Responses of Soybean (Glycine max) and Three C4Grass Weeds to CO2Enrichment During Drought

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Total Dry Weight

In controlled-environment chambers at 29/33 C day/night and 1000 μE·m-2·s-1photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), increasing the CO2concentration from 350 to 675 ppm (v/v) did not affect leaf area or total dry weight of well-watered plants of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG], goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN], or southern crabgrass [Digitaria ciliaris(Retz.) Koel. # DIGSP] after 30 days. However, the whole plant transpiration rate per unit leaf area decreased, and the water use efficiency increased, in response to CO2enrichment. In a subsequent experiment, with water availability limited by an imposed drought, CO2enrichment reduced the effects of water stress and significantly increased leaf area and total dry weight of the three C4grasses and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom’]. Growth enhancement in response to CO2enrichment was greater in soybean than in the C4grasses. By improving their water economy, CO2enrichment can increase the growth of both C3and C4plants under water stress. However, growth stimulation can be expected to be greater in C3plants.

Effect of Light, Watering Frequency, and Chlorsulfuron on Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Zimdahl ◽  
Jingzhu Lin ◽  
Armando A. Dall'Armellina
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Effect Of Light

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine effects of light, water, and chlorsulfuron on growth of Canada thistle. In the greenhouse, shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, and number of inflorescences decreased as light and water levels decreased. In the field, shoot and root dry weight, leaf area, and number of Canada thistle inflorescences were positively correlated with light intensity from 1832 to 30 μmol m−2s−1photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). The greatest effect of light was on inflorescence production which was eliminated at 30 μmol m−2s−1(PPFD). The combined effect of water stress and chlorsulfuron decreased root and shoot growth but did not eliminate it.

The value of red light at night for increasing basil yield

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1321-1330
Author(s):  
Jaimin S. Patel ◽  
Leora Radetsky ◽  
Mark S. Rea
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Light At Night ◽  
Sweet Basil

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is primarily used for culinary purposes, but it is also used in the fragrance and medicinal industries. In the last few years, global sweet basil production has been significantly impacted by downy mildew caused by Peronospora belbahrii Thines. Nighttime exposure to red light has been shown to inhibit sporulation of P. belbahrii. The objective of this study was to determine if nighttime exposure to red light from light-emitting diodes (λmax = 625 nm) could increase plant growth (plant height and leaf size) and yield (number and weight of leaves) in basil plants. In two sets of greenhouse experiments, red light was applied at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 60 μmol m−2 s−1 during the otherwise dark night for 10 h (from 2000 to 0600). The results demonstrate that exposure to red light at night can increase the number of basil leaves per plant, plant height, leaf size (length and width), and leaf fresh and dry weight compared with plants in darkness at night. The addition of incremental red light at night has the potential to be cost-effective for fresh organic basil production in controlled environments.

Response of Sonia roses to continuous daytime CO2 supplementation under controlled environment conditions

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 863 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Zeroni ◽  
J Gale
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Yield ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Water Vapour Diffusion ◽  
Flower Quality

Rose plants (Rosa hybrida cv. Sonia, Syn. Sweet Promise) were placed in growth chambers under conditions resembling winter in a controlled environment greenhouse in the desert: mild temperatures, high incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), high air humidity and 10.5 h daylenght. Concentrations of CO2 in the air were maintained throughout the day at 320, 600 or 1200 8l l-1 with approximately 350 8l l-1 at night. Plant growth (length, fresh and gry weight), development (breaks, blindness), flower yield and flower quality (flower bud diameter, fresh weight and cane length) indices were monitored throughout three consecutive flowering cycles. CO2 supplementation caused an increase in leaf resistance to water vapour diffusion, accompanied by a reduction in the rate of transpiration per unit leaf area, Total leaf area increased at higher CO2 concentrations. Water use per plant did not change. Plant water potentials increased with rising CO2 concentrations. Growth, development, flower yield and flower quality were greatly enahnced in the CO2-enriched atmosphere. The response of growth and development to CO2 supplementation tended to decrease slightly with time when calculated per branch, but increased when calculated per plant. Flower yield and qualtiy did not change with time. The highest CO2 treatment resulted in a sustained, approximately 50% increase in yield, and doubling of the above quality indices throughout the three growth cycles.

scholarly journals Optimal LED Wavelength Composition for the Production of High-Quality Watermelon and Interspecific Squash Seedlings Used for Grafting

