scholarly journals Fall Cultivation and Fertilization to Reduce Winterhardiness of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney G. Lym ◽  
Calvin G. Messersmith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Root Depth ◽  
N Application ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Reduced-tillage practices have allowed leafy spurge to infest cropland. The reduction in leafy spurge infestation and winterhardiness by fall tillage, N application, or herbicide treatment was evaluated. Cultivating leafy spurge twice each fall for 3 yr provided complete control. Cultivation followed by N application at 225 kg ha−1reduced the stand by 85% after 3 yr, whereas N applied alone had little effect. Picloram plus 2,4-D at 0.6 plus 1 kg ha−1reduced the infestation to 65% of the untreated control after 2 yr but then the infestation declined rapidly to 1% after a third application. Leafy spurge cold tolerance decreased as root depth increased. The GR50and LT50, the temperatures required to reduce total dry weight and survival, respectively, by 50% varied by root depth and treatment. For example, the LT50and GR50for untreated leafy spurge averaged −19 and < −20 C for crowns, respectively, compared to the −16 and −18 C for roots from 0 to 15 cm deep and −13 and −12.5 C for roots from 15 to 30 cm deep. The GR50and LT50temperature after 2 yr of treatment was reduced to 0 C by two cultivations in fall or picloram plus 2,4-D. Carbohydrate content was not a good indicator of winterhardiness. Cultivation reduced the leafy spurge root system faster than herbicide treatment especially at the 15- to 30-cm depth.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Economics of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Control in Pasture

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Gylling ◽  
W. Eugene Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
East Central ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Central South ◽  
Forage Yields

Herbicide treatments containing the butoxyethanol ester of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], the dimethylamine salt of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), the potassium salt of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), and the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] were applied for 6 yr to a pasture in east-central South Dakota containing leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. ♯ EPHES). Several treatments resulted in leafy spurge control exceeding 90%. Mean herbage dry-weight yield in treated plots was 2340 kg/ha, a 67% increase over untreated plots. Forage yields did not significantly differ among treatments controlling 90% or more leafy spurge. Marginal net return over marginal cost from herbicide treatments ranged from $35 to –$63/ha. Treatments providing satisfactory leafy spurge control with minimum economic risk were annual spring applications of 2,4-D at 1.7 kg ae/ha or dicamba + 2,4-D at 0.6 + 1.1 kg ae/ha and the biannual application of 2,4-D at 0.8 kg ae/ha.

scholarly journals The after-effect of long-term reduced tillage systems on the biodiversity of weeds in spring crops

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Woźniak ◽  
Małgorzata Haliniarz
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Dough Stage

A strictly controlled field experiment on traditional and reduced tillage systems as well as herbicide treatment was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Uhrusk in the years 2007-2011. In the last year of the experiment, the effect of different tillage systems on the level of weed infestation and biodiversity of weeds was determined in all the plots for the crop of common spring wheat <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L., spring durum wheat <i>Triticum durum</i> Desf., and oat <i>Avena sativa</i> L. at two growth stages: tillering (23/24 on BBCH scale) and dough stage (83/85). A higher number and higher air-dry weight of weeds were determined at tillering than at the dough stage. Long-term reduced tillage increased the number of weeds per 1m<sup>2</sup> at the tillering stage, contrary to herbicide treatment. At the dough stage, a higher number of weeds was observed in the herbicide treatment and reduced tillage plots compared to traditional tillage. The air-dry weight of weeds at the tillering and dough stages of cereals was significantly higher in the case of herbicide treatment than under the traditional and reduced tillage systems. Weed communities in spring wheat, durum wheat and oat included mostly annual weeds. A higher number of weed species was determined in the plot with long-term herbicide treatment than in the plots with reduced and traditional tillage systems.

scholarly journals Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Control, Forage Production, and Economic Return with Fall-Applied Herbicides

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney G. Lym ◽  
Calvin G. Messersmith
Keyword(s):  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Mixed Grass Prairie ◽  
Positive Economic ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Mixed Grass

Leafy spurge control and forage production after various fall-applied herbicide treatment rotations were evaluated in a bluegrass pasture and a mixed grass prairie. Dicamba at 2 kg ae/ha or picloram at 0.6 kg ae/ha alone or combined with 2,4-D at 1 kg ae/ha applied annually for 3 yr provided consistent leafy spurge control of 85% or better, but forage production was greater at the bluegrass pasture site than the mixed grass prairie site. Glyphosate plus 2,4-D at 0.4 plus 0.7 kg ae/ha applied annually or rotated with picloram plus 2,4-D or dicamba provided 90% or better leafy spurge control after 3 yr at the bluegrass pasture. Control was 50% or less at the mixed grass prairie site where forage production was severely reduced by glyphosate plus 2,4-D. All treatments on the bluegrass pasture provided a positive economic return averaging $227/ha after 3 yr. Picloram or picloram plus 2,4-D at the mixed grass prairie site provided net returns averaging $285/ha, but treatment rotations that included glyphosate plus 2,4-D one or more times in 3 yr averaged a net loss of $32/ha due to severe grass injury.

