Adsorption, dissipation, and movement of fluometuron in three southeastern United States soils

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Willian ◽  
Thomas C. Mueller ◽  
Robert M. Hayes ◽  
Charles E. Snipes ◽  
David C. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

Fluometuron adsorption and dissipation under field and laboratory conditions, and distribution within the soil profile was determined in 3 soils from Tennessee, Mississippi, and Georgia that are representative of the cotton-growing regions of the southeastern United States. Fluometuron adsorption was correlated with organic matter, but not with clay content or soil pH. First-order kinetics explained fluometuron dissipation under field and controlled conditions (r2≥ 0.82). Field dissipation of fluometuron was slower under dry conditions. Fluometuron was not detected below 15 cm in the soil profile in any soil, and concentrations in the 8- to 15-cm soil zone were < 15 ppbw 112 d after treatment. Fluometuron dissipation was more rapid in soil from the 0- to 8-cm depth in Tennessee soil than in Mississippi soil under controlled conditions. Dissipation was more rapid under field conditions than under laboratory conditions at 2 of 3 locations. Fluometuron half-lives in soils from the 0- to 8-cm depth ranged from 9 to 28 d under field conditions and from 11 to 43 d in the laboratory. Fluometuron dissipation in soils from 30- to 45- and 60- to 90-cm depths was not different among soils, with half-lives ranging from 58 to 99 d under laboratory conditions. Fluometuron half-life was positively correlated with soil depth and inversely correlated with organic matter. These data indicate that organic matter, soil depth, and environmental conditions affect fluometuron dissipation.

Norflurazon adsorption and dissipation in three southern soils

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Willian ◽  
Thomas C. Mueller ◽  
Robert M. Hayes ◽  
David C. Bridges ◽  
Charles E. Snipes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

Norflurazon adsorption and dissipation under field and laboratory conditions, and distribution within the soil profile were determined in three soils representative of cotton-growing regions of the southeastern U.S. Norflurazon adsorption was greater in soil from 0 to 8 cm in a Lexington silt loam (Tennessee) and a Beulah silt loam (Mississippi) than in a Dothan loamy sand (Georgia). Adsorption was directly related to organic matter. Norflurazon degradation under controlled conditions in soil from 0 to 8 cm from each state was not different among locations, with half-lives ranging from 63 to 167 d. Degradation at 30 C in soil from the 30- to 45- and 60- to 90-cm depths was not different among locations, and was slower at the 60- to 90-cm depth than in surface soil. Norflurazon dissipation was more rapid under field conditions than under laboratory conditions, with half-lives ranging from 7 to 79 d in the 0- to 8-cm soil horizon. Dry field conditions slowed norflurazon dissipation. Norflurazon was not detected below 15 cm in the profile in any soil, and concentrations in the 8- to 15-cm soil zone were < 36 ppbw 112 d after treatment.

The chemical and physical stability soil organic carbon in the top 1 m of the soil profile under different land uses in the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dedy Antony ◽  
Jo Clark ◽  
Chris Collins ◽  
Tom Sizmur
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Total N

&lt;p&gt;Soils are the largest terrestrial pool of organic carbon and it is now known that as much as 50% of soil organic carbon (SOC) can be stored below 30 cm. Therefore, knowledge of the mechanisms by which soil organic carbon is stabilised at depth and how land use affects this is important.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study aimed to characterise topsoil and subsoil SOC and other soil properties under different land uses to determine the SOC stabilisation mechanisms and the degree to which SOC is vulnerable to decomposition. Samples were collected under three different land uses: arable, grassland and deciduous woodland on a silty-clay loam soil and analysed for TOC, pH, C/N ratio and texture down the first one metre of the soil profile. Soil organic matter (SOM) physical fractionation and the extent of fresh mineral surfaces were also analysed to elucidate SOM stabilisation processes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results showed that soil texture was similar among land uses and tended to become more fine down the soil profile, but pH did not significantly change with soil depth. Total C, total N and C/N ratio decreased down the soil profile and were affected by land use in the order woodland &gt; grassland &gt; arable. SOM fractionation revealed that the free particulate organic matter (fPOM) fraction was significantly greater in both the topsoil and subsoil under woodland than under grassland or arable. The mineral associated OC (MinOC) fraction was proportionally greater in the subsoil compared to topsoil under all land uses: arable &gt; grassland &gt; woodland. Clay, Fe and Mn availability play a significant role (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.87) in organic carbon storage in the top 1 m of the soil profile.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is evidently clear from the findings that land use change has a significant effect on the dynamics of the SOC pool at depth, related to litter inputs to the system.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki on the grape berry moth Lobesia botrana Den. and Shiff. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) under field and laboratory conditions in Crete