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippos Bantis ◽  
Athanasios Koukounaras ◽  
Anastasios S. Siomos ◽  
Kalliopi Radoglou ◽  
Christodoulos Dangitsis
Keyword(s):  
Blue Emission ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Watermelon is cultivated worldwide and is mainly grafted onto interspecific squash rootstocks. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be implemented as light sources during indoor production of both species and their spectral quality is of great importance. The objective of the present study was to determine the optimal emission of LEDs with wide wavelength for the production of watermelon and interspecific squash seedlings in a growth chamber. Conditions were set at 22/20 °C temperature (day/night), 16 h photoperiod, and 85 ± 5 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density. Illumination was provided by fluorescent (FL, T0) lamps or four LEDs (T1, T2, T3, and T4) emitting varying wide spectra. Watermelon seedlings had greater shoot length, stem diameter, cotyledon area, shoot dry weight-to-length (DW/L) ratio, and Dickson’s quality index (DQI) under T1 and T3, while leaf area and shoot dry weight (DW) had higher values under T1. Interspecific squash seedlings had greater stem diameter, and shoot and root DW under T1 and T3, while leaf and cotyledon areas were favored under T1. In both species, T0 showed inferior development. It could be concluded that a light source with high red emission, relatively low blue emission, and a red:far-red ratio of about 3 units seems ideal for the production of high-quality watermelon (scion) and interspecific squash (rootstock) seedlings.

Effects of CO2 enrichment on growth of Liquidambarstyraciflua and Pinustaeda seedlings under different irradiance levels

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie C. Tolley ◽  
B. R. Strain
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
High Irradiance ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Mathematical growth analysis techniques were used to assess the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment on growth and biomass partitioning of Liquidambarstyraciflua L. (sweetgum) and Pinustaeda L. (loblolly pine) seedlings. Plants were grown from seed under high (1000 μmol•m−2•s−1) and low (250 μmol•m−2•s−1) photosynthetic photon flux density at CO2 concentrations of 350, 675, and 1000 μL•L−1 for 84 or 112–113 days. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration significantly increased height, leaf area, basal stem diameter, and total dry weight of sweetgum seedlings grown under high irradiance and to a lesser extent under low irradiance. Increases in dry matter accumulation were associated with early CO2 enhancement of net assimilation rate, but increases in amount of leaf surface area contributed more towards maintenance of larger size as seedlings aged. For sweetgum seedlings in particular, reduction of growth by low irradiance under normal atmospheric CO2 was compensated for by growing plants with elevated CO2. In contrast, elevated CO2 concentration produced no significant increase in growth of loblolly pine seedlings.

scholarly journals Interaction of Light Intensity and CO2 Concentration Alters Biomass Partitioning in Chrysanthemum

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maral Hosseinzadeh ◽  
Sasan Aliniaeifard ◽  
Aida Shomali ◽  
Fardad Didaran
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Growth Management ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Vegetative Organs

Abstract Biomass partitioning is one of the pivotal determinants of crop growth management, which is influenced by environmental cues. Light and CO2 are the main drivers of photosynthesis and biomass production in plants. In this study, the effects of CO2 levels: ambient 400 ppm (a[CO2]) and elevated to 1,000 ppm (e[CO2]) and different light intensities (75, 150, 300, 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density – PPFD) were studied on the growth, yield, and biomass partitioning in chrysanthemum plants. The plants grown at higher light intensity had a higher dry weight (DW) of both the vegetative and floral organs. e[CO2] diminished the stimulating effect of more intensive light on the DW of vegetative organs, although it positively influenced inflorescence DW. The flowering time in plants grown at e[CO2] and light intensity of 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 occurred earlier than that of plants grown at a[CO2]. An increase in light intensity induced the allocation of biomass to inflorescence and e[CO2] enhanced the increasing effect of light on the partitioning of biomass toward the inflorescence. In both CO2 concentrations, the highest specific leaf area (SLA) was detected under the lowest light intensity, especially in plants grown at e[CO2]. In conclusion, elevated light intensity and CO2 direct the biomass toward inflorescence in chrysanthemum plants.

COMPARATIVE RESPONSES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO GROWTH TEMPERATURE IN SOYBEAN (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) CULTIVARS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. CAULFIELD ◽  
J. A. BUNCE
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Maturity Group ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Maturity Groups

The effect of temperature during growth on the photosynthetic characteristics of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) was studied using cultivars from Maturity Group 00 (Altona, Fiskeby V, Flambeau, Maple Presto, McCall) and MG VIII (Hampton 266–A, Hardee, Johnston, Kirby). In one experiment plants were grown with 950 μmol m−2s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at 18, 20, 25 and 30 °C. When grown at 20 °C, MG 00 cultivars averaged significantly higher rates of photosynthesis measured at 25 °C and saturating PPFD than did MG VIII cultivars. Cultivars were also grown with a PPFD of 540 μmol m−1 at 17.5, 20.0, 22.5 and 25.0 °C. Maturity Group 00 cultivars averaged higher photosynthetic rates than MG VIII cultivars at the 20.0 and 22.5 °C growth temperatures. The other growth environments produced no significant differences between maturity groups. Photosynthetic rates differed between cultivars, but not maturity groups, after exposure to a single night with a gradual temperature decline to 8 °C. Photosynthetic rates recovered in 28 h. Two cultivars, Altona and Johnston, were grown outdoors at three times during one growing season at Beltsville, and their maximum photosynthetic rates changed depending on the temperatures during leaf development, in agreement with the data from the controlled environment studies.Key words: Soybean, Glycine max [L.] Merrill, photosynthesis, temperature, acclimation

scholarly journals The Impact of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Low to Adequate Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density on Growth, Physiology and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Juvenile Cacao Genotypes

