Tillage Effects on Weed Seed Return and Seedbank Composition

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Clements ◽  
Diane L. Benoit ◽  
Stephen D. Murphy ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Weed Population ◽  
No Till ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Weed seed return and seedbank composition, with particular reference to common lambsquarters, were studied in four tillage systems established on a site near Fingal, Ontario. The tillage treatments were moldboard plow, chisel plow, ridge-till, and no-till. The cropping system was a cornsoybean rotation. Tillage effects on weed population composition were assessed after all weed control measures had been implemented. More than 60% of the weed seedbank was concentrated in the upper 5 cm of soil in chisel plow and no-till. The seedbank of the moldboard plow system was more uniformly distributed over depth and larger than the other systems. Common lambsquarters comprised more than 50% of the seedbank in all systems except ridge-till, but only dominated the aboveground weed population in chisel plow. Seedbank populations of common lambsquarters with moldboard plowing were greater than those with ridge-till and no-till, and chisel plow seedbank populations were greater than those in ridge-till. Chisel and moldboard plow systems generally had higher aboveground plant populations of common lambsquarters than the other two systems. Seed production per plant by common lambsquarters was equivalent among the four systems, but estimated seed production per unit area was higher in moldboard plow and chisel plow systems than in the other systems. Populations of common lambsquarters and similar species may produce more seeds and persist in moldboard plow and chisel plow systems; these weeds may produce fewer seeds per unit area and be easier to manage in no-till and ridge-till systems.

scholarly journals Late-Season Weed Management to Stop Viable Weed Seed Production

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Hill ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Mark J. VanGessel ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Barbara A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Mature Seeds

Integrated weed management (IWM) for agronomic and vegetable production systems utilizes all available options to effectively manage weeds. Late-season weed control measures are often needed to improve crop harvest and stop additions to the weed seed bank. Eliminating the production of viable weed seeds is one of the key IWM practices. The objective of this research was to determine how termination method and timing influence viable weed seed production of late-season weed infestations. Research was conducted in Delaware, Michigan, and New York over a 2-yr period. The weeds studied included: common lambsquarters, common ragweed, giant foxtail, jimsonweed, and velvetleaf. Three termination methods were imposed: cutting at the plant base (simulating hand hoeing), chopping (simulating mowing), and applying glyphosate. The three termination timings were flowering, immature seeds present, and mature seeds present. Following termination, plants were stored in the field in mesh bags until mid-Fall when seeds were counted and tested for viability. Termination timing influenced viable seed development; however, termination method did not. Common ragweed and giant foxtail produced viable seeds when terminated at the time of flowering. All species produced some viable seed when immature seeds were present at the time of termination. The time of viable seed formation varied based on species and site-year, ranging from plants terminated the day of flowering to 1,337 growing degree d after flowering (base 10, 0 to 57 calendar d). Viable seed production was reduced by 64 to 100% when common lambsquarters, giant foxtail, jimsonweed, and velvetleaf were terminated with immature seeds present, compared to when plants were terminated with some mature seeds present. Our results suggest that terminating common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and giant foxtail prior to flowering, and velvetleaf and jimsonweed less than 2 and 3 wk after flowering, respectively, greatly reduces weed seed bank inputs.

Tillage and Planting Date Influence Foxtail (Setariaspp.) Emergence in Continuous Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Spandl ◽  
Beverly R. Durgan ◽  
Frank Forcella
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
No Till ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Foxtail emergence patterns were evaluated in spring wheat under three tillage regimes, moldboard plow, chisel plow, and no-till, and three wheat planting dates. The first planting date was as soon as feasible in spring, and the second and third planting dates averaged 9 and 17 d later. Foxtail emergence patterns and seedbank density were evaluated each year for three consecutive years. Green foxtail was the dominant weed species. Tillage regime did not influence initial percent emergence of foxtail. Subsequent percent foxtail emergence was sometimes lower in no-till or chisel plow than in moldboard plow regimes until emergence approached 100%. By the third year, total foxtail plant emergence was greater in no-till and chisel plow than in moldboard plow and also greater in no-till than chisel plow. Earlier planting generally increased percent foxtail emergence until midseason. At 22 d after planting, average emergence of foxtail was 48, 67, and 81% for planting dates one, two, and three, respectively. Delayed planting increased rate of foxtail emergence but decreased density of emerged seedlings. Producers adopting chisel plow or no-till systems can expect to see greater foxtail infestations than in moldboard plow systems. Subsequently, more extensive weed management in reduced tillage systems will be needed to prevent heavy foxtail infestations. Delaying wheat planting may be a viable option for foxtail management through reduced plant densities and more simultaneous emergence patterns.