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ν.Ε. Roditakis
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Lobesia Botrana ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

The effectiveness of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki (Dipel Abbot Lab.) against the grape berry moth (Lobesia botrana Den. & Shiff.) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Under laboratory conditions (24±0.5°C, 55±5% r.h., 2,000 Lux, and 16 hours light daily) B. thuringiensis was compared to triflumuron and methomyl on egg hatching and shallow entries per grape berry. B. thuringiensis had no effect on egg hatching while methomyl and triflumuron had ovicidal action. Shallow entries per grape berry were 0.9-1, 0, 0 and 4.55 for B. thuringiensis, triflumuron, methomyl and control, respectively. Under field conditions, using as criteria for the timing of sprays: a. pheromone and food trap catches and b. visual counting of egg laying and a threshold of 20-30 eggs/100 grapes, two applications of B. thuringiensis at Kastelli Pediados in 1981 and four at Peza in 1982 were made both at the 2nd and 3rd flights. Its effectiveness was 96-100% and 92% at Kastelli Pediados and 73-75% at Peza.

scholarly journals Degradation and thermodynamic adsorption process of carbofuran and oxadicyl in a Colombian agricultural soil profile

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen S. Mosquera-Vivas ◽  
Nelson Obregon-Neira ◽  
Raúl E. Celiss-Ossa ◽  
Jairo A. Guerrero-Dallos ◽  
Carlos A. González-Murillo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Pesticide Adsorption ◽  
Mathematical Equations

Carbofuran and oxadixyl pesticides are used in Colombia to control pests and fungi, but their mobility through the soil profile is poorly understood. This study showed degradation and adsorption processes of these compounds in a Melanudands soil (0-100 cm) from Colombia using laboratory incubation and the batch equilibrium methods. First-order kinetic models indicated that the degradation rates of carbofuran (0.013-0.006 day-1) and oxadixyl (0.013-0.008 day-1) decreased at deeper soil layers, suggesting that the pesticides were more persistent in the sub-surface (60-100 cm) than in the surface layers (0-40 cm). The thermodynamic approach showed that the adsorption of both pesticides was similar, an exothermic and spontaneous process. The carbofuran and oxadixyl coefficient of distribution (5.8-0.3 L kg-1) and the percentage of adsorption (71.2-11.3%) were very similar in the surface layers (0-40 cm) and decreased with the soil depth. The organic carbon (OC) and clay content showed a positive correlation with the pesticide adsorption throughout the soil profile; therefore, mathematical equations were developed from multiple linear regression models for these soil properties and initial concentration. The equations were important to the estimation of the mobility of the compounds using leaching models under laboratory and field conditions.

scholarly journals Gulf wireworm, Conoderus amplicollis (Gyllenhal) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Elateridae)

EDIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Mohammad Razzak ◽  
Dakshina Seal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Click Beetles ◽  
High Organic Matter ◽  
Important Pest

Larvae of click beetles are known as wireworms because of their wire like appearance. The Gulf wireworm, Conoderus amplicollis, is a polyphagous pest mostly found in soil with high organic matter. In the southeastern United States, it is an important pest of sweet potato and can be found in all growing regions irrespectiveof soil types.

scholarly journals ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DA CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO –HÍDRICA DE UM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO DISTRÓFICO IN SITU E EM LABORATÓRIO