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virupax C. Baligar ◽  
Marshall K. Elson ◽  
Alex-Alan F. Almeida ◽  
Quintino R. de Araujo ◽  
Dario Ahnert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) was grown as an understory tree in agroforestry systems where it received inadequate to adequate levels of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). As atmospheric carbon dioxide steadily increased, it was unclear what impact this would have on cacao growth and development at low PPFD. This research evaluated the effects of ambient and elevated levels carbon dioxide under inadequate to adequate levels of PPFD on growth, physiological and nutrient use efficiency traits of seven genetically contrasting juvenile cacao genotypes. Growth parameters (total and root dry weight, root length, stem height, leaf area, relative growth rate and net assimilation rates increased, and specific leaf area decreased significantly in response to increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD. Increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD levels significantly increased net photosynthesis and water-use efficiency traits but significantly reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration. With few exceptions, increasing carbon dioxide and PPFD reduced macro–micro nutrient concentrations but increased uptake, influx, transport and nutrient use efficiency in all cacao genotypes. Irrespective of levels of carbon dioxide and PPFD, intraspecific differences were observed for growth, physiology and nutrient use efficiency of cacao genotypes.

scholarly journals Manipulation of Intraday Durations of Blue- and Red-Light Irradiation to Improve Cos Lettuce Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Jishi ◽  
Ryo Matsuda ◽  
Kazuhiro Fujiwara
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Light Irradiation ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Leaf Elongation ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Lettuce Growth

The morphology of plants growing under combined blue- and red-light irradiation is affected by the presence or absence of time slots of blue- and red-light mono-irradiation. The purposes of this study were to investigate the morphology and growth of cos lettuce grown under light irradiation combining several durations of blue and red light simultaneously and independent mono-irradiations of blue and red light during the day, and to clarify the effects of the durations of blue-light mono-irradiation and blue-light irradiation. Young cos lettuce seedlings were grown under 24-h blue-light irradiation with a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 110μmol m−2 s−1 (B+0R) or under 24-h blue-light irradiation with a PPFD of 100μmol m−2 s−1 supplemented with 8 (B+8R), 16 (B+16R), and 24-h (B+24R) red-light irradiation with PPFDs of 30, 15, and 10μmol m−2 s−1, respectively (Experiment 1). The daily light integral was 9.50mol m−2 in all treatments. In Experiment 1, leaf elongation was promoted as the duration of red-light irradiation decreased and the duration of blue-light mono-irradiation increased. The maximum shoot dry weight was observed under the B+8R treatment. Growth was likely promoted by the expansion of the light-receptive area caused by moderate leaf elongation without tilting. In Experiment 2, young cos lettuce seedlings were grown as for Experiment 1, but blue- and red-light irradiation intensities were reversed (R+0B, R+8B, R+16B, and R+24B). Leaf elongation was promoted by the absence of blue-light irradiation (R+0B). The leaf surface was increasingly flattened, and the shoot dry weight was enhanced, as the duration of blue-light irradiation increased. Thus, cos lettuce leaf morphology may be manipulated by adjusting each duration of blue-light mono-irradiation, red-light mono-irradiation, and blue- and red-light simultaneous irradiation, which can, in turn, promote cos lettuce growth.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis of Birch Genotypes (Betula L.) Under Varied Irradiance and CO2 Concentration

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Gu ◽  
James A. Robbins ◽  
Curt R. Rom ◽  
Hyun-Sug Choi
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Light Saturation ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Light Saturation Point

Net CO2 assimilation (A) of four birch genotypes (Betula nigra L. ‘Cully’, B. papyrifera Marsh., B. alleghaniensis Britton, and B. davurica Pall.) was studied under varied photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and CO2 concentrations (CO2) as indicators to study their shade tolerance and potential for growth enhancement using CO2 enrichment. Effect of water-deficit stress on assimilation under varied PPFD and (CO2) was also investigated for B. papyrifera. The light saturation point at 350 ppm (CO2) for the four genotypes varied from 743 to 1576 μmol·m−2·s−1 photon, and the CO2 saturation point at 1300 μmol·m−2·s−1 photon varied from 767 to 1251 ppm. Light-saturated assimilation ranged from 10.4 μmol·m−2·s−1 in B. alleghaniensis to 13.1 μmol·m−2·s−1 in B. davurica. CO2-saturated A ranged from 18.8 μmol·m−2·s−1 in B. nigra ‘Cully’ to 33.3 μmol·m−2·s−1 in B. davurica. Water-deficit stress significantly reduced the light saturation point to 366 μmol photon m−2·s−1 but increased the CO2 saturation point in B. papyrifera. Carboxylation efficiency was reduced 46% and quantum efficiency was reduced 30% by water-deficit stress in B. papyrifera.

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