Foxtail (Setariaspp.) seedling dynamics in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) are influenced by seeding date and tillage regime

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Spandl ◽  
Beverly R. Durgan ◽  
Frank Forcella
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
No Till ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Seedling Dynamics ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Emergence patterns of foxtail in spring wheat following soybean were evaluated for three seeding dates and three tillage regimes. Cumulative foxtail emergence, as a percentage of total plants emerged in the growing season, was generally not influenced by tillage regime throughout most of the emergence period, but when differences occurred, emergence was lower with no-till than with moldboard plow. Foxtail seedling densities were greater in no-till and chisel plow than in moldboard plow. Weed biomass and wheat yields were not affected by tillage regime. Delaying wheat seeding reduced foxtail percent emergence and emerged seedling density. Differences in emergence patterns of foxtail were attributable to thermal accumulation after seeding. Wheat yield was not influenced by seeding date in 2 of 3 yr.

EFFECTS OF TIME OF EMERGENCE, POPULATION DENSITY AND INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION ON HEMP-NETTLE (Galeopsis tetrahit) SEED PRODUCTION

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE LÉGÈRE ◽  
JEAN-MARC DESCHÊNES
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Delayed Emergence

Various conditions of intra- and interspecific competition may influence weed seed production thus affecting the extent of seed return to the soil. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of time of emergence, population density, and weed crop interaction on seed production of hemp-nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit) in natural field populations. Hemp-nettle seed production was studied in pure hemp-nettle stands, mixed hemp-nettle-stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense) stands, hemp-nettle-crop stands, and hemp-nettle-stinkweed-crop stands. Crop species used were alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and oats (Avena sativa). In pure hemp-nettle stands, delayed emergence and high population density reduced seed production of individual hemp-nettle plants. Hemp-nettle seed production per unit area was comparable for all but the lowest population density. Stink-weed population densities up to 200 plants m−2 had no consistent effect on average seed production of individual hemp-nettle plants. Seed production of individual plants was scarcely affected by the presence of alfalfa whereas it was largely reduced in the presence of the oat crop. Oats were usually more competitive than alfalfa, the latter crop being disadvantaged by slow initial growth. Hemp-nettle was not as prolific as other weed species but still produced enough seeds to reinfest the soil, even under highly competitive conditions.Key words: Hemp-nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit, seed production, weed reproduction

Tillage Affects Imazamox Carryover in Yellow Mustard

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonquil Rood ◽  
Joan Campbell ◽  
Donn Thill ◽  
Dan Ball ◽  
Larry Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Yellow Mustard ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
No Till ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
High Precipitation ◽  
Rate Interaction ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Farmers grow crops in the dryland region of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) using tillage practices ranging from moldboard plowing to no-tillage. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of tillage on persistence of imazamox herbicide in intermediate and high precipitation zones of the inland PNW. Along with a nontreated control, imazamox was applied to imidazolinone-tolerant winter wheat in the fall and spring at one, two, and three times the maximum labeled rate at locations near Genesee, ID, Davenport, WA, and Pendleton, OR. Moldboard plow, chisel plow, and no-till tillage treatments were implemented soon after wheat harvest and yellow mustard was planted the following season to determine crop response. Experiments were conducted at each location in 2005 to 2007 and 2006 to 2008. There were significant location by year and year and location interactions. There was no significant tillage by imazamox rate interaction, except at Pendleton in year 2, for all measured yellow mustard responses (crop injury, biomass, and yield). Genesee was colder than Pendleton and had more precipitation than Davenport, resulting in more injury to yellow mustard at Genesee than at Pendleton but less than at Davenport. Davenport had greater injury than the other two locations, likely due to lower soil pH, higher organic matter (OM), and cooler, drier climate, which allowed imazamox to persist longer in the soil. Overall, Pendleton had the least yellow mustard injury, which likely was related to its warmer, wetter climate and the concomitant rapid soil dissipation of imazamox. Tillage did not reduce the persistence of imazamox. Yellow mustard had the lowest injury and had greater mature biomass and seed yield in no-till seeded plots when averaged across imazamox rates compared to moldboard and chisel-plowed plots.

