth), the author tries to talk about the need of considering the animals and birds around us because they are also a part of our earth. Basheer sheds light on the truth that the entire species in this world have the same rights that man holds. Each and every living being has the equal right to live and enjoy their surroundings as human beings. If we don’t protect our nature - the vegetation and biodiversity around us - we have no future.

scholarly journals CRITICAL INSIGHT IN CONCEPT OF TRIGUNA: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-146
Author(s):  
M R Sandhya ◽  
M V Vinodkumar
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Transactional Analysis ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Living Being

Theory of Triguna, originally explained in Sankhya Darshana and accepted in Ayurveda, says that the whole universe is composed of three major attributes namely Satwa, Raja and Tama. The living being, with its physique and psyche, represents the universe, hence, is made up of these three major attributes. The relationship of triguna with Panchamahabhuta, Tridosha and Shadchakra are already studied. Transactional analysis and triguna are inter-related. Basic emotions of human beings are love, hatred and fear. They generate need, action and confusion. These three qualities are interdependent, complementary and antagonistic at the same time. Wellness of human beings incorporates eight mutually interdependent dimensions. All these dimensions cannot be satisfied by a personality with a single guna, but a combination of Satwa, Raja and Tamo guna play here. Similarly multiple intelligences in a person depend on the predominant guna present in them. By understanding and promoting the multiple intelligences in a person helps to shine them in their own world. This paper is a prime attempt to put light on the concept of triguna.

scholarly journals La Peine de Mort et le Droit à la Vie.

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4322-4326
Author(s):  
Louis Mendy
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Universal Declaration ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Moral Duty ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The People ◽  
The World

Death Penalty has been practiced since human beings decided to constitute nations and live in countries. It was institutionalized to get rid of people who were supposed to be harmful to societies. However, proponents of Capital Punishment do not seem to understand that people may be executed because of their evil acts, but their death will never wipe evil out of their societies. Since the ratification of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by a very large majority of countries in the world, the legality and legitimacy of Death Penalty have been constantly questioned by human rights defenders. Even the three major and revealed religions: Christianity, Judaism and Islam recognize that life is a sacred right from God. For the people who are against Death Penalty, Capital Punishment is akin to a premeditated voluntary homicide by a government. Even if Death Penalty is considered as a deterrent in many societies, it has never been proven that it can stop people from committing murders. The abolition of Death Penalty is nowadays a moral duty for all governments. Even a moratorium is proposed to countries which have not abolished it yet. The tendency today is the total abolition of Capital Punishment in the world and its restoration by countries that have already abolished it is something unheard of, retrograde and senseless.

Criticism of Gehlen’s Theory of Instinct-Reduction and Phenomenological Clarification of the Concept of Instinct as the Genetic Origin of Embodied Consciousness

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Nam-In
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
The Past ◽  
Embodied Consciousness ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Logical Sense ◽  
Living Being

AbstractIn the past 20 years, the concept of instinct has been discussed in respect to various disciplines such as evolutionary biology, evolutionary psychology, linguistics, ethics, aesthetics, and phenomenology, etc. However, the meaning of instinct still remains unclarified in many respects. In order to overcome this situation, it is necessary to elucidate the genuine meaning of instinct so that the discussion of instinct in these disciplines can be carried out systematically. The objective of this paper is to establish the genuine concept of instinct on the basis of a phenomenological criticism of A. Gehlen’s theory of instinct-reduction. Moreover, it seeks to show that this concept is the genetic origin of the embodied consciousness. According to Gehlen, instinct is defined as Instinkthandlung. However, this definition of instinct is problematic in the formal logical sense, since the definiendum (the instinct) is already included in the definiens (Instinkthandlung). Moreover, it faces different kinds of serious material problems. Criticizing Gehlen’s theory of instinct systematically, I will show that instinct should be redefined as “the innate living force that urges a species of living being to pursue a certain kind of object,” and I will attempt to clarify this definition of instinct in a more detailed manner by offering 11 points. Thereafter, I will argue that Gehlen’s theory of instinct-reduction has to be replaced by the theory of instinct-enlargement in human beings. Finally, I will point out that the genuine concept of instinct is nothing other than the genetic origin of the embodied consciousness.

scholarly journals Dehumanization increases instrumental violence, but not moral violence

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (32) ◽  
pp. 8511-8516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tage S. Rai ◽  
Piercarlo Valdesolo ◽  
Jesse Graham
Keyword(s):  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Immoral Behavior ◽  
Drone Strikes ◽  
Attitude Surveys

Across five experiments, we show that dehumanization—the act of perceiving victims as not completely human—increases instrumental, but not moral, violence. In attitude surveys, ascribing reduced capacities for cognitive, experiential, and emotional states to victims predicted support for practices where victims are harmed to achieve instrumental goals, including sweatshop labor, animal experimentation, and drone strikes that result in civilian casualties, but not practices where harm is perceived as morally righteous, including capital punishment, killing in war, and drone strikes that kill terrorists. In vignette experiments, using dehumanizing compared with humanizing language increased participants’ willingness to harm strangers for money, but not participants’ willingness to harm strangers for their immoral behavior. Participants also spontaneously dehumanized strangers when they imagined harming them for money, but not when they imagined harming them for their immoral behavior. Finally, participants humanized strangers who were low in humanity if they imagined harming them for immoral behavior, but not money, suggesting that morally motivated perpetrators may humanize victims to justify violence against them. Our findings indicate that dehumanization enables violence that perpetrators see as unethical, but instrumentally beneficial. In contrast, dehumanization does not contribute to moral violence because morally motivated perpetrators wish to harm complete human beings who are capable of deserving blame, experiencing suffering, and understanding its meaning.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Assessment of Efficient Psidium Guajava and Mentha Piperita Fresh Leaves Juice for Perio Pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 828-832
Author(s):  
Ramesh G ◽  
Pratyusha ◽  
Sivasankari S ◽  
Malini Evangeline Rose
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ancient Time ◽  
Oral Pathogens ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Living Being

The research was assessed to evaluate the efficacy of fresh juice of Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita against selected aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strain. The fresh juice was extracted and evaluated for its antimicrobial activity on anaerobic pathogens like Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration. Long before since from the ancient time, humankind depended on the trees and herbs for medicines to alleviate ailments, search for better health, fragrance, flavours and food. In ancient time human beings depended on animals and plants for his food, shelter demand etc. Over 5000 years, peoples of India and China kept on the use of plants for food as well as to protect from disease. Most of the dental problems are due to microorganism (Oral Pathogens) like Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Eubacterium, Bacteroids, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus etc. Microbial debridement might uproot pathogenic living being due to their area. Previously, subepithelial gingival tissues, crevicular epithelial cells, other anatolian dialect features entangling sufficient defiant. The results indicate that Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita leaves shows significant Antimicrobial activity due to the presence of flavonoids. This work is more useful in health Mentha Piperita Fresh Leaves Juice for Perio Pathogens.

scholarly journals Harishankari: ancient and environmental importance

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Kohli
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Environmental Importance ◽  
Living Being

Peepal, Bargad and Pakad plants have collectively been described as Harishankari. They provide dense shade, shelter and food to a variety of birds and animals besides other living being. Loaded with medicinal properties, they also emanate health, energy, holiness and spiritual feelings to human beings. Their plantation is also useful in environmental and biodiversity conservation efforts.

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