scholarly journals Nitrogen-Yield Relationships in Greenhouse Roses

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 789C-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul I. Cabrera ◽  
Richard Y. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
N Application ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Flower Yield ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
The Relationship

The establishment of critical tissue N (Ncrit) for greenhouse rose production has been primarily based on visual symptoms of N deficiency, with relatively less consideration to yield parameters. This work examined the relationship between rose leaf N concentration and flower yield and quality. Microlysimeter-grown `Royalty' rose plants were irrigated with complete nutrient solutions containing N concentrations of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 220 mg·liter–1. Results after 1 year indicated no significant differences in total dry weight, number of flowers, and stem length for plants irrigated with 90 to 220 mg·liter–1 N. Tissue N concentrations were significantly lower for plants that received 30 or 60 mg N/liter. Estimated Ncrit for yield parameters were ≈2.7% of leaf dry weight. Chlorophyll content and color leaf attributes (hue, chroma, and value) were correlated with tissue N concentration. The results suggest that the rate of N application typically recommended for greenhouse roses is considerably higher than necessary.

Freezing Resistance of Overwintering Buds of Four Perennial Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda K. Schimming ◽  
Calvin G. Messersmith
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Relative Susceptibility ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Total Dry Weight

The freezing resistance of overwintering buds of four perennial weed species was evaluated in artificial freezing experiments conducted in the winters of 1986 and 1987. Survival, dry weight of surviving shoots, and number of shoots produced/surviving section were determined at −4, −8, −12, −16, and −20 C for Canada thistle roots, leafy spurge roots, leafy spurge crowns, perennial sowthistle roots, and quackgrass rhizomes. The temperature required to reduce survival (LT50) and total dry weight (GR50) by 50% was determined. The response to freezing temperatures varied among species and in some cases between years. The LT50was −7, −13, colder than −20, −17, and colder than −20, and the GR50was −5, −11, −14, −15, and −13 for Canada thistle roots, leafy spurge roots, leafy spurge crowns, perennial sowthistle roots, and quackgrass rhizomes, respectively. The relative susceptibility to freezing among species appears to be directly related to the depth at which the overwintering buds generally are located.

BIOASSAY OF PROLACTIN

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Mucosal Epithelium ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT The response of the pigeon crop-sac to systemically acting prolactin (injected subcutaneously) was evaluated by measuring the wet weight of the responsive lateral lobes of the organ and by determining the dry weight of a 4 cm diameter disc of mucosal epithelium taken from one hemicrop. Of several different injection schedules tested, administration of prolactin in four daily injections was found to yield optimal responses. When compared with a graded series of prolactin doses, measurement of the mucosal dry weight proved to be a better method of response quantification than determination of the crop-sac wet weight with respect to both assay sensitivity and precision. The submucosal tissue of the crop-sac was estimated to constitute about 64 % of the total dry weight of the unstimulated organ and it was found to be relatively unresponsive to prolactin stimulation in comparison with the mucosa. The lipid content of the mucosal epithelium was determined using unstimulated crop-sacs or tissues which showed varying degrees of prolactin-induced proliferation. The fat content of the mucosal epithelial cells increased only slightly more rapidly than the dry weight or the defatted dry weight of the mucosa. Suggestions are made for the further improvement of the systemic crop-sac assay for prolactin.

Impact of an Open Trellis on Canopy Growth, Light Interception, Yield, and Leaf Physiology of Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468b-468
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Klauer ◽  
J. Scott Cameron ◽  
Chuhe Chen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Upper Third

After promising results were obtained with an open-style split trellis (two top wires) in its initial year, two new trials were established in 1997 in northwest (Lynden) and southwest (Woodland) Washington. For the split trellis, actual yields were 33% (machine-picked 1/2 season) and 17% (hand-picked) greater, respectively, for the two locations compared to the conventional trellis (one top wire). In Woodland, canes from the split trellis had 33% more berries, 55% more laterals, 69% more leaves, and 25% greater leaf area compared with the conventional trellis. Greatest enhancement of these components was in the upper third of the canopy. Laterals were also shorter in this area of the split canopy, but there was no difference in average total length of lateral/cane between trellis types. Total dry weight/cane was 22% greater in the split trellis, but component partitioning/cane was consistent between the two systems with fruit + laterals (43%) having the greatest above-ground biomass, followed by the stem (30% to 33%) and the leaves (21% to 22%). Measurement of canopy width, circumference, and light interception showed that the split-trellis canopy filled in more quickly, and was larger from preanthesis through postharvest. Light interception near the top of the split canopy was 30% greater 1 month before harvest with 98% interception near the top and middle of that canopy. There was no difference between the trellis types in leaf CO2 assimilation, spectra, or fluorescence through the fruiting season, or in total nitrogen of postharvest primocane leaves.

