Solarization for Weed Control

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menashe Horowitz ◽  
Yael Regev ◽  
Geza Herzlinger
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Summer Maximum ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Annual Weeds

Solarization is a method of heating moist soil by covering it with plastic sheets to trap solar radiation. In field experiments in Israel during the summer, maximum soil temperature under plastic cover at the 5-cm depth averaged 46 to 49C. No weeds emerged under the plastic cover during solarization and weed emergence was reduced after its removal. The heating effect from solarization decreased with soil depth. Concentration of O2 in soil under plastic was similar to that in uncovered controls, but the concentration of CO2 was markedly higher than in control soil, rising up to 2.4%. Higher temperatures and better residual weed control were produced by transparent than by black plastic, with best results from thin (0.03 mm), transparent polyethylene. Under Israeli summer conditions, 2 to 4 weeks of solarization produced effective control of annual weeds that was still appreciable after 1 yr. Narrow sheets of 20 to 50 cm produced effective weed control in bands. on soil irrigated once before placing the plastic sheets, there was no need to irrigate during solarization. The response of weed species to solarization differed. Many annual weeds, both summer species such as pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and winter species as henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) were well controlled by solarization. Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) was controlled in one experiment. on the other hand, horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] and bull mallow (Malva niceaensis All.) were relatively resistant, and established perennials escaped the treatment.

Critical Period for Weed Control in Grafted and Nongrafted Watermelon Grown in Plasticulture

Weed Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Bertucci ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Jonathan R. Schultheis ◽  
Frank J. Louws ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Seedless Watermelon ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Weed Removal

AbstractField experiments determined the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in grafted and nongrafted watermelon [Citrullus lanatus(Thumb.) Matsum. & Nakai] grown in plasticulture. Transplant types included ‘Exclamation’ seedless watermelon as the nongrafted control as well as Exclamation grafted onto two interspecific hybrid squash (ISH) rootstocks, ‘Carnivor’ and ‘Kazako’. To simulate weed emergence throughout the season, establishment treatments (EST) consisted of two seedlings each of common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) transplanted in a 15 by 15 cm square centered on watermelon plants at 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6 wk after watermelon transplanting (WATr) and remained until the final watermelon harvest at 11 WATr. To simulate weed control at different times in the season, removal treatments (REM) consisted of two seedlings of the same weed species transplanted in a 15 by 15 cm square centered on watermelon plants on the same day of watermelon transplanting and allowed to remain until 2, 3, 4, 6, and 11 WATr, at which time they were removed. Season-long weedy and weed-free controls were included for both EST and REM studies in both years. For all transplant types, aboveground biomass of weeds decreased as weed establishment was delayed and increased as weed removal was delayed. The predicted CPWC for nongrafted Exclamation and Carnivor required only a single weed removal between 2.3 and 2.5 WATr and 1.9 and 2.6 WATr, respectively, while predicted CPWC for Kazako rootstock occurred from 0.3 to 2.6 WATr. Our study results suggest that weed control for this mixed population of weeds would be similar between nongrafted Exclamation and Exclamation grafted onto Carnivor. But the observed CPWC of Exclamation grafted onto Kazako suggests that CPWC may vary with specific rootstock–scion combinations.

Control of glyphosate-resistant horseweed and giant ragweed in soybean with halauxifen-methyl applied preplant

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Jessica Quinn ◽  
Jamshid Ashigh ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Chlorimuron Ethyl ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Annual Weeds