Irriga ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polyanna Mara de Oliveira ◽  
Antônio Marciano da Silva ◽  
Gilberto Coelho ◽  
Ricardo Augusto da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Moisture Determination ◽  
Internal Drainage ◽  
Retention Curve ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DA CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO –HÍDRICA DE UM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO DISTRÓFICO IN SITU E EM LABORATÓRIO  Polyanna Mara de Oliveira; Antônio Marciano da Silva; Gilberto Coelho; Ricardo Augusto da SilvaDepartamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras ,Caixa Postal 37, CEP 37200-000, , Lavras, MG,  [email protected]  1 RESUMO Neste trabalho estudaram-se métodos para a estimativa da umidade representativa da capacidade de campo e da condutividade hidráulica não saturada para o Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, trabalhando com dois métodos, o de perfil instantâneo (HILLEL et al., 1972) e o método empírico de Mualem (1976). Em laboratório foram realizadas a análise granulométrica, densidade do solo, porosidade (macro e microporosidade) e a curva característica de retenção, e em campo, determinaram-se a umidade na capacidade de campo e a condutividade hidráulica. Os resultados encontrados permitem afirmar que a caracterização físico-hídrica do solo em condições de campo mostrou-se mais precisa e confiável em relação às determinações de laboratório sendo que a estimativa da condutividade hidráulica mostrou-se mais consistente com outros atributos do solo e mais representativa da realidade do que aquela baseada em análises laboratoriais. Embora a metodologia de Mualem (1976) possa ser aplicada desde a umidade de saturação até o ponto de murcha permanente, a mesma não mostrou sensibilidade para registrar a influência da macroporosidade sobre a condutividade hidráulica do solo. A estimativa da umidade na capacidade de campo “in situ” ratifica também a melhor performance do método de campo em relação ao laboratorial. UNITERMOS: condutividade hidráulica, capacidade de campo, curva de retenção de água, drenagem interna do solo, atributos físicos do solo.  OLIVEIRA, P. M. de; SILVA, A. M. da; COELHO, G.; SILVA, R. A. COMPARATIVE ANALYSE OF THE PHYSICAL AND WATER CHARACTERIZATION IN FIELD AND LABORATORY CONDITIONS OF DISTROFIC RED LATOSSOL  2 ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to study methods to determine significant moisture for field capacity and non-saturated hydraulic conductivity in dystrophic latossol soil using two methods: internal drainage method (Hillel et al., 1972) and empiric method (Mualem, 1976). Granulometric analysis, soil density, porosity (macro and micro porosity) and characteristic retention curve were determined in laboratory; moisture for field capacity and hydraulic conductivity were determined in field conditions. The results showed that physical and hydraulic soil characterization in field conditions is more accurate and reliable than in lab conditions; hydraulic conductivity determination infield conditions was more consistent with other soil attributes and more realistic than the one based on laboratory conditions. Although Mualem’s method (1979) may be used for saturation moisture as well as for permanent internal drainage, it has not presented the same sensitivity to determine the influence of macro porosity on soil hydraulic conductivity. Moisture determination for field capacity under field conditions also corroborates better performance for field methods than laboratory ones.  KEYWORDS: hydraulic conductivity, field capacity, water retention curve, soil internal drainage, soil physical properties 

scholarly journals BIODEGRADATION OF CATTLE HORN SHAVINGS IN SOIL AND ITS EFFECT ON THE AGROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL / GALVIJŲ RAGŲ DROŽLIŲ BIODEGRADACIJA DIRVOŽEMYJE IR JOS ĮTAKA AGROCHEMINĖMS DIRVOŽEMIO SAVYBĖMS

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-372
Author(s):  
Edita Mažuolytė-Miškinė ◽  
Ilona Grigalavičienė ◽  
Violeta Gražulevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Specific Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Agrochemical Properties ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Properties Of Soil

