Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) and Short-spiked Canarygrass (Phalaris brachystachys) Interference in Wheat and Barley

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Afentouli ◽  
I. G. Eleftherohorinos
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Time Study ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Removal Time ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Dry Conditions

Field experiments were established in Greece from 1990 to 1993 to study the effect of littleseed and short-spiked canarygrass density on wheat and barley yield, as well as the influence of littleseed canarygrass removal time on wheat yield. Competitive ability of both canarygrass species in wheat was similar, though littleseed canarygrass showed faster growth rate and formed more panicles than short-spiked canarygrass. Grain yield of wheat was not significantly affected by the presence of 76 plants m−2 of either canarygrass species, but it was reduced by 36 to 39% by the presence of 304 canarygrass plants m−2. None of the canarygrass species at any density had any effect on grain yield of wheat when cold and dry conditions prevailed during the early stages of growth. Grain yield of barley was not affected by any density of either canarygrass species. Growth and consequently panicle number of both canarygrass species were severely reduced by the interference of barley. The littleseed canarygrass removal time study indicated that emergence of this weed was completed by the middle of February. Grain yield of wheat grown with 150 littleseed canarygrass plants m−2 was not affected even when these plants were removed early in April. However, the presence of these canarygrass plants until harvest reduced grain yield of wheat by 23 to 28%.

Competition between wheat and canarygrass biotypes and their response to herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Afentouli ◽  
Ilias G. Eleftherohorinos
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Herbicide Control

Field experiments were conducted in Thessaloniki, Greece, from 1991 to 1994 to study the competition of littleseed canarygrass and short-spiked canarygrass biotypes in wheat and to evaluate their response to diclofop, fenoxaprop, tralkoxydim, and CGA-184927. Competitive ability of all canarygrass biotypes was similar, though species differed in panicle numbers. All littleseed canarygrass biotypes showed faster growth rate than the short-spiked canarygrass biotypes. Wheat grain yield decreased as canarygrass density increased. For example, 152 and 304 canarygrass plants m–2reduced wheat yield 32 and 42%, respectively. None of the canarygrass biotypes at any density had any effect on grain yield of wheat when cold and dry weather prevailed during the early stages of growth. CGA-184927 and tralkoxydim were more effective herbicides against all short-spiked canarygrass biotypes than fenoxaprop and diclofop. CGA-184927 and fenoxaprop provided > 98% control of all littleseed canarygrass biotypes; control with tralkoxydim was < 80%; and diclofop gave 82 to 96% control of this weed species. Herbicide control of canarygrass increased wheat yield relative to the weedy control, and only diclofop was phytotoxic to wheat.

scholarly journals The effect of climatic factors on production of spring wheat quantity to quality ratio in southern Finland

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jari Peltonen ◽  
Tuomo Karvonen ◽  
Erkki Kivi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dry Conditions

Interrelationships between climatic factors and spring wheat yield and quality were examined with 21 years field experiments. The formation of gluten was less at dry conditions (total precipitation under 50 mm) and total precipitation exceeded 130—140 mm. The optimum daily temperature for gluten production was some 15—17°C during grain filling. The gluten content decreased if daily minimum and maximum temperatures exceeded 11—12°C and 21—22°C, respectively. The effect of temperature and rainfall were not, however, significant in early maturing varieties. The climatic factors and grain yield did not correlate. Grain yield and protein yield had strong positive relationship, which was perhaps a consequence of supply and utilization of nitrogen. It is concluded that climatic factors affecting yield to quality ration in wheat may be excessive rains before heading and high temperature during grain filling. Interaction between weather and nitrogen are discussed to optimize correct timing of nitrogen fertilization for amount and quality of economic wheat yield.

scholarly journals Evidence for improved pollen viability as the mechanism for film antitranspirant mitigation of drought damage to wheat yield

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minuka M. Weerasinghe ◽  
Peter S. Kettlewell ◽  
Ivan G. Grove ◽  
Martin C. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Drought Damage

Application of film antitranspirant to wheat during late stem extension reduces drought damage to yield, but the mechanism is unknown. Field experiments under rain shelters were conducted over 3 years to test the hypothesis that film antitranspirant applied before meiosis alleviates drought-induced losses of pollen viability, grain number and yield. The film antitranspirant di-1-p-menthene was applied at third-node stage, and meiosis occurred at the early boot stage, with a range of 11–16 days after spray application in different years. Irrigated, unsprayed plots were included under the rain-shelters, and pollen viability, measured in 2 years in these plots, averaged 95.3%. Drought reduced pollen viability to 80.1% in unirrigated, unsprayed plots, but only to 88.6% in unirrigated plots treated with film antitranspirant. Grain number and yield of irrigated plots, measured in all years, were 16 529 m–2 and 9.55 t ha–1, respectively, on average. These were reduced by drought to 11 410 m–2 and 6.31 t ha–1 in unirrigated, unsprayed plots, but only to 12 878 m–2 and 6.97 t ha–1 in unirrigated plots treated with film antitranspirant. Thus compared with unirrigated, unsprayed plots, antitranspirant gave a grain yield benefit of 0.66 t ha–1. Further work is needed to validate the pollen viability mechanism in different climatic zones and with a wide range of cultivars.