Abstract Horseweed and giant ragweed are competitive, annual weeds that can negatively impact crop yield. Biotypes of glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed and horseweed were first reported in 2008 and 2010 in Ontario, respectively. GR horseweed has spread throughout the southern portion of the province. The presence of GR biotypes poses new challenges for soybean producers in Canada and the United States. Halauxifen-methyl is a recently registered selective herbicide for broadleaf weeds, for preplant use in corn and soybean. There is limited literature on the efficacy of halauxifen-methyl on GR horseweed and giant ragweed when combined with currently registered products in Canada. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effectiveness of halauxifen-methyl applied alone, and tank-mixed for GR giant ragweed and GR horseweed control in glyphosate and dicamba-resistant (GDR) soybean in southwestern Ontario. Six field experiments were conducted separately for each weed species over 2018 and 2019. Halauxifen-methyl applied alone controlled GR horseweed 72% at 8 weeks after application (WAA). Control was improved to >91% when halauxifen-methyl applied in combination with metribuzin, saflufenacil, chlorimuron-ethyl + metribuzin and saflufenacil + metribuzin. At 8 WAA, halauxifen-methyl controlled GR giant ragweed 11%; glyphosate/2,4-D choline, glyphosate/dicamba, glyphosate/2,4-D choline + halauxifen-methyl and glyphosate/dicamba + halauxifen-methyl controlled GR giant ragweed 76 to 88%. This study concluded that halauxifen-methyl applied preplant in a tank-mixture can provide effective control of GR giant ragweed and horseweed in GDR soybean.

Bio-efficacy of post emergence herbicides in boro rice nursery as well as main field and their residual effects on non-target microorganisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Rajib Kundu ◽  
Mousumi Mondal ◽  
Sourav Garai ◽  
Ramyajit Mondal ◽  
Ratneswar Poddar
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Main Field ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Similar Treatment

Field experiments were conducted at research farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India (22°97' N latitude and 88°44' E longitude, 9.75 m above mean sea level) under natural weed infestations in boro season rice (nursery bed as well as main field) during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate the herbicidal effects on weed floras, yield, non-target soil organisms to optimize the herbicide use for sustainable rice-production. Seven weed control treatments including three doses of bispyribac-sodium 10% SC (150,200, and 250 ml ha-1), two doses of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% EC (500 and 625 ml ha-1), one weed free and weedy check were laid out in a randomized complete block design, replicated thrice. Among the tested herbicides, bispyribac-sodium with its highest dose (250 ml ha-1) resulted in maximum weed control efficiency, treatment efficiency index and crop resistance index irrespective of weed species and dates of observation in both nursery as well as main field. Similar treatment also revealed maximum grain yield (5.20 t ha-1), which was 38.38% higher than control, closely followed by Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (625 ml ha-1) had high efficacy against grasses, sedge and broadleaf weed flora. Maximum net return (Rs. 48765 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.72) were obtained from the treatment which received bispyribac-sodium @ 250 ml ha-1. Based on overall performance, the bispyribac-sodium (250 ml ha-1) may be considered as the best herbicide treatment for weed management in transplanted rice as well as nursery bed.

KIH-485 and S-metolachlor Efficacy Comparisons in Conventional and No-Tillage Corn

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick W. Geier ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
John C. Frihauf
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Green Foxtail

Field experiments were conducted during 2003 and 2004 to compare the effectiveness of KIH-485 and S-metolachlor for PRE weed control in no-tillage and conventional-tillage corn. Longspine sandbur control increased as KIH-485 or S-metolachlor rates increased in conventional-tillage corn, but control did not exceed 75% when averaged over experiments. Both herbicides controlled at least 87% of green foxtail with the exception of no-tillage corn in 2004, when KIH-485 was more effective than S-metolachlor at lower rates. Palmer amaranth control ranged from 85 to 100% in 2003 and 80 to 100% in 2004, with the exception of only 57 to 76% control at the lowest two S-metolachlor rates in 2004. Puncturevine control exceeded 94% with all treatments in 2003. In 2004, KIH-485 controlled 86 to 96% of the puncturevine, whereas S-metolachlor controlled only 70 to 81%. Mixtures of atrazine with KIH-485 or S-metolachlor generally provided the most effective control of broadleaf weeds studied.