The article presents investigation into the rate of the biodegradation of cattle horn shavings used as plant fertilisers in soil and describes their effect on the agrochemical properties of soil. Research was carried out under field and laboratory conditions. The field experiment was conducted on the farm of organic production at the Centre of Agroecology of Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania in May – August of 2012. The average air temperature during the experiment was 16.45 °C. Soil pH, specific electrical conductivity value and organic matter content in soil samples were measured. The extent of the biodegradation of cattle horn shavings in soil and in the thermostat under laboratory conditions at the temperatures of 5 °C and 20 °C and at 40% soil moisture was compared. The obtained results indicate that mass changes in cattle horn shavings in the process of biodegradation under field and laboratory conditions (at an ambient temperature of 5 °C and 20 °C) are similar: after 120 days, the mass of horn shavings decreased by 37.3%, 36.2%, and 34.5% respectively. The largest changes in soil pH and organic matter content were observed during the first 60 days. During the biodegradation of horn shavings under field conditions after 40 days, organic matter content in soil increased from 2.53 to 3.20% and soil pH decreased from 8.0 to 7.1. Smaller changes were observed under laboratory conditions. Ištirta augalams tręšti naudojamų galvijų ragų drožlių suirimo sparta dirvožemyje ir jų įtaka dirvožemio savybėms. Bandymai atlikti lauko (natūraliomis gamtinėmis) ir laboratorinėmis sąlygomis. Lauko eksperimentas vykdytas 2012 m. gegužės–rugpjūčio mėnesiais Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto Agroekologijos centro ekologinės gamybos ūkyje. Vidutinė oro temperatūra bandymų laikotarpiu buvo 16,45 °C. Laboratorinio eksperimento metu buvo nustatomas ragų drožlių suirimo greitis dirvožemyje esant 5 ir 20 °C aplinkos temperatūrai ir 40 % dirvožemio drėgniui. Atlikti dirvožemio pH, savitojo elektrinio laidžio ir organinės medžiagos kiekio dirvožemyje tyrimai. Nustatyta, kad ragų drožlių masės pokyčiai biodegraduojant drožlėms lauko sąlygomis ir laboratorinėmis sąlygomis, esant 5 ir 20 °C aplinkos temperatūrai, yra panašūs: ragų drožlių masė po 120 parų sumažėjo atitinkamai 37,3 %, 36,2 %, ir 34,5 %. Didžiausi dirvožemio pH ir organinės medžiagos kiekio pokyčiai vyko per pirmąsias 60 parų. Ragų drožlėms biodegraduojant lauko sąlygomis organinės medžiagos kiekis dirvožemyje šiuo laikotarpiu padidėjo nuo 2,53 ik 3,20 %, o dirvožemio pH sumažėjo nuo 8,0 iki 7,1. Atliekant bandymus laboratorinėmis sąlygomis šie pokyčiai buvo mažesni.

scholarly journals Relevance of aboveground litter for soil organic matter formation – a soil profile perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 3099-3113
Author(s):  
Patrick Liebmann ◽  
Patrick Wordell-Dietrich ◽  
Karsten Kalbitz ◽  
Robert Mikutta ◽  
Fabian Kalks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Isotope Labeling ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Aboveground Litter

Abstract. In contrast to mineral topsoils, in subsoils the origin and processes leading to the formation and stabilization of organic matter (OM) are still not well known. This study addresses the fate of litter-derived carbon (C) in whole soil profiles with regard to the conceptual cascade model, which proposes that OM formation in subsoils is linked to sorption–microbial processing–remobilization cycles during the downward migration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Our main objectives were to quantify the contribution of recent litter to subsoil C stocks via DOC translocation and to evaluate the stability of litter-derived OM in different functional OM fractions. A plot-scale stable isotope-labeling experiment was conducted in a temperate beech forest by replacing the natural litter layer with 13C enriched litter on an area of 20 m2 above a Dystric Cambisol. After 22 months of field exposure, the labeled litter was replaced again by natural litter and soil cores were drilled down to 180 cm soil depth. Water extraction and density fractionation were combined with stable isotope measurements in order to link the fluxes of recent litter-derived C to its allocation into different functional OM fractions. A second sampling was conducted 18 months later to further account for the stability of translocated young litter-derived C. Almost no litter-derived particulate OM (POM) entered the subsoil, suggesting root biomass as the major source of subsoil POM. The contribution of aboveground litter to the formation of mineral-associated OM (MAOM) in topsoils (0–10 cm) was 1.88±0.83 g C m−2 and decreased to 0.69±0.19 g C m−2 in the upper subsoil (10–50 cm) and 0.01±0.02 g C m−2 in the deep subsoil >100 cm soil depth during the 22 months. This finding suggests a subordinate importance of recent litter layer inputs via DOC translocation to subsoil C stocks, and implies that most of the OM in the subsoil is of older age. Smaller losses of litter-derived C within MAOM of about 66 % compared to POM (77 %–89 %) over 18 months indicate that recent carbon can be stabilized by interaction with mineral surfaces; although the overall stabilization in the sandy study soils is limited. Our isotope-labeling approach supports the concept of OM undergoing a sequence of cycles of sorption, microbial processing, and desorption while migrating down a soil profile, which needs to be considered in models of soil OM formation and subsoil C cycling.

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