Influence of tillage type on vertical weed seedbank distribution in a sandy soil

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence J. Swanton ◽  
Anil Shrestha ◽  
Stevan Z. Knezevic ◽  
Robert C. Roy ◽  
Bonnie R. Ball-Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
No Till ◽  
Seedling Emergence Method ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Moldboard Plow

The vertical distribution of weed seeds in the seedbank of a sandy soil under three tillage systems (moldboard plow, chisel plow, and no-till) was estimated by a seedling-emergence method. The vertical distribution of the weed seedbank differed with tillage type and depth of tillage. The no-till system had the largest portion (90%) of the seedbank in the 0- to 5-cm layer. Chisel plowing distributed most of the seeds (66%) in the 5- to 10-cm layer. Moldboard plowing concentrated 71% of the seeds at the 10- to 15-cm depth. Our results suggest that the vertical distribution of the weed seedbank will be influenced by tillage type, depth of tillage, and soil type. Key words: Soil structure, moldboard plow, chisel plow, no-till

Alternative weed management strategies in conservation tillage systems for white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Tony J. Vyn ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
No Till ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
Moldboard Plow

White bean producers often perceive that increased herbicide inputs are required with the adoption of conservation tillage. Acceptance of conservation tillage systems for this crop would increase if effective weed management practices were assured. In 1991 and 1992, various weed management strategies were evaluated in white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown with three tillage systems at two sites in southern Ontario. Experiments were newly established each year following corn harvested for grain. Primary tillage treatments were fall moldboard plowing, fall chisel plowing, and first-year no-till. Combinations of mechanical weeding, metobromuron [3–(4–bromophenyl)–1–methoxy–1–methylurea] herbicide broadcasted at two rates, and a band application of the herbicide were investigated in each tillage system. Timely rotary hoeing reduced weed numbers in moldboard plow and chisel plow treatments, but was not effective in no-till. Weeds were adequately controlled in all tillage systems with mechanical treatments following a herbicide either broadcasted at a reduced rate or banded over the crop row. Metobromuron broadcasted at the full recommended rate alone controlled weeds in no-till; in contrast, the degree of weed control was poor without mechanical cultivation in both moldboard and chisel plow systems. Integrating mechanical and chemical control methods was more beneficial in tilled systems. Overall weed populations were lower in first-year no-till than moldboard plow or chisel plow tillage systems. White bean producers who adopt conservation tillage under conditions similar to those investigated can be assured of effective weed management alternatives as well as bean yields equivalent to conventional tillage. Key words: Conservation tillage, weed management, rotary hoe, inter-row cultivation, Phaseolus vulgaris

Seed bank characterization and emergence of a weed community in a moldboard plow system