Chemical weed control in potatoes

1966 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Weed Flora ◽  
Annual Weeds

Dinoseb and TCA were successfully used to control weeds in potatoes by Robertson (1960), and Wood, Sutherland & Stephens (1960). Since then many investigations have been carried out on the use of newer herbicides including the bipyridils, triazines and substituted ureas. The results of a number of these studies, presented at the Seventh British Weed Control Conference (1964), suggested that herbicides might give effective control of annual weeds in potatoes under a range of British conditions. Yields of marketable ware following herbicide treatment were similar, in general, to those obtained following standard post-planting cultivations, but occasionally the yields after herbicide treatment were either as much as 20% higher or lower than the controls. The performance of the herbicides was related mainly to weed flora, soil type and amount and distribution of rainfall.

Evaluation of Imazethapyr for Weed Control in Leafy Vegetable Crops

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan A. Dusky ◽  
William M. Stall
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Leafy Vegetable ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Common Purslane

Imazethapyr was evaluated PRE and POST in five lettuce types and chicory under Florida field conditions. The relative sensitivity of leafy crop vigor (most sensitive to most tolerant) to imazethapyr PRE, based on 20% inhibition determined using regression analysis, was as follows: Boston > bibb > crisphead > romaine > leaf > escarole > endive. Leafy crop injury increased as the rate of imazethapyr applied POST increased, with all leafy crops responding in a similar manner. Surfactant addition increased imazethapyr phytotoxicity. Imazethapyr PRE treatments at 0.067 kg ai/ha provided greater than 80% control of livid amaranth, common purslane, flatsedge, and common lambsquarters. Imazethapyr POST at 0.067 kg/ha, with surfactant provided control greater than 85% of all weed species. Greater than 85% spiny amaranth control was provided by imazethapyr POST at 0.017 kg/ha. Use of surfactant with imazethapyr did not improve spiny amaranth control over imazethapyr with no surfactant. POST treatments did not decrease leafy crop yield compared with the hand-weeded check. Imazethapyr applied PRE reduced crop yield compared to the POST treatments and the hand-weeded control.

Weed control in sugar beet with single and split applications of herbicides

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
The West ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Free Environment ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Residual Herbicide

SummaryRecent developments in chemical weed control in sugar beet have been reviewed. Two main approaches to the problem of providing reliable season-long control of annual weeds in sugar beet are, (a) the use of mixtures of herbicides applied pre-planting and incorporated into the soil during seed bed preparation, and (b) the use of split applications with a residual herbicide applied pre-emergence followed by a contact herbicide applied post-emergence.The second approach (b) was examined in a series of field experiments from 1967 to 1969, on light to medium sandy loam soils in the West Midlands. Comparisons were made between pre-emergence application of lenacil and pyrazon, pre-emergence application of lenacil and pyrazon followed by post-emergence application of phenmedipham, and post-emergence application of phenmedipham for weed control in sugar beet.Under dry soil conditions in April 1967, lenacil and pyrazon controlled only about 40% of the annual weeds, but in 1968 and 1969, when moist soil conditions predominated in April and May, lenacil and pyrazon controlled 80–95% of the annual weeds.Phenmedipham applied post-emergence gave about 90% control of annual broadleaved weeds initially, but it seemed unlikely that a single application of this herbicide would provide satisfactory weed control in sugar beet.In each of the 3 years 1967–9, a split application of a soil-acting residual herbicide (pro-emergence) followed by phenmedipham (post-emergence) gave outstanding weed control and enabled sugar beet to be established and grown until mid-June at least, in a near weed-free environment. It was concluded that this technique was the most effective for weed control in sugar beet on light to medium sandy loam soils in the West Midlands.