The interaction between soil pH and phosphorus for wheat yield and the impact of lime-induced changes to soil aluminium and potassium

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Scanlan ◽  
Ross F. Brennan ◽  
Mario F. D'Antuono ◽  
Gavin A. Sarre
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
The Impact

Interactions between soil pH and phosphorus (P) for plant growth have been widely reported; however, most studies have been based on pasture species, and the agronomic importance of this interaction for acid-tolerant wheat in soils with near-sufficient levels of fertility is unclear. We conducted field experiments with wheat at two sites with acid soils where lime treatments that had been applied in the 6 years preceding the experiments caused significant changes to soil pH, extractable aluminium (Al), soil nutrients and exchangeable cations. Soil pH(CaCl2) at 0–10cm was 4.7 without lime and 6.2 with lime at Merredin, and 4.7 without lime and 6.5 with lime at Wongan Hills. A significant lime×P interaction (P<0.05) for grain yield was observed at both sites. At Merredin, this interaction was negative, i.e. the combined effect of soil pH and P was less than their additive effect; the difference between the dose–response curves without lime and with lime was greatest at 0kgPha–1 and the curves converged at 32kgPha–1. At Wongan Hills, the interaction was positive (combined effect greater than the additive effect), and lime application reduced grain yield. The lime×P interactions observed are agronomically important because different fertiliser P levels were required to maximise grain yield. A lime-induced reduction in Al phytotoxicity was the dominant mechanism for this interaction at Merredin. The negative grain yield response to lime at Wongan Hills was attributed to a combination of marginal soil potassium (K) supply and lime-induced reduction in soil K availability.

Field experiments on the effect of applying a nitrogenous fertilizer to wheat at different stages of growth

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
Short Period

An account is given of the results of two series of field experiments carried out at Rothamsted and Woburn in the years 1926 to 1936 on the effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on wheat. In the first series a comparison was made of the effects of early (March) and late (May) top-dressings, and in the second series a range of times of application from sowing to the end of May were tested.At Rothamsted, the increases of yield of grain produced by the nitrogenous fertilizer were small and rarely significant, but they were greater at Woburn. On the average of all experiments, the effect of the fertilizer on yield of grain was independent of the time of application. In individual years, variation in effectiveness between times of application was found, and this was correlated with the amount of rain falling in a short period after the time of application. At Woburn, the effectiveness of the fertilizer decreased with increase in the amount of rain falling immediately after the application of the fertilizer, but at Rothamsted the effects were less clear and appeared to be in the opposite direction.The effects on straw yield were relatively greater, and more consistent, than those on grain yield. A greater increase of straw yield was produced by early top-dressing (January–March) than by application at the time of sowing, and the increase declined steadily the later the time of topdressing. Shoot height was increased by the nitrogenous fertilizer, and varied with time of application in a similar manner to straw yield.

Variation in south Asian wheat germplasm for seedling drought tolerance traits

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesh R. Rosyara ◽  
Amrit A. Ghimire ◽  
Sushil Subedi ◽  
Ram C. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Dwarfing Genes ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Positive Correlations

Higher seedling vigour and greater coleoptile length are important for early establishment of wheat crops and subsequently higher grain yield in many dry environments. Seedling vigour includes those seed properties that determine the potential for rapid, uniform emergence and development of normal seedlings under a wide range of field conditions. Genotypes with the widely used gibberellic acid (GA)-insensitive dwarfing genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b have good partitioning and grain yield under optimal conditions, but may perform poorly under stressed conditions due to poor crop establishment. Breeding programmes are in search of GA-sensitive dwarfing genes that do not affect seedling vigour under dry conditions. This study evaluated 40 genotypes currently used in wheat breeding programmes of south Asia for seedling vigour-related traits in greenhouse and field experiments during 2006–2007 at IAAS, Rampur, Nepal. Wide variation in coleoptile length, seedling vigour, as well as sensitivity to GA was observed. Among the genotypes studied, there were positive correlations among coleoptile length, leaf width and plant height. Genotypes, SW89-5193, SW89-5422/NL251 and SW89-5422, were found to have longer coleoptile, higher seedling vigour and response to GA application. This shows a promise for their further applications in the breeding programmes.