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Mulugeta ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to characterize the weed seed bank, to determine the influence of moldboard plowing and secondary soil disturbance on the emergence pattern of weeds, and to measure weed seed bank depletion by emergence in a long-term moldboard plow corn cropping system. Viable seeds of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and each of 10 other species accounted for about 85, about 9, and less than 1%, respectively, of the total weed species in the seed bank. A negative binomial distribution described the spatial distribution of viable seeds of 10 species, but not of common lambsquarters or of redroot pigweed. Decreased density of seeds among species was associated with increased aggregation. Secondary soil disturbance increased the rate and magnitude of common lambs quarters emergence in 1992 but did not influence emergence in 1993. Secondary soil disturbance did not influence the magnitude and rate of emergence of redroot pigweed or velvetleaf. Whereas cumulative growing degree days from April through July were similar between years, the amount of rainfall was about 50% less in 1992 than in 1993. Secondary soil disturbance may have increased common lambsquarters emergence by increasing the availability of soil moisture and improving conditions for seed germination during the dry year. Even though seed bank depletion by seedling emergence was relatively low for all species, secondary soil disturbance in creased seed bank depletion of common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed about 7- and 3-fold, respectively, in 1992. Seasonal variation in the amount of rainfall may have influenced the effect of soil disturbance on emergence and seed bank depletion of common lambsquarters, which is the most abundant species in the weed community.

High Levels of Adoption Indicate That Harvest Weed Seed Control Is Now an Established Weed Control Practice in Australian Cropping

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Walsh ◽  
Jackie Ouzman ◽  
Peter Newman ◽  
Stephen Powles ◽  
Rick Llewellyn
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Control Practice ◽  
Direct System ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

HWSC systems that target weed seed production during harvest have been in use in Australian crop production systems for over 30 years. Until recently, though, grower adoption of these systems has been relatively low. It is now apparent with the introduction of a range of new weed seed targeting systems that there is renewed grower interest in the use of this approach to weed control. With the aim of determining the current adoption and use of HWSC systems, 600 crop producers from throughout Australia’s cropping regions were interviewed on their adoption and use of these systems. This survey established that 43% of Australian growers are now routinely using HWSC to target weed seed production during grain harvest. The adoption of narrow-windrow burning (30%) was considerably greater than the other currently available techniques of chaff tramlining (7%), chaff carts (3%), bale-direct system (3%), and the Harrington Seed Destructor (HSD) (<1%). When growers were asked about their future use of these systems 82% indicated that they would be using some form of HWSC within five years. Grower preferences for future HWSC use were primarily for either narrow-windrow burning (42%) or the HSD (29%). This very high level of current and potential HWSC adoption signifies that HWSC is now considered an established weed control practice by Australian growers.

Timing and Measurement of Weed Seed Shed in Corn (Zea mays)

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Dean H. Peterson ◽  
James C. Barbour
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Seed Processing ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Total Seed

In west central Minnesota the extent and duration of weed seed shed was measured for two years in corn that received cultivation but no herbicides. Percentage of seed production represented by viable (filled) seeds was about 79% for green foxtail, 68% for wild mustard, 49% for Pennsylvania smartweed, 48% for common lambsquarters, and 35% for redroot pigweed. Percentage viable seeds varied from 11% in 1993 to 59% in 1994 for redroot pigweed, but was more stable for other species. Seed shed commenced in late August in a cool year (1993) and early August in a warm year (1994). Average growing degree days (base 10 C) from corn planting until 25% seed shed was 983 for common lambsquarters, 984 for wild mustard, 1004 for Pennsylvania smartweed, and 1034 for both green foxtail and redroot pigweed. Brief weather events, such as wind storms, dispersed large percentages of total seed production within a single day. More than one-fifth of all viable seeds of green foxtail, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters were retained by the seedheads and dispersed by combines at harvest. In contrast, seeds of early-maturing species, such as wild mustard, were completely dispersed before corn harvest in the warmer year, but one-third of seeds were retained by seedheads at harvest in the cooler year. Measurement of seed shed was compared using five seed trap designs. The preferred design consisted of a 10-cm-diam plastic cup, whose bottom was replaced by a brass screen, and the entire unit attached to a small wooden stake for support. This design provided, on average, the highest estimates of seed production, least among-replication variability, highest correlation with weed population density and aboveground dry-weight, lowest assembly cost, and greatest ease for sample access and seed processing.

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