Halauxifen-methyl controls glyphosate-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis) but not giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) in winter wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Quinn ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Jamshid Ashigh ◽  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ambrosia Trifida ◽  
Giant Ragweed

AbstractHorseweed is a competitive summer or winter annual weed that produces up to 230,000 small seeds per plant that are capable of traveling more than 500 km via wind. Giant ragweed is a tall, highly competitive summer annual weed. Glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed and GR giant ragweed pose significant challenges for producers in the United States and Ontario, Canada. It is thought that an integrated weed management (IWM) system involving herbicide rotation is required to control GR biotypes. Halauxifen-methyl is a new selective broadleaf POST herbicide registered for use in cereal crops; there is limited information on its efficacy on horseweed and giant ragweed. The purpose of this research was to determine the efficacy of halauxifen-methyl applied POST, alone and in a tank mix, for the control of GR horseweed and GR giant ragweed in wheat across southwestern Ontario. For each weed species, an efficacy study consisting of six field experiments was conducted over a 2-yr period (2018, 2019). At 8 wk after application (WAA), halauxifen-methyl, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl + MCPA EHE, fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, 2,4-D ester, clopyralid, and pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil + ammonium sulfate controlled GR horseweed >95%. Fluroxypyr and MCPA provided only 86% and 37% control of GR horseweed, respectively. At 8 WAA, fluroxypyr, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl + MCPA EHE, fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, fluroxypyr/halauxifen-methyl + MCPA EHE + pyroxsulam, 2,4-D ester, clopyralid, and thifensulfuron/tribenuron + fluroxypyr + MCPA ester controlled GR giant ragweed 87%, 88%, 90%, 94%, 96%, 96%, 98%, and 93%, respectively. Halauxifen-methyl and pyroxsulam provided only 45% and 28% control of GR giant ragweed, respectively. Halauxifen-methyl applied alone POST in the spring controlled GR horseweed but not GR giant ragweed in winter wheat.

scholarly journals Weed seed bank emergence across the Corn Belt

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Robert G. Wilson ◽  
Jack Dekker ◽  
Robert J. Kremer ◽  
John Cardina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Secondary Dormancy ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Common Purslane

Field experiments, conducted from 1991 to 1994, generated information on weed seedbank emergence for 22 site-years from Ohio to Colorado and Minnesota to Missouri. Early spring seedbank densities were estimated through direct extraction of viable seeds from soil cores. Emerged seedlings were recorded periodically, as were daily values for air and soil temperature, and precipitation. Percentages of weed seedbanks that emerged as seedlings were calculated from seedbank and seedling data for each species, and relationships between seedbank emergence and microclimatic variables were sought. Fifteen species were found in 3 or more site-years. Average emergence percentages (and coefficients of variation) of these species were as follows: giant foxtail, 31.2 (84%); velvetleaf, 28.2 (66); kochia, 25.7 (79); Pennsylvania smartweed, 25.1 (65); common purslane, 15.4 (135); common ragweed, 15.0 (110); green foxtail, 8.5 (72); wild proso millet, 6.6 (104); hairy nightshade, 5.2 (62); common sunflower, 5.0 (26); yellow foxtail, 3.4 (67); pigweed species, 3.3 (103); common lambsquarters, 2.7 (111); wild buckwheat, 2.5 (63), and prostrate knotweed, 0.6 (79). Variation among site-years, for some species, could be attributed to microclimate variables thought to induce secondary dormancy in spring. For example, total seasonal emergence percentage of giant foxtail was related positively to the 1st date at which average daily soil temperature at 5 to 10 cm soil depth reached 16 C. Thus, if soil warmed before mid April, secondary dormancy was induced and few seedlings emerged, whereas many seedlings emerged if soil remained cool until June.

Weed control in lucerne in New Zealand

1974 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
W F Leonard
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Useful Life

Weeds affect the establishment, yield, quality and useful life of lucerne. The herbicide 2,4-DB controls weeds selectively in the newly-sown crop, or benfluralin can be used pre-emergence. In the established crop, paraquat, sprayed annually before spring growth commences–-either alone or in mixture with a triazine–-provides effective control of a wide range of weed species.

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