Sources of nitrogen and methods of application for flooded rice: I. Comparison of two methods of applying slow release and standard fertilizer materials

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. Simsiman ◽  
S. K. De Datta ◽  
J. C. Moomaw
Keyword(s):  
Medium Release ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Rough Rice ◽  
Methods Of Application

Field experiments with rice were conducted on a flooded soil comparing two standard fertilizers with N fertilizers with various release rates. For each of these fertilizer materials two methods of application were compared: broadcast and incorporated, and placement at 15 cm depth. The .slow release materials resulted in a lower grain yield than did fast or medium release rate or standard fertilizer materials. They released N too slowly during the early growth of rice to permit optimum plant growth and development.Placement of 80 kg/ha N at 15 cm depth increased the plant N content at all stages of growth and significantly increased the grain yield compared with the broadcast-and-incorporated fertilizer treatment. The highest grain yield in the experiment (7701 kg/ha rough rice) was obtained from a medium release material, which was 88 % more efficient in increasing grain yield per unit of N when placed at 15 cm than when broadcast-and-incorporated.The recovery of fertilizer N was 68% when deeply placed and 38 % when broadcast-andincorporated.

Leaf acid phosphatase isozymes in the diagnosis of phosphorus status in field-grown wheat

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan ◽  
DE Elliot ◽  
DGde Marco ◽  
JH Garran ◽  
Marco DG De
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Total Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Residual Phosphorus ◽  
Stages Of Growth

This study examined the inorganic and total phosphorus in wheat plant tops, along with the phosphatase activity and the phosphatase isozymes occurring in the youngest fully expanded leaves, from two field experiments done in 1983 and I984 at two sites in South Australia. Twelve levels of phosphorus were used in the first year, and split plots in the second year allowed the effects of current and/or residual phosphorus treatments to be determined.The inorganic or total phosphorus concentration, or content per plant, could be related to plant and grain yield, but values relative to phosphorus deficiency varied between different stages of growth and between sites. Relationships with inorganic phosphorus were no better than those with total phosphorus.Leaf acid phosphatase assays were a better measure, providing similar values relative to plant deficiency between sites, between seasons and irrespective of whether current or residual phosphorus was the source, but the values varied with plant age.The phosphatase zymograms identified an isozyme which appeared when plants were deficient in phosphorus. It did not appear when they were adequately supplied. The isozyme appeared at all stages of growth to anthesis, and from late tillering through to heading was related to grain yield at both sites, in both seasons and whether freshly applied or residual phosphorus was the source of supply. For diagnostic purposes, specific sets of standards would be required for the phosphorus and phosphatase assays. They would not be required for the phosphatase zymograms.

The Field Performance of Induced Uniculm Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in South-east Queensland, Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fukai ◽  
C. J. Liwa ◽  
C. W. L. Henderson ◽  
B. B. Maharjan ◽  
R. C. Hermus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Dry Conditions

SUMMARYReduction of leaf area in sorghum without tillers (uniculm sorghum) might result in conservation of water at early stages of growth and hence in stability of grain yield under dry conditions. In two experiments in south-east Queensland, Australia, tillers were removed by hand to examine the growth of uniculm sorghum. Tiller removal promoted root development at the flag leaf stage but significantly reduced shoot dry matter and lowered grain yield by about 20% in a wet season. The saving in soil water as a result of tiller removal was relatively small but statistically significant.

Over-cropping lucerne with wheat: effect of lucerne winter activity on total plant production and water use of the mixture, and wheat yield and quality

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 839 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Humphries ◽  
R. A. Latta ◽  
G. C. Auricht ◽  
W. D. Bellotti
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Winter Activity ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Two field experiments in southern Australia investigated a farming system of over-cropping wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) into established lucerne (Medicago sativa subsp. L.) varieties of different winter activity ratings. The study was completed at Roseworthy, South Australia, and Katanning, Western Australia, between August 2000 and May 2003 in seasons receiving below average and average rainfall. Comparative lucerne persistence and biomass, wheat biomass, grain yield and protein contents, and soil water contents were measured. Wheat grain yield was reduced by 13–63% by over-cropping lucerne compared with wheat monoculture. Winter-dormant lucerne (winter activity Classes 0.5 and 2) reduced the yield penalty compared with winter-active varieties (Classes 6 and 10) in 2 of the 4 evaluations. The positive response to applying N at sowing in the second year of over-cropping wheat at Katanning was greatest in the most winter-dormant lucerne treatment (winter activity 0.5). Soil water contents were similar under the lucerne/wheat over-cropping and lucerne monoculture treatments irrespective of lucerne winter activity. Deficits of up to 43 mm at Roseworthy and 88 mm at Katanning were measured in the 0–200-cm soil profile at the start of the third summer of the study. The study shows that it can be more efficient in terms of land area to over-crop wheat into lucerne than to grow monocultures on separate parcels of land akin to phase farming. The improved productivity of over-cropping is associated with the separation of growth patterns of winter wheat and summer-active lucerne. This farming system offers great potential for improving sustainability and productivity in southern Australian cropping rotations.

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