scholarly journals Impact of Different Water Management Regimes on the Growth, Productivity, and Resource Use Efficiency of Dry Direct Seeded Rice in Central Punjab-Pakistan

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1151
Author(s):  
Sadam Hussain ◽  
Saddam Hussain ◽  
Zubair Aslam ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq ◽  
Adeel Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Benefit Cost

Dry direct-seeded rice has been shown to save irrigation water and labor. Nonetheless, irrigation management in dry direct-seeded rice has received very little attention. Here, we examined the potential of different irrigation regimes: aerobic rice (AR), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding (CF) in dry direct-seeded rice cultivation on two rice cultivars (Pride-1 (hybrid indica) and NB-1 (inbred indica)). Growth, yield attributes, grain yield, total water input, water productivity and benefit cost ratio were measured. Our results showed that AR saved 11.22 and 28.40%, and 5.72 and 32.98% water compared with AWD and CF during 2018 and 2020, respectively. There was a significant difference in grain yield among treatments and cultivars. AWD and CF produced statistically same total dry weight and grain yield, while AR reduced the total dry weight by 31.34% and 38.04% and grain yield by 34.82% and 38.16% in comparison to AWD and CF, respectively, across the years. Except for 1000-grain weight and harvest index in AWD and CF, further differences in total dry weight and grain yield among irrigation treatments were primarily correlated with variations in yield attributes. Among the cultivars, hybrid rice performed better than inbred rice. Over the two-year period, hybrid rice increased total dry weight, grain yield, and water productivity by 9.28%, 13.05%, and 14.28%, respectively, as compared to inbred rice. Regarding water productivity (WP), the maximum percentage (40.90 and 26.53%) was recorded for AWD compared to AR and CF. Among cultivars, more water productivity (14.28%) was calculated for hybrid rice than inbred one. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, leaf area index and crop growth rate contributed to higher grain yield of hybrid rice under AWD and CF. In contrast to WP, the maximum benefit cost ratio was estimated to be higher for CF than that of AR and AWD. For the cultivars, the maximum value (2.26 in 2018 and 2.32 in 2020) was calculated for hybrid rice compared with the inbred one. In conclusion, these results suggests that AWD with maximum WP and CF with maximum BCR could be more efficient approaches than AR. Under CF, hybrid rice cultivars with higher yield and yield-related attributes, WP and BCR performed better.

scholarly journals Release of Postsenescent Dormancy in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) by Chilling

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Harvey ◽  
Robert M. Nowierski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
North America ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Number Of Stems

The growth and development of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. #3EPHES) collected during postsenescent dormancy and grown in the greenhouse was increasingly stimulated by chilling treatments longer than 14 days duration at 0 to 6 C. Production of stems with flower buds, primary flowers, and secondary flowers was greater in plants chilled for 42 days or more. The effects of chilling on total number of stems, number of strictly vegetative stems, or number of stems with vegetative branching were not significant. The height of the tallest stem per pot was influenced by chilling longer than 42 days. Growth rate also increased as a function of chilling duration. Based on our findings, we believe that there is little possibility that any significant growth can occur in the postsenescent period because of the prevailing climatic conditions found in areas of leafy spurge distribution in North America.

Effects of Temperature and CO2Concentration on the Growth of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata), and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Patterson ◽  
Maxine T. Highsmith ◽  
Elizabeth P. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf were grown in controlled-environment chambers at day/night temperatures of 32/23 or 26/17 C and CO2concentrations of 350 or 700 ppm. After 5 weeks, CO2enrichment to 700 ppm increased dry matter accumulation by 38, 26, and 29% in cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf, respectively, at 26/17 C and by 61, 41, and 29% at 32/23 C. Increases in leaf weight accounted for over 80% of the increase in total plant weight in cotton and spurred anoda in both temperature regimes. Leaf area was not increased by CO2enrichment. The observed increases in dry matter production with CO2enrichment were caused by increased net assimilation rate. In a second experiment, plants were grown at 350 ppm CO2and 29/23 C day/night for 17 days before exposure to 700 ppm CO2at 26/17 C for 1 week. Short-term exposure to high CO2significantly increased net assimilation rate, dry matter production, total dry weight, leaf dry weight, and specific leaf weight in comparison with plants maintained at 350 ppm CO2at 26/17 C. Increases in leaf weight in response to short-term CO2enrichment accounted for 100, 87, and 68% of the observed increase in total plant dry weight of cotton, spurred anoda, and velvetleaf, respectively. Comparisons among the species showed that CO2enrichment decreased the weed/crop ratio for total dry weight, possibly indicating a potential competitive advantage for cotton under elevated CO2, even at suboptimum temperatures.

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